๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ

Citing Someone Else's Reason: -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ

Keywords
-๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Intermediate Grammar
๐ŸŽฏ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ means because someone says/said thatโ€ฆ, or just because it is said/true thatโ€ฆ
  • ๐Ÿงพ It is built from indirect quotation + ํ•ด์„œ: ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์–ด์š”. โ€” I brought an umbrella because they said it would rain.
  • ๐Ÿšซ In negative/contrast sentences, it often means โ€œjust because A doesnโ€™t mean Bโ€: ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”. โ€” Just because itโ€™s expensive doesnโ€™t mean itโ€™s all good.
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ, ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ, ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ, and ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”. Listen for the quoted chunk before ํ•ด์„œ. ๐ŸŽง
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

-๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ is a connector that takes a quoted idea and uses it as a reason or assumption.
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It can mean:
  • โ€œbecause someone says/said thatโ€ฆโ€
  • โ€œbecause I heard thatโ€ฆโ€
  • โ€œbecause it is said thatโ€ฆโ€
  • โ€œjust becauseโ€ฆโ€
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Two big uses:
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1. Citing a reason someone heard ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ

  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์–ด์š”.
    • [bi-ga on-da-go hae-seo u-sa-neul ga-jyeo-wa-sseo-yo] โ€” I brought an umbrella because they said it would rain. โ˜”
  • ๊ธธ์ด ๋ง‰ํžŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ผ์ฐ ๋‚˜์™”์–ด์š”.
    • [gi-ri ma-kin-da-go hae-seo il-jjik na-wa-sseo-yo] โ€” I left early because they said the roads would be jammed. ๐Ÿš—
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2. โ€œJust because A doesnโ€™t mean Bโ€ ๐Ÿšซ

  • ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
    • [bi-ssa-da-go hae-seo da jo-eun geon a-ni-e-yo] โ€” Just because itโ€™s expensive doesnโ€™t mean itโ€™s all good. ๐Ÿ’ธ
  • ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
    • [eo-ri-da-go hae-seo a-mu-geot-do mo-reu-neun geon a-ni-e-yo] โ€” Just because someone is young doesnโ€™t mean they know nothing. ๐Ÿง’

๐ŸŽจ The Core Pattern

-๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ comes from -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ค + -์•„์„œ/์–ด์„œ.
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Think:
  • A๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ค = someone says/said A
  • A๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ B = because someone says/said A, B / just because A, B
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Action verbs โ€” present/general

Use -ใ„ด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ after vowel stems and -๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ after consonant stems.
  • ๊ฐ€๋‹ค โ†’ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” because they say someone is going
  • ์˜ค๋‹ค โ†’ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” because they say someone is coming
  • ๋จน๋‹ค โ†’ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” because they say someone eats
  • ์ฝ๋‹ค โ†’ ์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” because they say someone reads
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Descriptive verbs/adjectives

Use -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
  • ์ข‹๋‹ค โ†’ ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” because they say it is good / just because it is good
  • ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค โ†’ ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” because they say it is expensive / just because it is expensive
  • ์ถฅ๋‹ค โ†’ ์ถฅ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” because they say it is cold
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Nouns

Use (์ด)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
  • ํ•™์ƒ โ†’ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” just because someone is a student / because they say someone is a student
  • ์นœ๊ตฌ โ†’ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” just because someone is a friend
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ โ†’ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” just because someone is an expert
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Past/future quoted ideas

  • ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” because they said someone came / just because someone came
  • ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” because they said someone ate / just because someone ate
  • ๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” because they said someone will go

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How It Works in a Sentence

  • ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ํ˜ผ์ž ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
    • [chin-gu-ga ba-ppeu-da-go hae-seo hon-ja ga-sseo-yo] โ€” My friend said they were busy, so I went alone. ๐Ÿšถ
      ๋ฐ”์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ cites what the friend said as the reason.
  • ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
    • [o-neul sa-ra-mi man-ta-go hae-seo ye-ya-kae-sseo-yo] โ€” I reserved because they said there would be many people today. ๐Ÿ“…
  • ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
    • [han-gu-geo-ga eo-ryeop-da-go hae-seo po-gi-ha-ji ma-se-yo] โ€” Donโ€™t give up just because Korean is difficult. ๐Ÿ’ช
  • ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ผญ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
    • [yu-myeong-ha-da-go hae-seo kkok jo-eun geon a-ni-e-yo] โ€” Just because itโ€™s famous doesnโ€™t mean itโ€™s necessarily good. ๐ŸŒŸ

๐Ÿงฉ Formation Rule

Action verb present/general

  • vowel stem + ใ„ด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ๊ฐ€๋‹ค โ†’ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ์˜ค๋‹ค โ†’ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ์‚ฌ๋‹ค โ†’ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
  • consonant stem + ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ๋จน๋‹ค โ†’ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ์ฝ๋‹ค โ†’ ์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ๋“ฃ๋‹ค โ†’ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
  • ใ„น stem drops before ใ„ด๋‹ค๊ณ 
    • ์‚ด๋‹ค โ†’ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ๋†€๋‹ค โ†’ ๋…ผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ๋งŒ๋“ค๋‹ค โ†’ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
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Descriptive verb/adjective

  • stem + ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ์ข‹๋‹ค โ†’ ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ์ž‘๋‹ค โ†’ ์ž‘๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ์ถฅ๋‹ค โ†’ ์ถฅ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค โ†’ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
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Noun

  • consonant noun + ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ํ•™์ƒ โ†’ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ โ†’ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
  • vowel noun + ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ์นœ๊ตฌ โ†’ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
    • ์˜์‚ฌ โ†’ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ

๐Ÿ” Use 1: โ€œBecause I heard/someone saidโ€ฆโ€

This use is close to reported speech + reason.
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  • ๋‚ด์ผ ๋ˆˆ์ด ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์„ ์ƒ€์–ด์š”.
    • [nae-il nu-ni on-da-go hae-seo jang-ga-beul sa-sseo-yo] โ€” I bought gloves because I heard it will snow tomorrow. ๐Ÿงค
  • ๊ทธ ์‹๋‹น์ด ๋ง›์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
    • [geu sik-dang-i ma-sit-da-go hae-seo ga bwa-sseo-yo] โ€” I tried going to that restaurant because people said it was delicious. ๐Ÿฝ๏ธ
  • ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์ทจ์†Œ๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
    • [su-eo-bi chwi-so-dwaet-da-go hae-seo ji-be ga-sseo-yo] โ€” I went home because they said class was canceled. ๐Ÿ 
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This is useful when your action is based on reported information, not necessarily something you directly confirmed.

๐Ÿ” Use 2: โ€œJust because A doesnโ€™t mean Bโ€

This use often appears with negative expressions like:
  • ๋‹ค ... ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š” โ€” itโ€™s not that all/everything is...
  • ๊ผญ ... ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š” โ€” itโ€™s not necessarily...
  • ...๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š” โ€” you shouldnโ€™t...
  • ... ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์–ด์š” โ€” you canโ€™t...
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Examples:
  • ์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
    • [ssa-da-go hae-seo mu-jo-geon sa-myeon an dwae-yo] โ€” You shouldnโ€™t buy it unconditionally just because itโ€™s cheap. ๐Ÿ›’
  • ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์–ด์š”.
    • [chin-gu-ra-go hae-seo hang-sang i-hae-hal su-neun eop-seo-yo] โ€” Just because someone is a friend doesnโ€™t mean you can always understand them. ๐Ÿค
  • ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
    • [han beon sil-pae-haet-da-go hae-seo po-gi-ha-myeon an dwae-yo] โ€” You shouldnโ€™t give up just because you failed once. ๐ŸŒฑ

๐Ÿ” -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ vs Related Grammar

-๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ

Cited statement/reason, or โ€œjust because.โ€
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์–ด์š”. โ€” I brought an umbrella because they said it would rain.
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-๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ค

Pure indirect quotation: โ€œsomeone says/said thatโ€ฆโ€
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์š”. โ€” They say it will rain.
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-๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—

Direct reason, not necessarily quoted.
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์–ด์š”. โ€” I brought an umbrella because it is raining.
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-(์œผ)๋‹ˆ๊นŒ

Reason for commands, requests, suggestions, decisions.
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”. โ€” Since itโ€™s raining, take an umbrella.
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Shortcut:
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ†’ I heard/they said it will rain, so...
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ โ†’ it rained, so...

๐Ÿšซ Usage Limits

Use -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ when:
  • you are citing something someone said/heard/reported
  • your reason is based on an outside claim or information
  • you mean โ€œjust because A...โ€
  • you want to reject an automatic conclusion from A
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Avoid it when:
  • the reason is directly observed and simple
  • you do not need quotation/report nuance
  • the clause is a command, question, or suggestion quote โ€” those use other quotation forms
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Compare:
  • โœ… ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์–ด์š”. โ€” I brought an umbrella because I heard it would rain.
  • โœ… ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์–ด์š”. โ€” I brought an umbrella because it rained.
  • โŒ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์„ธ์š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” quoted commands do not use ๋‹ค๊ณ .

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note


๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

These are related, but not identical:
  • -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” because someone says/said; just because ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
  • -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” indirect quote statement
  • -๋Œ€์š” โ€” shortened โ€œthey sayโ€ฆโ€ statement quote
  • -๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— โ€” because; strong direct reason
  • -์•„์„œ/์–ด์„œ โ€” because/so; smooth direct reason-result
  • -(์œผ)๋‹ˆ๊นŒ โ€” since/because; useful before commands and suggestions

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€์š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ†’ โœ… ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
  • โŒ ์ข‹๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ†’ โœ… ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
  • โŒ ํ•™์ƒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ†’ โœ… ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
  • โŒ Using -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ for every โ€œbecauseโ€ โ†’ โœ… Use it when there is reported/cited information or โ€œjust becauseโ€ contrast.
  • โŒ ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ข‹์•„์š” if you mean โ€œbecause it is expensive, it is goodโ€ โ†’ โœ… ๋น„์‹ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ข‹์•„์š” or rephrase. ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ often expects a contrast like ๋‹ค ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
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๐ŸŽ‰ -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ lets you cite a reason, report what someone said, or reject lazy assumptions: โ€œjust because A doesnโ€™t mean B.โ€ ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธโœจ
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Try this exercise

Instructions: Fill each blank with the correct -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ form. Decide whether it means โ€œbecause I heardโ€ฆโ€ or โ€œjust becauseโ€ฆโ€
1. ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์–ด์š”.
[bi-ga o๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ u-sa-neul ga-jyeo-wa-sseo-yo]
I brought an umbrella because they said it would rain. โ˜”
Answer
์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” action verb ์˜ค๋‹ค โ†’ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
2. ๊ทธ ์‹๋‹น์ด ๋ง›์žˆ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ€ ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
[geu sik-dang-i ma-sit๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ga bwa-sseo-yo]
I tried going because people said the restaurant was delicious. ๐Ÿฝ๏ธ
Answer
๋ง›์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” descriptive verb + ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
3. ํ•™์ƒ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋‹ค ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
[hak-saeng๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ da a-neun geon a-ni-e-yo]
Just because someone is a student doesnโ€™t mean they know everything. ๐Ÿซ
Answer
ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” noun ending in consonant + ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
4. ๋น„์‹ธ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋‹ค ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
[bi-ssa๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ da jo-eun geon a-ni-e-yo]
Just because itโ€™s expensive doesnโ€™t mean itโ€™s all good. ๐Ÿ’ธ
Answer
๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” descriptive verb + ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
5. ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ˜ผ์ž ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
[chin-gu-ga ba-ppeu๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hon-ja ga-sseo-yo]
My friend said they were busy, so I went alone. ๐Ÿšถ
Answer
๋ฐ”์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
6. ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
[han beon sil-pae-ha๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ po-gi-ha-myeon an dwae-yo]
You shouldnโ€™t give up just because you failed once. ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” past quote: ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค โ†’ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
7. ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
[su-eo-bi chwi-so-doe๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ji-be ga-sseo-yo]
I went home because they said class was canceled. ๐Ÿ 
Answer
์ทจ์†Œ๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” past reported information.
8. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
[han-gu-geo-ga eo-ryeop๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ po-gi-ha-ji ma-se-yo]
Donโ€™t give up just because Korean is difficult. ๐Ÿ’ช
Answer
์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
9. Choose the natural sentence:
โ‘  ์ข‹๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
โ‘ก ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” ์ข‹๋‹ค is descriptive: ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
10. Fix the mistake: โŒ ํ•™์ƒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์•Œ์•„์š”? โ†’ โœ… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์•Œ์•„์š”?
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ†’ because someone says/said; just because
  • ์šฐ์‚ฐ โ†’ umbrella
  • ์‹๋‹น โ†’ restaurant
  • ๋ง›์žˆ๋‹ค โ†’ to be delicious
  • ํ•™์ƒ โ†’ student
  • ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค โ†’ to be expensive
  • ๋ฐ”์˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be busy
  • ํ˜ผ์ž โ†’ alone
  • ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to fail
  • ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to give up
  • ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be canceled
  • ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค โ†’ to be difficult
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก If the first clause is a noun, use (์ด)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below trains both meanings: โ€œbecause I heardโ€ฆโ€ and โ€œjust becauseโ€ฆโ€ ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Citing Someone Elseโ€™s Reason: -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
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Welcome to the rumor-to-reason workshop. ๐Ÿงช Practice using -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ when your reason comes from what someone said, what you heard, or a โ€œjust becauseโ€ฆโ€ assumption you want to challenge.
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear each completed sentence.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Fill each blank, then label the sentence as heard reason or just because.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Heard Reason: Action Verbs ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ

A. ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
My friend said they were coming, so I waited.
Answer
์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” heard reason.
B. ๋™์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ„๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
My younger sibling said they were going, so I went out too.
Answer
๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” heard reason.
C. ๋ฏผ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฅ์„ ๋จน๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
Minsu said they were eating, so I waited.
Answer
๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
D. ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Jisu said they were reading, so I stayed quiet.
Answer
์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
E. ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž”๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถˆ์„ ๊ป์–ด์š”.
They said the child was sleeping, so I turned off the light.
Answer
์ž”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
F. ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The teacher said they would explain, so I listened again.
Answer
์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
G. ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋…ผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
My friends said they were playing/hanging out, so I went too.
Answer
๋…ผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” ๋†€๋‹ค drops ใ„น.
H. ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋„์™€๋“œ๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
Mom said they were making it, so I helped.
Answer
๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” ๋งŒ๋“ค๋‹ค drops ใ„น.
I. ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋Šฆ๋Š”๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํƒ”์–ด์š”.
They said the bus was running late, so I took a taxi.
Answer
๋Šฆ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
J. ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
They said the meeting had started, so I went in quickly.
Answer
์‹œ์ž‘๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” past reported information.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์˜ค๋‹ค โ†’ to come
  • ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋‹ค โ†’ to wait
  • ๊ฐ™์ด โ†’ together / too
  • ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to stay quiet
  • ๋ถˆ์„ ๋„๋‹ค โ†’ to turn off the light
  • ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to explain
  • ๋†€๋‹ค โ†’ to play / hang out
  • ๋งŒ๋“ค๋‹ค โ†’ to make
  • ํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋‹ค โ†’ to take a taxi
  • ํšŒ์˜ โ†’ meeting
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Action quote: vowel stem + ใ„ด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ, consonant stem + ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
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Exercise 2 โ€” Descriptive Verbs: ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๐ŸŒˆ

A. ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ถฅ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
Answer
์ถฅ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” heard reason.
B. ๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
Answer
์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
C. ๊ธธ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ผ์ฐ ๋‚˜์™”์–ด์š”.
Answer
๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
D. ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์–ด๋ ต๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋” ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Answer
์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
E. ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์‹ธ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
Answer
์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” just because.
F. ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋‹ค ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
Answer
์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” just because.
G. ์ž‘๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
Answer
์ž‘๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ โ€” just because.
H. ๋ฉ€๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชป ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
Answer
๋ฉ€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
I. ์–ด๋ฆฌ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
Answer
์–ด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
J. ์‰ฝ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
Answer
์‰ฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ถฅ๋‹ค โ†’ to be cold
  • ์ฝ”ํŠธ โ†’ coat
  • ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋‹ค โ†’ to be fun/interesting
  • ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be complicated/crowded
  • ์‹ธ๋‹ค โ†’ to be cheap
  • ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be famous
  • ์ž‘๋‹ค โ†’ to be small
  • ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be weak
  • ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to ignore / look down on
  • ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to prepare
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Descriptive verbs use plain ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
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Exercise 3 โ€” Nouns: (์ด)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๐Ÿท๏ธ

A. ํ•™์ƒ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋‹ค ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
Answer
ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
B. ์นœ๊ตฌ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ™์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์–ด์š”.
Answer
์นœ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
C. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
Answer
์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
D. ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
Answer
์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
E. ์˜์‚ฌ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์•„ํ”„์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
Answer
์˜์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
F. ์–ด๋ฅธ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
Answer
์–ด๋ฅธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
G. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋งค์šด ์Œ์‹์„ ๋‹ค ์ž˜ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
Answer
ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
H. ์ดˆ๋ณด๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
Answer
์ดˆ๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
I. ๊ฐ€์กฑ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
Answer
๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
J. ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
Answer
๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํ•™์ƒ โ†’ student
  • ์นœ๊ตฌ โ†’ friend
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ โ†’ expert
  • ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ โ†’ teacher
  • ์˜์‚ฌ โ†’ doctor
  • ์–ด๋ฅธ โ†’ adult
  • ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ โ†’ Korean person
  • ์ดˆ๋ณด โ†’ beginner
  • ๊ฐ€์กฑ โ†’ family
  • ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ โ†’ free of charge
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Consonant noun + ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ; vowel noun + ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ.
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Exercise 4 โ€” Heard Reason or Just Because? ๐Ÿงญ

A. ๋ˆˆ์ด ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์žฅ๊ฐ‘์„ ์ƒ€์–ด์š”.
Answer
heard reason โ€” I bought gloves because I heard it would snow.
B. ์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
Answer
just because โ€” Donโ€™t buy unconditionally just because itโ€™s cheap.
C. ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
Answer
heard reason โ€” My friend said they were sick, so I went to the hospital together.
D. ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋Šฆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋๋‚œ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
Answer
just because โ€” Being late once doesnโ€™t mean itโ€™s over.
E. ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚ด์ผ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Answer
heard reason โ€” I decided to go tomorrow because they said itโ€™s closed today.
F. ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
Answer
just because โ€” Donโ€™t look down on someone just because theyโ€™re young.
G. ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Šฆ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์…จ์–ด์š”.
Answer
heard reason โ€” I drank coffee because they said the flight was delayed.
H. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
Answer
just because โ€” Just because someone is an expert doesnโ€™t mean theyโ€™re always right.
I. ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ง‘์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
Answer
heard reason โ€” I stayed home because they said there was no class.
J. ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
Answer
just because โ€” Donโ€™t quit just because itโ€™s hard.
๐Ÿ“š
Decision Box
  • Action based on reported information โ†’ heard reason
  • Negative/contrast after A โ†’ just because
  • Look for ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”, ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”, ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์–ด์š” for the โ€œjust becauseโ€ meaning.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Fix the Mistake ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ

A. โŒ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€์š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์–ด์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์–ด์š”.
B. โŒ ์ข‹๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
C. โŒ ํ•™์ƒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
D. โŒ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
์นœ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
E. โŒ ๋จน๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ์–ด์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
F. โŒ ์‚ด๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ง‘์„ ๋ดค์–ด์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ง‘์„ ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
G. โŒ ๋น„์ŒŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”. (intended: just because it is expensive now) โ†’ โœ…
Answer
๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
H. โŒ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
I. โŒ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”. (intended: because they said it had started) โ†’ โœ…
Answer
์‹œ์ž‘๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
J. โŒ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•ด์š”. (intended: just because someone studies doesnโ€™t mean they all succeed) โ†’ โœ…
Answer
๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
๐Ÿ“š
Pitfall Patrol
  • Action verb: -ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
  • Descriptive verb: -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
  • Noun: (์ด)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
  • Past quote: -์•˜/์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
  • โ€œJust becauseโ€ usually needs a negative/contrast result.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Quote-reason grammar complete! With -๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ, you can explain actions based on what you heard and push back against assumptions: โ€œjust because A doesnโ€™t mean B.โ€ ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธโœจ