๐ŸŒช๏ธ

Unintended Negative Result: -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—

Keywords
-๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Intermediate Grammar
๐ŸŽฏ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐ŸŒช๏ธ -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— means because something happened unexpectedly, a usually negative result followed.
  • ๐Ÿ˜ต It often feels like โ€œbecause of that sudden/unfortunate thingโ€ฆโ€: ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. โ€” Because it rained, I was late.
  • ๐Ÿšซ Donโ€™t use it for happy planned results. For normal reasons, use -์•„์„œ/์–ด์„œ, -(์œผ)๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, or -๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—.
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to compare ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š” and ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. The second one sounds more like โ€œthe unexpected rain messed things up.โ€ ๐ŸŒง๏ธ
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

Intermediate Korean has several โ€œbecauseโ€ grammars, but they do different jobs. -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— is for a cause that brings an unwanted, unexpected, or troublesome result.
ย 
Compare:
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ ์ง‘์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. [bi-ga wa-seo ji-be i-sseo-sseo-yo] โ€” It rained, so I stayed home. (neutral reason-result)
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์•ฝ์†์— ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. [bi-ga o-neun ba-ra-me yak-so-ge neu-jeo-sseo-yo] โ€” Because it rained, I was late to the appointment. (unexpected negative result)
ย 
The noun ๋ฐ”๋žŒ can mean โ€œwind,โ€ but in this grammar it acts like a โ€œstorm of circumstances.โ€ Something happens, and the result gets knocked sideways. ๐Ÿ’จ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Pattern

1. Action/event + -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—

Use this when the cause is an action or event.
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋‹ค โ†’ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” because it rained / was raining
  • ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋‹ค โ†’ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” because traffic was jammed
  • ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์ด ๊บผ์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์ด ๊บผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” because my phone turned off
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2. Completed event + -(์œผ)ใ„ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—

You will also see a completed-event version.
  • ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋†“์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋†“์นœ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” because I missed the bus
  • ์ง€๊ฐ‘์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค โ†’ ์ง€๊ฐ‘์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” because I lost my wallet
  • ์—ด์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์˜ค๋‹ค โ†’ ์—ด์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์˜จ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” because I left my key behind
ย 
For this lesson, treat -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— as the main pattern and recognize -(์œผ)ใ„ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— as the โ€œcompleted accidentโ€ version.

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How It Works in a Sentence

  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์†Œํ’์ด ์ทจ์†Œ๋์–ด์š”.
    • [bi-ga o-neun ba-ra-me so-pung-i chwi-so-dwae-sseo-yo] โ€” Because it rained, the picnic was canceled. ๐ŸŒง๏ธ
  • ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ํšŒ์˜์— ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
    • [cha-ga ma-ki-neun ba-ra-me hoe-ui-e neu-jeo-sseo-yo] โ€” Because traffic was bad, I was late to the meeting. ๐Ÿš—
  • ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์ด ๊บผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
    • [hyu-dae-po-ni kkeo-ji-neun ba-ra-me yeol-la-geul mot hae-sseo-yo] โ€” Because my phone turned off, I couldnโ€™t contact anyone. ๐Ÿ“ฑ
  • ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋†“์นœ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ชป ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
    • [beo-seu-reul no-chin ba-ra-me si-heo-meul mot bwa-sseo-yo] โ€” Because I missed the bus, I couldnโ€™t take the exam. ๐ŸšŒ
ย 
The emotional flavor is: โ€œOh no, that happened โ€” and then this bad result happened.โ€ ๐Ÿ˜ฌ

๐Ÿงฉ Formation Rule

Present/event cause: action verb stem + -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—

  • ์˜ค๋‹ค โ†’ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
  • ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋‹ค โ†’ ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
  • ๊บผ์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ ๊บผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
  • ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋‚˜๋‹ค โ†’ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
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Completed cause: action verb stem + -(์œผ)ใ„ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—

  • vowel stem + ใ„ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—: ๋†“์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ ๋†“์นœ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
  • consonant stem + ์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—: ๋จน๋‹ค โ†’ ๋จน์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
  • ใ„น stem drops ใ„น: ๋“ค๋‹ค โ†’ ๋“  ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—, ์—ด๋‹ค โ†’ ์—ฐ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
ย 
The second clause usually shows the negative result:
  • ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š” โ€” was late
  • ๋ชป ๊ฐ”์–ด์š” โ€” couldnโ€™t go
  • ์ทจ์†Œ๋์–ด์š” โ€” was canceled
  • ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์–ด์š” โ€” lost

๐Ÿ” Nuance: Why Not Just -์•„์„œ/์–ด์„œ?

Use -์•„์„œ/์–ด์„œ for normal reason-result:
  • ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํŒŒ์„œ ๋ฐฅ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด์š”. โ€” I was hungry, so I ate. โœ…
ย 
Use -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— when the result is troublesome, accidental, or unwanted:
  • ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”ˆ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์ˆ˜์—…์— ๋ชป ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”. โ€” Because my stomach suddenly hurt, I couldnโ€™t go to class. โœ…
ย 
Awkward:
  • โŒ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„์กŒ์–ด์š”. โ€” Because I met a friend, I felt better.
    • Positive result, so use ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„์กŒ์–ด์š”.
ย 
Quick comparison:
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. โ€” It rained, so I was late. (plain reason)
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. โ€” Because it rained, I ended up late. (unfortunate cause)
  • ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Šฆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”. โ€” Because it is raining, I think Iโ€™ll be late. (clear reason)

๐Ÿšซ Usage Limits

Use -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— mostly with:
  • negative results ๐Ÿ˜ต
  • unexpected accidents ๐Ÿ˜ฌ
  • disruptions, cancellations, delays, mistakes ๐Ÿšง
  • things outside your control ๐ŸŒช๏ธ
ย 
Avoid it with:
  • happy outcomes
  • planned actions
  • commands or suggestions
  • neutral explanations where -์•„์„œ/์–ด์„œ is enough
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Awkward:
  • โŒ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ž˜ ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
    • Because I studied hard, I did well. (positive result)
ย 
Natural:
  • โœ… ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•ด์„œ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ž˜ ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
  • โœ… ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์•„ํ”ˆ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ชป ๋ดค์–ด์š”.

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

This lessonโ€™s -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— explanation was aligned with standard Korean grammar descriptions of ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— as a cause that brings about an often negative or unexpected result. It also connects with earlier reason lessons like
๐ŸŒ‰
Reason and Result: ์•„์„œ / ์–ด์„œ
,
๐Ÿ’ช
The Strong Reason: -๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
, and
๐Ÿงญ
Reason for Request: -(์œผ)๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

These are related, but not interchangeable:
  • -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” because of an unexpected/unfortunate event; usually negative result.
  • -์•„์„œ/์–ด์„œ โ€” because/so; neutral reason-result.
  • -๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— โ€” because; clear/strong reason.
  • -(์œผ)๋‹ˆ๊นŒ โ€” since/because; often before requests, suggestions, decisions, or commands.
  • -๋А๋ผ๊ณ  โ€” because someone was occupied doing something, causing a usually negative result.
  • -๋Š” ํ†ต์— โ€” because of a disruptive event; similar negative-result flavor.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ Using -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— for positive results โ†’ โœ… Use it mainly for negative/unwanted results.
  • โŒ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€์š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ†’ โœ… ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—.
  • โŒ Forgetting the result clause โ†’ โœ… -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— needs a consequence.
  • โŒ Using it for deliberate plans โ†’ โœ… It usually marks an accidental/unexpected cause.
  • โŒ Using it before commands โ†’ โœ… Use -(์œผ)๋‹ˆ๊นŒ: ์ถ”์šฐ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์œผ์„ธ์š”.
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๐ŸŽ‰ -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— is your โ€œthings went sidewaysโ€ grammar. Use it for delays, mistakes, cancellations, missed buses, dead phones, surprise rain, and tiny daily disasters. ๐ŸŒช๏ธ
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Try this exercise

Instructions: Fill each blank with the correct -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— or -(์œผ)ใ„ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— form.
1. ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์•ฝ์†์— ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
[bi-ga o๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ yak-so-ge neu-jeo-sseo-yo]
Because it rained, I was late to the appointment. ๐ŸŒง๏ธ
Answer
์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” ์˜ค๋‹ค โ†’ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—.
2. ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํžˆ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํšŒ์˜์— ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
[cha-ga ma-ki๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hoe-ui-e neu-jeo-sseo-yo]
Because traffic was jammed, I was late to the meeting. ๐Ÿš—
Answer
๋ง‰ํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋‹ค โ†’ ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—.
3. ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์ด ๊บผ์ง€๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
[hyu-dae-po-ni kkeo-ji๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ yeol-la-geul mot hae-sseo-yo]
Because my phone turned off, I couldnโ€™t contact anyone. ๐Ÿ“ฑ
Answer
๊บผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” ๊บผ์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ ๊บผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—.
4. ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋†“์น˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ชป ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
[beo-seu-reul no-chi๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ si-heo-meul mot bwa-sseo-yo]
Because I missed the bus, I couldnโ€™t take the exam. ๐ŸšŒ
Answer
๋†“์นœ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” Completed event: ๋†“์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ ๋†“์นœ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—.
5. ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์•„ํ”„๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜์—…์— ๋ชป ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
[gap-ja-gi a-peu๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ su-eo-be mot ga-sseo-yo]
Because I suddenly got sick, I couldnโ€™t go to class. ๐Ÿค’
Answer
์•„ํ”ˆ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” ์•„ํ”„๋‹ค โ†’ ์•„ํ”ˆ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—.
6. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋‚˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ผ์„ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
[keom-pyu-teo-ga go-jang na๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ i-reul mot hae-sseo-yo]
Because the computer broke, I couldnโ€™t work. ๐Ÿ’ป
Answer
๊ณ ์žฅ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋‚˜๋‹ค โ†’ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—.
7. ์ง€๊ฐ‘์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ชป ํƒ”์–ด์š”.
[ji-ga-beul i-reo-beo-ri๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ taek-si-reul mot ta-sseo-yo]
Because I lost my wallet, I couldnโ€™t take a taxi. ๐Ÿ‘›
Answer
์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” Completed event: ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค โ†’ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—.
8. ๋ฌธ์ด ๋‹ซํžˆ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์•ˆ์— ๋ชป ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
[mu-ni da-chi๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ a-ne mot deu-reo-ga-sseo-yo]
Because the door closed, I couldnโ€™t go inside. ๐Ÿšช
Answer
๋‹ซํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” ๋‹ซํžˆ๋‹ค โ†’ ๋‹ซํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—.
9. Choose the natural sentence:
โ‘  ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„์กŒ์–ด์š”.
โ‘ก ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„์กŒ์–ด์š”.
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” Positive result, so use neutral ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ.
10. Fix the mistake: โŒ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€์š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. โ†’ โœ… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Answer
๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋น„ โ†’ rain
  • ์•ฝ์† โ†’ appointment / promise
  • ๋Šฆ๋‹ค โ†’ to be late
  • ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋‹ค โ†’ traffic is jammed
  • ํšŒ์˜ โ†’ meeting
  • ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ โ†’ cellphone
  • ๊บผ์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to turn off
  • ์—ฐ๋ฝํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to contact
  • ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋†“์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ to miss the bus
  • ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค โ†’ to take an exam
  • ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ โ†’ suddenly
  • ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋‚˜๋‹ค โ†’ to break down
  • ์ง€๊ฐ‘ โ†’ wallet
  • ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค โ†’ to lose
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Bad result? Unexpected cause? -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— may be your grammar.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below is a tiny disaster simulator: rain, traffic, dead phones, missed buses, and grammar survival. ๐ŸŒช๏ธ
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Unintended Negative Result: -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
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Welcome to the โ€œthings went wrongโ€ lab. ๐Ÿงช Practice building cause โ†’ negative result sentences with -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— and -(์œผ)ใ„ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—.
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear each completed sentence.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Fill each blank, then explain what went wrong.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Event Cause: -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๐ŸŒช๏ธ

A. ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ทจ์†Œ๋์–ด์š”.
[bi-ga o๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ gyeong-gi-ga chwi-so-dwae-sseo-yo]
Because it rained, the game was canceled. โšฝ
Answer
์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
B. ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํžˆ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋†“์ณค์–ด์š”.
[cha-ga ma-ki๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ beo-seu-reul no-chyeo-sseo-yo]
Because traffic was jammed, I missed the bus. ๐Ÿš—
Answer
๋ง‰ํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
C. ๋ˆˆ์ด ์˜ค๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์กŒ์–ด์š”.
[nu-ni o๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ gi-ri mi-kkeu-reo-wo-jyeo-sseo-yo]
Because it snowed, the road became slippery. โ„๏ธ
Answer
์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
D. ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ž ์—์„œ ๊นผ์–ด์š”.
[so-ri-ga na๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ja-me-seo kkae-sseo-yo]
Because there was a noise, I woke up. ๐Ÿ”Š
Answer
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
E. ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ๋Š๊ธฐ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
[in-teo-ne-si kkeun-ki๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hoe-ui-reul mot hae-sseo-yo]
Because the internet disconnected, I couldnโ€™t have the meeting. ๐Ÿ“ถ
Answer
๋Š๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
F. ๋ฌธ์ด ๋‹ซํžˆ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ–์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜”์–ด์š”.
[mu-ni da-chi๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ba-kke ga-chyeo-sseo-yo]
Because the door closed, I got locked outside. ๐Ÿšช
Answer
๋‹ซํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
G. ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
[el-li-be-i-teo-ga meom-chu๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ neu-jeo-sseo-yo]
Because the elevator stopped, I was late. ๐Ÿ›—
Answer
๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
H. ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์šธ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ž ์„ ๋ชป ์žค์–ด์š”.
[a-i-ga ul๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ja-meul mot ja-sseo-yo]
Because the child cried, I couldnโ€™t sleep. ๐Ÿ‘ถ
Answer
์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” ์šธ๋‹ค loses ใ„น before ๋Š”.
I. ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์กŒ์–ด์š”.
[ba-ra-mi se-ge bul๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ u-sa-ni bu-reo-jyeo-sseo-yo]
Because the wind blew strongly, my umbrella broke. โ˜‚๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” ๋ถˆ๋‹ค โ†’ ๋ถ€๋Š”.
J. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ชป ์ƒ€์–ด์š”.
[sa-ra-mi man๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ pyo-reul mot sa-sseo-yo]
Because there were many people, I couldnโ€™t buy a ticket. ๐ŸŽŸ๏ธ
Answer
๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ โ†’ game/match
  • ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be canceled
  • ๋ˆˆ โ†’ snow
  • ๊ธธ โ†’ road
  • ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค โ†’ to be slippery
  • ์†Œ๋ฆฌ โ†’ sound/noise
  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท โ†’ internet
  • ๋Š๊ธฐ๋‹ค โ†’ to be disconnected
  • ๊ฐ‡ํžˆ๋‹ค โ†’ to be trapped
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Action/event + -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—.
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Exercise 2 โ€” Completed Cause: -(์œผ)ใ„ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๐Ÿ˜ต

A. ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋†“์น˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
Answer
๋†“์นœ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
B. ์ง€๊ฐ‘์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ชป ๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
Answer
์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
C. ์—ด์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์˜ค๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ง‘์— ๋ชป ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
Answer
๋‘๊ณ  ์˜จ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
D. ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ง€์šฐ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
Answer
์ง€์šด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
E. ์•ฝ์†์„ ์žŠ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™”๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
Answer
์žŠ์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
F. ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งˆ์‹œ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐค์— ์ž ์„ ๋ชป ์žค์–ด์š”.
Answer
๋งˆ์‹  ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
G. ์ž˜๋ชป ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ™”๋ฉด์ด ๊บผ์กŒ์–ด์š”.
Answer
๋ˆ„๋ฅธ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
H. ๊ธธ์„ ์ž˜๋ชป ๋“ค๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
Answer
๋“  ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” ๋“ค๋‹ค loses ใ„น.
I. ์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋จน๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํŒ ์–ด์š”.
Answer
๋จน์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
J. ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐฉ์ด ์ถ”์›Œ์กŒ์–ด์š”.
Answer
์—ฐ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— โ€” ์—ด๋‹ค loses ใ„น.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋†“์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ to miss
  • ํšŒ์‚ฌ โ†’ company/work
  • ๋ˆ์„ ๋‚ด๋‹ค โ†’ to pay
  • ์—ด์‡  โ†’ key
  • ํŒŒ์ผ โ†’ file
  • ์ง€์šฐ๋‹ค โ†’ to delete
  • ์žŠ๋‹ค โ†’ to forget
  • ํ™”๋‚˜๋‹ค โ†’ to get angry
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Completed accident? Use -(์œผ)ใ„ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—.
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Exercise 3 โ€” Choose the Better Reason Grammar ๐Ÿงญ

A. โ€œBecause I studied hard, I passed.โ€
โ‘  ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
โ‘ก ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” Positive result, so ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•ด์„œ is better.
B. โ€œBecause my phone turned off, I couldnโ€™t call.โ€
โ‘  ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์ด ๊บผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
โ‘ก ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์ด ๊บผ์ ธ์„œ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ž˜ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Answer
โ‘  โ€” Unexpected negative result.
C. โ€œBecause the food was delicious, I ate a lot.โ€
โ‘  ์Œ์‹์ด ๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋งŽ์ด ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
โ‘ก ์Œ์‹์ด ๋ง›์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” Normal positive reason-result.
D. โ€œBecause I lost my wallet, I couldnโ€™t buy a ticket.โ€
โ‘  ์ง€๊ฐ‘์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ชป ์ƒ€์–ด์š”.
โ‘ก ์ง€๊ฐ‘์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์ƒ€์–ด์š”.
Answer
โ‘  โ€” Lost wallet โ†’ bad result.
E. โ€œSince itโ€™s cold, close the window.โ€
โ‘  ์ถ”์šด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์œผ์„ธ์š”.
โ‘ก ์ถ”์šฐ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์œผ์„ธ์š”.
Answer
โ‘ก โ€” Reason before a request/command uses -(์œผ)๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
๐Ÿ“š
Decision Box
  • Normal reason โ†’ -์•„์„œ/์–ด์„œ
  • Strong clear reason โ†’ -๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
  • Reason for request/command โ†’ -(์œผ)๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
  • Unwanted unexpected result โ†’ -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—
  • Occupied doing A, so bad result B โ†’ -๋А๋ผ๊ณ 
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Exercise 4 โ€” Fix the Mistake ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ

A. โŒ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€์š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
B. โŒ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ํ–‰๋ณตํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ํ–‰๋ณตํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
C. โŒ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์ž˜ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•ด์„œ ์ž˜ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. / ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์—ฐ์Šตํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž˜ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
D. โŒ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋†“์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์–ด์ œ ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋†“์นœ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์–ด์ œ ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
E. โŒ ์ถ”์šด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์œผ์„ธ์š”. โ†’ โœ…
Answer
์ถ”์šฐ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์œผ์„ธ์š”.
๐Ÿ“š
Pitfall Patrol
  • Donโ€™t attach after ์š”.
  • Donโ€™t use it for happy results.
  • Donโ€™t use it for commands/requests.
  • Donโ€™t forget the result clause.
  • Completed accident often uses -(์œผ)ใ„ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—.
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Exercise 5 โ€” Build Full Sentences ๐Ÿงฑ

A. Say: โ€œBecause it rained, the picnic was canceled.โ€
Answer
๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์†Œํ’์ด ์ทจ์†Œ๋์–ด์š”. [bi-ga o-neun ba-ra-me so-pung-i chwi-so-dwae-sseo-yo]
B. Say: โ€œBecause I missed the bus, I was late.โ€
Answer
๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋†“์นœ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. [beo-seu-reul no-chin ba-ra-me neu-jeo-sseo-yo]
C. Say: โ€œBecause my phone turned off, I couldnโ€™t call.โ€
Answer
ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์ด ๊บผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. [hyu-dae-po-ni kkeo-ji-neun ba-ra-me jeon-hwa-reul mot hae-sseo-yo]
D. Say: โ€œBecause the computer broke, I couldnโ€™t work.โ€
Answer
์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์ผ์„ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. [keom-pyu-teo-ga go-jang na-neun ba-ra-me i-reul mot hae-sseo-yo]
E. Say: โ€œBecause I lost my wallet, I couldnโ€™t pay.โ€
Answer
์ง€๊ฐ‘์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋ˆ์„ ๋ชป ๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”. [ji-ga-beul i-reo-beo-rin ba-ra-me do-neul mot nae-sseo-yo]
๐Ÿ“š
Final Check
For each sentence, ask:
  1. What unexpected thing happened?
  1. What bad result followed?
  1. Is this better than neutral -์•„์„œ/์–ด์„œ?
  1. Did I attach the grammar to the stem?
  1. Is the result clause complete?
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Disaster grammar complete! You can now explain why something went wrong with -๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—. May your life contain fewer disasters than your practice sentences. ๐ŸŒช๏ธโœจ