TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐๏ธ ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค means urban infrastructure: roads, transit, water systems, parks, hospitals, schools, housing support, and digital networks that keep city life moving.
- โ๏ธ ์ฌํ์ ํํ์ฑ means social equity: fair access based on peopleโs needs, not just identical treatment for everyone.
- ๐ Strong advanced answers connect ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค์ ํ์ถฉ (infrastructure expansion) to ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ท ๋ฑ (equal opportunity) through cause-effect phrases like -๋ก ์ธํด (due to), -์ ๋ฐ๋ผ (depending on), and -์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค (to contribute to).
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Open Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear an advanced phrase aloud. Try entering ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋น์ค ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ (accessibility of public services) or ์ฌํ์ ํํ์ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ (urban development that considers social equity) and listen for the smooth noun-phrase rhythm.
๐ The Big Picture
Urban infrastructure is not just concrete, pipes, tracks, and Wi-Fi signals doing civic jazz hands in the background. ๐๏ธ It decides whether residents can realistically reach school, work, healthcare, safe housing, public spaces, and online services.
In advanced Korean, this topic works best when you link city systems โ access โ opportunity โ fairness. A sentence like ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค์ ์๋ฏผ์ ์ถ์ ์ง๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ท ๋ฑ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค. means โUrban infrastructure directly affects citizensโ quality of life and equal opportunity.โ The key noun ์ถ์ ์ง means quality of life, and ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค means to affect / have an influence on.
The policy angle is important: ๋ฐ์ (development) is not automatically fair. If transit, schools, hospitals, parks, and internet access cluster in already-wealthy neighborhoods, ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ (regional disparity) can deepen. If investment prioritizes underserved areas, infrastructure can support ์ฌํ ํตํฉ (social integration) and ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ท ๋ฑ (equal opportunity). โ๏ธ
๐จ The Core Urban Equity Family
๐๏ธ Key nouns for policy-level Korean
- ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค = urban infrastructure. Use it for systems that make city life possible: ๋๋ก (roads), ๋์ค๊ตํต (public transportation), ์ํ์๋ (water and sewage systems), ๊ณต์ (parks), ์๋ฃ ์์ค (medical facilities), ๊ต์ก ์์ค (educational facilities), and ๋์งํธ ์ธํ๋ผ (digital infrastructure).
- ์ฌํ์ ํํ์ฑ = social equity. This emphasizes fair outcomes and fair access according to need.
- ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ท ๋ฑ = equal opportunity. This phrase is useful when discussing education, employment, healthcare, transportation, and participation in public life.
- ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ = accessibility. In policy writing, ์๋ฃ ์๋น์ค ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ means accessibility of healthcare services, and ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ means accessibility to jobs.
- ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต = vulnerable groups, such as low-income residents, older adults, disabled residents, isolated households, or people living in underserved areas.
- ๋ํ ์ง์ญ = underdeveloped / underserved area. This often appears with ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋น์ค์ ํ์ถฉ (expansion of public services) or ์ํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ์ (improvement of living conditions).
โ๏ธ Action nouns and verbs that sound advanced
- ํ์ถฉ / ํ์ถฉํ๋ค = expansion / to expand. Example: ๊ตํต๋ง์ ํ์ถฉํ๋ค (to expand the transportation network).
- ๊ฐ์ / ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค = improvement / to improve. Example: ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค (to improve the residential environment).
- ๋ณด์ฅ / ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค = guarantee / to guarantee. Example: ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ท ๋ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค (to guarantee equal opportunity).
- ์ํ / ์ํํ๋ค = mitigation / to ease or reduce. Example: ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค (to reduce regional disparity).
- ์ฌํ / ์ฌํ๋๋ค / ์ฌํ์ํค๋ค = deepening / to deepen / to worsen something. Example: ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ด ์ฌํ๋๋ค (inequality deepens) and ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฌํ์ํค๋ค (to deepen a gap).
- ์ด๋ํ๋ค = to cause / bring about, usually for negative results. Example: ์ฌํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ์ด๋ํ๋ค (to cause social conflict).
- ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค = to contribute to. Example: ์ฌํ ํตํฉ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค (to contribute to social integration).
โ๏ธ Equity, equality, and fairness
ํ๋ฑ means equality, often โthe same treatment.โ ํํ์ฑ means equity, or fairness that considers different needs and starting points. In this lessonโs topic, ๋ชจ๋ ์ง์ญ์ ๋๊ฐ์ ์์ค์ ์ค์นํ๋ค means โto install identical facilities in every area,โ but that may not be the fairest policy. A more nuanced advanced sentence is ์ง์ญ์ ํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฐ์นํด์ผ ํ๋ค. = โPublic services should be allocated with priority according to each areaโs needs.โ ๐งญ
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ๋์ค๊ตํต์ ๋ถ์กฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ ์๋์ธต ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์์ง ์ ์๋ค. ๐
โDue to a lack of public transportation, low-income residentsโ accessibility to jobs may decrease.โ
Notes: ๋ถ์กฑ = lack, -๋ก ์ธํด = due to, ์ ์๋์ธต ์ฃผ๋ฏผ = low-income residents, and ๋ฎ์์ง ์ ์๋ค = may decrease.
- ์๋ฃ ์์ค์ ๋ถํฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ๋ฐ๋ ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋น์ค์ ์ง์ด ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค. ๐ฅ
โThe quality of public services citizens receive differs depending on the distribution of medical facilities.โ
Notes: ๋ถํฌ = distribution, -์ ๋ฐ๋ผ = depending on, and ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค = to become different.
- ๋์งํธ ์ธํ๋ผ์ ํ์ถฉ์ ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ท ๋ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ๐ป
โThe expansion of digital infrastructure contributes to guaranteeing equal educational opportunity.โ
Notes: ๋์งํธ ์ธํ๋ผ = digital infrastructure, ํ์ถฉ = expansion, ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค = to guarantee, and -๋ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค = to contribute to doing something.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
Use noun-heavy formal patterns for advanced vocabulary answers:
- N์ ํ์ถฉ = expansion of N
๊ตํต๋ง์ ํ์ถฉ = expansion of the transportation network
- N์ ๊ฐ์ = improvement of N
์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ์ = improvement of the residential environment
- N์/๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค = to guarantee N
๊ธฐํ์ ๊ท ๋ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค = to guarantee equal opportunity
- N์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค = to contribute to N
์ฌํ ํตํฉ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค = to contribute to social integration
- N์/๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค = to cause N
์ง์ญ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ์ด๋ํ๋ค = to cause regional conflict
- A๋ ์ค์ํ์ง๋ง, B๋ ํจ๊ป ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค = A is important, but B must also be considered
๊ฒฝ์ ์ ํจ์จ์ฑ๋ ์ค์ํ์ง๋ง, ์ฌํ์ ํํ์ฑ๋ ํจ๊ป ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค. = โEconomic efficiency is important, but social equity must also be considered.โ
๐ Cross-check note
Key vocabulary and public-policy terminology in this lesson were cross-checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์ / Korean.go.kr resources, including usage around ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค (infrastructure / basic facilities) and ๊ท ๋ฑ (equal distribution / equality of opportunity). โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค = urban infrastructure; ๋์ ์ธํ๋ผ = urban infrastructure, shorter and common in speech/media; ์ ๋น ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค = maintenance / redevelopment infrastructure, more technical and legal.
- ์ฌํ์ ํํ์ฑ = social equity; ๊ณต์ ์ฑ = fairness, broader and more everyday; ํ๋ฑ = equality, same-treatment emphasis.
- ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ท ๋ฑ = equal opportunity; ๊ธฐํ ๋ณด์ฅ = guarantee of opportunity, slightly broader; ๊ธฐํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ = opportunity structure, more academic.
- ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ = regional disparity; ์ง์ญ ๋ถ๊ท ํ = regional imbalance, often used for uneven development; ๋ถํ๋ฑ = inequality, broader social inequality.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ๋์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ๋๊ฐ์ด ์ข์์ง๋ค. โ โ ๋์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ํํ์ ์ง์ญ๊ณผ ๊ณ์ธต์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๋ ์ ์๋ค. (โThe benefits of urban development can be distributed differently by region and class.โ Better because it recognizes unequal outcomes.)
- โ ํ๋ฑ and ํํ์ฑ as perfect twins โ โ ํ๋ฑ = equality / same treatment, while ํํ์ฑ = equity / fairness based on need.
- โ ์์ค์ด ๋ง์์ ธ์. โ โ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค์ด ํ์ถฉ๋๋ค. (โInfrastructure is expanded.โ More formal and advanced.)
- โ ๊ตํต์ด ๋์๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค. โ โ ๊ตํต๋ง์ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ ๋ฎ์ถ๊ณ ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฌํ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค. (โA lack of transportation networks can lower job accessibility and deepen regional disparity.โ More precise cause-effect logic.)
- โ ๋ชจ๋ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ฐ์ ์์ค์ ์ค์นํด์ผ ํ๋ค. โ โ ์ง์ญ์ ํ์์ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํด ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์นํด์ผ ํ๋ค. (โPublic services should be allocated by considering local needs and population structure.โ More equity-focused.)
๐ You now have the policy vocabulary to talk about cities as fairness machines โ or, when planned poorly, unfairness amplifiers. Letโs make your Korean urbanist brain sparkle. ๐๏ธโ๏ธ
Try this exercise
Read each sentence and fill in the blank with the most natural advanced word or phrase. Say the full sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the meaning and why it works.
1. ๋์ค๊ตํต์ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฎ์ถ ์ ์๋ค.
The lack of public transportation can lower accessibility to jobs. ๐
Answer
์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ means accessibility to jobs, a core phrase for connecting transport to opportunity.
2. ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ค์ ์๋ฏผ์ ์ถ์ ์ง๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋ค.
Urban infrastructure is connected to citizensโ quality of life. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ๋ฐ โ ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค means urban infrastructure.
3. ๊ธฐํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ต์ก๊ณผ ์๋ฃ ์๋น์ค๊ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
To guarantee equal opportunity, education and healthcare services are important. ๐
Answer
๊ท ๋ฑ โ ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ท ๋ฑ means equal opportunity.
4. ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋น์ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ํ ์ง์ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์๊ฒ ํนํ ํ์ํ๋ค.
The expansion of public services is especially necessary for residents of underserved areas. ๐ฅ
Answer
ํ์ถฉ โ ํ์ถฉ means expansion, often used for facilities, services, and networks.
5. ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฌํ์ ํํ์ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
The improvement of the residential environment contributes to social equity. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ ๊ฐ์ means improvement.
6. ๋ถ๊ท ํํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค.
Uneven development can deepen regional disparity. โ ๏ธ
Answer
์ฌํ โ ์ฌํ์ํค๋ค means to deepen / worsen something.
7. ๋์งํธ ์ธํ๋ผ๋ ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ ํ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Digital infrastructure contributes to the expansion of educational opportunity. ๐ป
Answer
๊ธฐ์ฌ โ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค means to contribute to.
8. ์์ค์ ๋ถํฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๋ฃ ์๋น์ค ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ด ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค.
Healthcare accessibility differs depending on the distribution of facilities. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ผ โ -์ ๋ฐ๋ผ means depending on / according to.
9. ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค์ ๋ถ์กฑ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ์ด๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ๊ธธ์ด์ง๋ค.
Due to a lack of infrastructure, residentsโ travel time becomes longer. ๐
Answer
์ผ๋ก ์ธํด โ -๋ก ์ธํด / -์ผ๋ก ์ธํด means due to / because of.
10. ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ํจ์จ์ฑ๋ ์ค์ํ์ง๋ง ์ฌํ์ ํํ์ฑ๋ ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Economic efficiency is important, but social equity must also be considered. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค means to consider.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ accessibility
- ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค โ urban infrastructure
- ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ท ๋ฑ โ equal opportunity
- ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋น์ค โ public services
- ๋ํ ์ง์ญ โ underserved area
- ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํ๊ฒฝ โ residential environment
- ์ฌํ์ ํํ์ฑ โ social equity
- ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ regional disparity
- ๋์งํธ ์ธํ๋ผ โ digital infrastructure
- ๋ถํฌ โ distribution
- ์ด๋ ์๊ฐ โ travel time
- ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ํจ์จ์ฑ โ economic efficiency
- ํ์ถฉํ๋ค โ to expand
- ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค โ to improve
- ์ฌํ์ํค๋ค โ to deepen / worsen
- ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค โ to contribute
- ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค โ to consider
Tips ๐ก
- Use ํ์ถฉ for networks, facilities, and services.
- Use ๊ฐ์ for quality, conditions, and accessibility.
- Use ์ฌํ์ํค๋ค when something makes inequality worse.
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready to turn policy vocabulary into fluent advanced answers. ๐๏ธ
๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Urban Infrastructure and Social Equity
Welcome to your urban-policy workout room. ๐๏ธ This Practice Hub helps you use ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค (urban infrastructure), ์ฌํ์ ํํ์ฑ (social equity), and ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ท ๋ฑ (equal opportunity) in precise advanced Korean sentences. Youโll practice vocabulary, cause-effect logic, balanced policy opinions, and pitfall fixes without turning your brain into municipal paperwork confetti. ๐โจ
๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence or phrase aloud.
๐ Instructions: Complete each Korean sentence with the best word or phrase. Read the English meaning to understand the policy context, say the Korean sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the reasoning.
Exercise 1 โ Infrastructure Vocabulary Foundations ๐๏ธ
A. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์ ์ํ์ ์ ์งํ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์์ค๊ณผ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํจ๋ค.
Urban infrastructure refers to the basic facilities and services that sustain city life. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค โ This names the full topic: urban infrastructure.
B. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฒ์ค, ์งํ์ฒ , ํ์น ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ด๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด๋ค.
The transportation network is the mobility foundation related to buses, subways, and transfer systems. ๐
Answer
๊ตํต๋ง โ ๊ตํต๋ง means transportation network.
C. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ณ์๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ฑด์ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฃ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ค.
Medical facilities include healthcare services such as hospitals and public health centers. ๐ฅ
Answer
์๋ฃ ์์ค โ ์๋ฃ ์์ค means medical facilities.
D. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ๊ต, ๋์๊ด, ์จ๋ผ์ธ ํ์ต ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋ค.
Educational opportunity is connected to schools, libraries, and online learning environments. ๐
Answer
๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ โ ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ means educational opportunity.
E. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ธํฐ๋ท๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ ๊ทผ์ ์ฐจ์ด์์ ์๊ธธ ์ ์๋ค.
The digital divide can arise from differences in access to the internet and devices. ๐ป
Answer
๋์งํธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ ๋์งํธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means digital divide.
F. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฃผํ์ ์์ ์ฑ, ์ฃผ๋ณ ๊ณต์, ์ํ ํธ์ ์์ค๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋๋ค.
The residential environment relates to housing safety, nearby parks, and daily convenience facilities. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํ๊ฒฝ โ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํ๊ฒฝ means residential environment.
G. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์๋ฏผ์ด ์๋น์ค์ ๊ธฐํ์ ์ผ๋ง๋ ์ฝ๊ฒ ๋ฟ์ ์ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ค.
Accessibility means how easily citizens can reach services and opportunities. ๐งญ
Answer
์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ means accessibility.
H. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ง์ญ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ํ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ค.
Regional disparity means differences in living conditions between areas. ๐บ๏ธ
Answer
์ง์ญ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means regional disparity.
I. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ ์๋์ธต, ๋
ธ์ธ, ์ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฑ ๋ ๋ง์ ์ง์์ด ํ์ํ ์ง๋จ์ ๋งํ๋ค.
Vulnerable groups refer to groups needing more support, such as low-income people, older adults, and disabled people. ๐ค
Answer
์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต โ ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต means vulnerable groups.
J. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๊ณผ ์๋น์ค์์ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ฒ์ง ์ง์ญ์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํจ๋ค.
An underserved area refers to a region relatively left behind in development and services. ๐ค๏ธ
Answer
๋ํ ์ง์ญ โ ๋ํ ์ง์ญ means underdeveloped / underserved area.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค โ urban infrastructure
- ๋์ ์ํ โ city life
- ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์์ค โ basic facilities
- ์๋น์ค โ services
- ๊ตํต๋ง โ transportation network
- ๋ฒ์ค โ bus
- ์งํ์ฒ โ subway
- ํ์น ์ฒด๊ณ โ transfer system
- ์๋ฃ ์์ค โ medical facilities
- ๋ณ์ โ hospital
- ๋ณด๊ฑด์ โ public health center
- ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ โ educational opportunity
- ํ๊ต โ school
- ๋์๊ด โ library
- ๋์งํธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ digital divide
- ์ธํฐ๋ท โ internet
- ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ โ device
- ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํ๊ฒฝ โ residential environment
- ์ฃผํ โ housing
- ๊ณต์ โ park
- ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ accessibility
- ์๋ฏผ โ citizen
- ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ regional disparity
- ์ํ ์กฐ๊ฑด โ living conditions
- ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต โ vulnerable groups
- ์ ์๋์ธต โ low-income group
- ๋ ธ์ธ โ older adults
- ์ฅ์ ์ธ โ disabled people
- ๋ํ ์ง์ญ โ underserved area
- ๋ค์ฒ์ง๋ค โ to fall behind
Tip ๐ก Define the nouns clearly first; advanced policy answers become much easier once the noun phrases are stable.
Exercise 2 โ Expansion, Improvement, and Guarantee โ๏ธ
A. ๋์ค๊ตํต์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํต๊ทผ ์๊ฐ์ ์ค์ด๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
The expansion of public transportation helps reduce commuting time. ๐
Answer
ํ์ถฉ โ ํ์ถฉ means expansion, especially of services, networks, or facilities.
B. ๋
ธํ ์ฃผํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์์ ๊ณผ ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ด๋ จ๋๋ค.
The improvement of old housing is directly related to residentsโ safety. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ ๊ฐ์ means improvement.
C. ์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ท ๋ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The government should strengthen public services to guarantee equal opportunity. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์ฅ โ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค means to guarantee.
D. ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ํ ์ง์ญ์ ์ฐ์ ํฌ์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To reduce regional disparity, priority investment should go to underserved areas. ๐บ๏ธ
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํํ๋ค means to ease / reduce.
E. ๋ถ๊ท ํํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ฌํ์ ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค.
Uneven development can deepen social inequality. โ ๏ธ
Answer
์ฌํ โ ์ฌํ์ํค๋ค means to deepen / worsen something.
F. ๋์งํธ ์ธํ๋ผ ํฌ์๋ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ต์ก ํ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Investment in digital infrastructure contributes to the expansion of online education. ๐ป
Answer
๊ธฐ์ฌ โ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค means to contribute to.
G. ๋ถ์กฑํ ์๋ฃ ์์ค์ ๊ธด ๋๊ธฐ ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
Insufficient medical facilities can cause long wait times and health disparities. ๐ฅ
Answer
์ด๋ โ ์ด๋ํ๋ค means to cause / bring about, often for negative outcomes.
H. ๋์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ง์ญ์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Urban policy must consider population structure and local needs. ๐งญ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค means to consider.
I. ๊ณต์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ํด์๊ถ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค.
The expansion of parks positively affects residentsโ right to rest and health. ๐ณ
Answer
ํ์ถฉ โ Parks are facilities, so ํ์ถฉ naturally means expansion / increasing availability.
J. ๋ณดํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋
ธ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฅ์ ์ธ์ ์ด๋๊ถ์ ๋์ธ๋ค.
The improvement of the pedestrian environment increases mobility rights for older adults and disabled people. ๐ถ
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ ๋ณดํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ์ means improvement of the pedestrian environment.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋์ค๊ตํต โ public transportation
- ํ์ถฉ โ expansion
- ํต๊ทผ ์๊ฐ โ commuting time
- ๋ ธํ ์ฃผํ โ old / deteriorated housing
- ๊ฐ์ โ improvement
- ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์์ โ residentsโ safety
- ์ ๋ถ โ government
- ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ท ๋ฑ โ equal opportunity
- ๋ณด์ฅ โ guarantee
- ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋น์ค โ public services
- ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ regional disparity
- ์ํ โ mitigation / reduction
- ๋ํ ์ง์ญ โ underserved area
- ์ฐ์ ํฌ์ โ priority investment
- ๋ถ๊ท ํํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ โ uneven development
- ์ฌํ์ ๋ถํ๋ฑ โ social inequality
- ์ฌํ โ deepening / worsening
- ๋์งํธ ์ธํ๋ผ โ digital infrastructure
- ์จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ต์ก โ online education
- ๊ธฐ์ฌ โ contribution
- ์๋ฃ ์์ค โ medical facilities
- ๋๊ธฐ ์๊ฐ โ wait time
- ๊ฑด๊ฐ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ health disparity
- ์ด๋ โ causing / bringing about
- ๋์ ์ ์ฑ โ urban policy
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ population structure
- ๊ณ ๋ ค โ consideration
- ๊ณต์ โ park
- ํด์๊ถ โ right to rest
- ๋ณดํ ํ๊ฒฝ โ pedestrian environment
- ์ด๋๊ถ โ mobility rights
Tip ๐ก Use noun forms like ํ์ถฉ, ๊ฐ์ , and ๋ณด์ฅ to make policy writing sound formal and compact.
Exercise 3 โ Cause and Effect Chains ๐
A. ๊ตํต๋ง์ ๋ถ์กฑ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ทจ์
๊ธฐํ๊ฐ ์ ํ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Due to a lack of transportation networks, employment opportunities may be limited. ๐ผ
Answer
์ผ๋ก ์ธํด โ ๋ถ์กฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด means due to a lack.
B. ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์ง์ญ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๋ฃ ์๋น์ค ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ด ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค.
Healthcare accessibility differs depending on residential area. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ผ โ -์ ๋ฐ๋ผ means depending on / according to.
C. ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋น์ค์ ํ์ถฉ์ ์ฌํ ํตํฉ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The expansion of public services contributes to social integration. ๐ค
Answer
๊ธฐ์ฌ โ -์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค means to contribute to.
D. ๋ํ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ฐฉ์น๋ ์ง์ญ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
Neglect of underserved areas can cause regional conflict. โ ๏ธ
Answer
์ด๋ โ ์ด๋ํ๋ค fits negative consequences like conflict.
E. ๊ณต์์ ๋ถํฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ธฐํ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค.
Residentsโ leisure opportunities differ depending on the distribution of parks. ๐ณ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ผ โ ๋ถํฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ means depending on distribution.
F. ์ํ์๋์ ๋
ธํํ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ์
ํ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Due to aging water and sewage systems, living conditions may worsen. ๐ฐ
Answer
๋ก ์ธํด โ ๋
ธํํ๋ก ์ธํด means due to aging / deterioration.
G. ํ๊ต ์์ค์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ๊ต์ก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์ ์ฌํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
Differences in school facilities can contribute to the deepening of educational disparity. ๐
Answer
๊ธฐ์ฌ โ ์ฌํ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค means to contribute to the deepening.
H. ์ธํฐ๋ท ์ ๊ทผ์ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ ์ ๋ณด ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Unequal internet access causes an information gap. ๐ป
Answer
์ด๋ โ ์ ๋ณด ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค means to cause an information gap.
I. ๋ฒ์ค ๋
ธ์ ์ ํ๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณ ๋ น์์ ๋ณ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ด ์ฌ์์ง ์ ์๋ค.
Because of the expansion of bus routes, hospital visits by older adults may become easier. ๐
Answer
๋ก ์ธํด โ ํ๋๋ก ์ธํด means because of expansion.
J. ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ค์ ์์น์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํน์ ๊ณ์ธต์ ์ด์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง ์ ์๋ค.
Depending on the location of public facilities, usability for certain groups may differ. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ผ โ ์์น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ means depending on location.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ตํต๋ง โ transportation network
- ๋ถ์กฑ โ lack
- ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด โ due to
- ์ทจ์ ๊ธฐํ โ employment opportunity
- ์ ํ๋๋ค โ to be limited
- ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์ง์ญ โ residential area
- ๋ฐ๋ผ โ depending on
- ์๋ฃ ์๋น์ค ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ healthcare service accessibility
- ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋น์ค โ public services
- ํ์ถฉ โ expansion
- ์ฌํ ํตํฉ โ social integration
- ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค โ to contribute
- ๋ํ ์ง์ญ โ underserved area
- ๋ฐฉ์น โ neglect
- ์ง์ญ ๊ฐ๋ฑ โ regional conflict
- ์ด๋ํ๋ค โ to cause
- ๊ณต์ โ park
- ๋ถํฌ โ distribution
- ์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ธฐํ โ leisure opportunity
- ์ํ์๋ โ water and sewage systems
- ๋ ธํํ โ aging / deterioration
- ์ํ ํ๊ฒฝ โ living environment
- ์ ํ๋๋ค โ to worsen
- ํ๊ต ์์ค โ school facilities
- ๊ต์ก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ educational disparity
- ์ฌํ โ deepening
- ์ธํฐ๋ท ์ ๊ทผ โ internet access
- ์ ๋ณด ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ information gap
- ๋ฒ์ค ๋ ธ์ โ bus route
- ๊ณ ๋ น์ โ older adult
- ๋ณ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ โ hospital visit
- ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ค โ public facilities
- ์์น โ location
- ํน์ ๊ณ์ธต โ specific social group
Tip ๐ก Build cause-effect chains with -๋ก ์ธํด, -์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, -์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค, and -์/๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค.
Exercise 4 โ Balanced Policy Opinion โ๏ธ
A. ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ํจ์จ์ฑ๋ ์ค์ํ์ง๋ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ํจ๊ป ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Economic efficiency is important, but social equity must also be considered. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ฌํ์ ํํ์ฑ โ This completes the balanced policy frame.
B. ๋์์ ๊ฒฝ์๋ ฅ๋ ์ค์ํ์ง๋ง ์๋ฏผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
A cityโs competitiveness is important, but citizensโ quality of life is also important. ๐
Answer
์ถ์ ์ง โ ์ถ์ ์ง means quality of life.
C. ๋จ๊ธฐ์ ์ฑ์ฅ๋ณด๋ค ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฐ์ ํด์ผ ํ ๋๋ ์๋ค.
Sometimes long-term sustainability should be prioritized over short-term growth. ๐ฑ
Answer
์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means sustainability.
D. ๋ชจ๋ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ฐ์ ์์ค์ ์ค์นํ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ์ง์ญ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Rather than installing the same facilities in every area, local needs should be considered. ๐งญ
Answer
ํ์ โ ์ง์ญ์ ํ์ means local needs.
E. ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต์ ์ด๋๊ถ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ์ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To guarantee mobility rights for vulnerable groups, the pedestrian environment must be improved. ๐ถ
Answer
๋ณดํ โ ๋ณดํ ํ๊ฒฝ means pedestrian environment.
F. ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ํํ์ด ํน์ ์ง์ญ์๋ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์๋ ์ ๋๋ค.
The benefits of urban development should not be concentrated only in certain areas. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ง์ค โ ์ง์ค๋๋ค means to be concentrated.
G. ๊ณต๊ณต ํฌ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋์์ ํ๊ฐํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Public investment should evaluate economic effects and social effects at the same time. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ฌํ์ โ ์ฌํ์ ํจ๊ณผ means social effect.
H. ์์ค์ ์๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
Not only the quantity of facilities but also actual accessibility is important. ๐งญ
Answer
์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ ์ค์ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ means actual accessibility.
I. ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ง ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋จ์ด๋จ๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค.
Development that ignores population structure can reduce policy effectiveness. ๐
Answer
ํจ๊ณผ์ฑ โ ํจ๊ณผ์ฑ means effectiveness.
J. ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค ํฌ์๋ ์ฑ์ฅ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ฌํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Infrastructure investment should contribute not only to growth but also to social integration. ๐ค
Answer
์ฌํ ํตํฉ โ ์ฌํ ํตํฉ means social integration.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ํจ์จ์ฑ โ economic efficiency
- ์ฌํ์ ํํ์ฑ โ social equity
- ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค โ to consider
- ๋์์ ๊ฒฝ์๋ ฅ โ city competitiveness
- ์๋ฏผ โ citizen
- ์ถ์ ์ง โ quality of life
- ๋จ๊ธฐ์ ์ฑ์ฅ โ short-term growth
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ long-term sustainability
- ์ฐ์ ํ๋ค โ to prioritize
- ๋ชจ๋ ์ง์ญ โ every area
- ๊ฐ์ ์์ค โ identical facilities
- ์ง์ญ์ ํ์ โ local needs
- ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต โ vulnerable groups
- ์ด๋๊ถ โ mobility rights
- ๋ณดํ ํ๊ฒฝ โ pedestrian environment
- ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ โ urban development
- ํํ โ benefit
- ํน์ ์ง์ญ โ specific area
- ์ง์ค๋๋ค โ to be concentrated
- ๊ณต๊ณต ํฌ์ โ public investment
- ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ํจ๊ณผ โ economic effect
- ์ฌํ์ ํจ๊ณผ โ social effect
- ์์ค์ ์ โ quantity of facilities
- ์ค์ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ actual accessibility
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ population structure
- ์ ์ฑ ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ฑ โ policy effectiveness
- ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค ํฌ์ โ infrastructure investment
- ์ฑ์ฅ โ growth
- ์ฌํ ํตํฉ โ social integration
Tip ๐ก A strong advanced opinion often says: โA is important, but B must also be considered.โ
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ์์ค์ด ๋ง์์ ธ์. โ โ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค. โ
โFacilities increaseโ โ โInfrastructure is expanded.โ ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ถฉ โ Use ํ์ถฉ๋๋ค for formal policy writing, not vague ๋ง์์ง๋ค (to become many).
B. ๊ตํต์ด ๋์๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค. โ โ ๊ตํต๋ง์ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์๋ค. โ
โBad transportation is a problemโ โ โA lack of transportation networks can lower job accessibility.โ ๐
Answer
๋ฎ์ถ โ ๋ฎ์ถ๋ค means to lower, and the sentence explains the concrete effect.
C. ๋ชจ๋ ์ง์ญ์ ๋๊ฐ์ ์์ค์ ์ค์นํด์ผ ํ๋ค. โ โ ์ง์ญ์ ํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค. โ
โIdentical facilities everywhereโ โ โPublic services should be allocated according to local needs.โ ๐งญ
Answer
๋ฐฐ์น โ ๋ฐฐ์นํ๋ค means to allocate / place. Equity is not always identical distribution.
D. ํ๋ฑ = same treatment, but ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ = fairness based on need.
Equality is same treatment, but equity is fairness based on need. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํํ์ฑ โ ํํ์ฑ means equity, the core nuance of this lesson.
E. ๋์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ์ข์์ง๋ค. โ โ ๋์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ํํ์ ์ง์ญ๊ณผ ๊ณ์ธต์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค. โ
โEveryone benefits from developmentโ โ โBenefits can be distributed differently by region and class.โ ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ๋ฐฐ โ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๋๋ค means to be distributed, a key word for equity analysis.
F. ๋ณ์์ด ๋ฉ๋ฉด ๋ถํธํ๋ค. โ โ ์๋ฃ ์์ค์ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค. โ
โHospitals are far, so itโs inconvenientโ โ โA lack of medical facilities can cause health disparities.โ ๐ฅ
Answer
์ด๋ โ ์ด๋ํ๋ค is stronger and more formal for negative outcomes.
G. ์ธํฐ๋ท์ด ์์ด์ ์ ์ข์์. โ โ ๋์งํธ ์ธํ๋ผ์ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ ํํ ์ ์๋ค. โ
โNo internet is badโ โ โA lack of digital infrastructure can limit the expansion of educational opportunity.โ ๐ป
Answer
ํ๋ โ ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ์ ํ๋ means expansion of educational opportunity.
H. ์ข์ ์ ์ฑ
์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. โ โ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต์ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ์ ์ฑ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. โ
โA good policy is neededโ โ โPolicy design that considers population structure and vulnerable groupsโ accessibility is needed.โ ๐
Answer
์ค๊ณ โ ์ ์ฑ
์ค๊ณ means policy design, a more advanced phrase.
I. ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ค. โ โ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ํจ์จ์ฑ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ฌํ์ ํํ์ฑ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค. โ
โThe economy is importantโ โ โNot only economic efficiency but also social equity must be considered.โ โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค means must consider.
J. ์์ค ์์น๋ ์ค์ํ๋ค. โ โ ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ค์ ์์น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๋น์ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง ์ ์๋ค. โ
โFacility location mattersโ โ โDepending on public facility location, service accessibility may differ.โ ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ ์๋น์ค ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ means service accessibility, which is more precise than simply saying location matters.
Vocabulary Box
- ์์ค โ facilities
- ๋ง์์ง๋ค โ to become numerous
- ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค โ infrastructure
- ํ์ถฉ๋๋ค โ to be expanded
- ๊ตํต๋ง โ transportation network
- ๋ถ์กฑ โ lack
- ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ job accessibility
- ๋ฎ์ถ๋ค โ to lower
- ๋ชจ๋ ์ง์ญ โ every area
- ๋๊ฐ์ ์์ค โ identical facilities
- ์ง์ญ์ ํ์ โ local needs
- ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋น์ค โ public services
- ๋ฐฐ์นํ๋ค โ to allocate / place
- ํ๋ฑ โ equality
- ํํ์ฑ โ equity
- ๋์ ๋ฐ์ โ urban development
- ํํ โ benefit
- ์ง์ญ๊ณผ ๊ณ์ธต โ region and social class
- ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๋๋ค โ to be distributed
- ์๋ฃ ์์ค โ medical facilities
- ๊ฑด๊ฐ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ health disparity
- ์ด๋ํ๋ค โ to cause
- ๋์งํธ ์ธํ๋ผ โ digital infrastructure
- ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ โ educational opportunity
- ํ๋ โ expansion
- ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ population structure
- ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต โ vulnerable groups
- ์ ์ฑ ์ค๊ณ โ policy design
- ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ํจ์จ์ฑ โ economic efficiency
- ์ฌํ์ ํํ์ฑ โ social equity
- ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค โ to consider
- ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ค โ public facilities
- ์๋น์ค ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ service accessibility
Tip ๐ก Pitfall fixes usually move from vague everyday wording to precise cause-effect policy language.
๐ Excellent work โ you can now discuss urban development as a question of access, opportunity, and fairness, not just shiny train stations and pretty sidewalks. ๐๏ธ๐โ๏ธ