๐Ÿงญ

The Transparency of Executive Decisions

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ / ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ / ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ / ๊ณต์‹œ
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿงญ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐ŸชŸ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ means the reasons, standards, and procedure behind an executive decision are clear enough for stakeholders to evaluate.
  • ๐Ÿ›๏ธ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ points to the institutional system that monitors executives, especially boards, checks, independence, and accountability.
  • ๐Ÿ“ข ๊ณต์‹œ is official disclosure; combine it with ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ to discuss responsible leadership in formal Korean.
๐ŸŽง
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” When a phrase feels heavy, paste it into
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
and listen to the rhythm. Long Sino-Korean noun phrases like ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ (transparency of decision-making) and ๊ณต์‹œ ์˜๋ฌด ๊ฐ•ํ™” (strengthening disclosure obligations) become much friendlier when your ears get a vote. ๐Ÿ‘‚
ย 

๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

Advanced Korean often discusses executive decisions through systems, not personalities. Instead of only saying โ€œthe CEO explained the decision,โ€ formal writing asks whether the process was transparent, whether the governance structure could check the decision, and whether relevant information was officially disclosed.
The core question is not just ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ (what was decided), but ์–ด๋–ค ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ (by what procedure and basis it was decided). That is where this lessonโ€™s vocabulary becomes useful: it lets you sound precise, institutional, and calm โ€” like a policy analyst with excellent coffee. โ˜•
You can use these expressions in business articles, governance essays, formal debates, and advanced reading passages about corporations, public institutions, boards, shareholders, and stakeholders.

๐ŸŽจ The Core Executive-Decision Transparency Family

๐ŸชŸ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ โ€” transparency of decision-making

์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • means decision-making, and ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ means transparency or openness. Together, ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ means that the reason, criteria, procedure, and responsibility behind a decision are visible enough to be evaluated.
Natural collocations:
  • ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to secure transparency in decision-making
  • ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” the decision-making process is opaque
  • ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to disclose the basis for a decision
  • ์ ˆ์ฐจ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋‹ค โ€” to possess procedural legitimacy

๐Ÿ›๏ธ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ€” governance structure

์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ refers to the rules and oversight system that determines how an organization is directed, monitored, and held accountable. In corporate contexts, it often includes the board of directors, shareholder rights, internal controls, and mechanisms that prevent arbitrary decisions.
Natural collocations:
  • ๊ธฐ์—… ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to improve corporate governance
  • ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to strengthen board independence
  • ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์„ ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to check or restrain management
  • ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to perform an oversight function

๐Ÿงพ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ โ€” responsible management

์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ means management that accepts responsibility for decisions and their consequences. It is not only apologizing after damage occurs; it also includes preventing problems, explaining decisions, correcting failures, and protecting stakeholder trust.
Natural collocations:
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to practice responsible management
  • ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์—๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฌป๋‹ค โ€” to hold management accountable
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to fulfill social responsibility
  • ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to value long-term trust

๐Ÿ“ข ๊ณต์‹œ โ€” official disclosure

๊ณต์‹œ is formal, official disclosure, especially of corporate, financial, legal, or regulatory information. It is narrower and more institutional than ๊ณต๊ฐœ (public release / making something public).
Natural collocations:
  • ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to officially disclose information
  • ๊ณต์‹œ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to strengthen disclosure obligations
  • ๊ณต์‹œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to review disclosure documents
  • ํ—ˆ์œ„ ๊ณต์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์žฌํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to sanction false disclosure

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

1. Transparency concern ๐ŸชŸ

๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If executives do not sufficiently explain the criteria for a decision, questions may be raised about the transparency of decision-making.
  • ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„ = executives / management
  • ๊ธฐ์ค€ = criteria
  • ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๋‹ค = questions are raised

2. Governance solution ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์˜ ๋…๋‹จ์  ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค.
As board independence is strengthened, the possibility of checking unilateral executive decisions increases.
  • ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ = board of directors
  • ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ = independence
  • ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•˜๋‹ค = to check, restrain, or balance

3. Disclosure and accountability ๐Ÿ“ข

์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ณต์‹œ๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค.
Accurate disclosure is essential for investors to make rational judgments and evaluate responsible management.
  • ํˆฌ์ž์ž = investor
  • ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ = rational judgment
  • ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค = to evaluate

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

This lesson is mostly about formal noun phrases plus institutional verbs. The safest sentence pattern is:
  • A์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to secure the transparency of A
  • A์„/๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to strengthen A
  • A์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฌป๋‹ค โ€” to hold someone accountable for A
  • A์„/๋ฅผ ๊ณต์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to officially disclose A
  • A์„/๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด B์„/๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to secure B through A
Useful formal frames:
  • ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To secure transparency in decision-making, the procedure and basis must be clearly disclosed.
  • ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์˜ ๋…๋‹จ์  ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
By improving governance structure, unilateral executive decisions can be prevented.
  • ๊ณต์‹œ ์˜๋ฌด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
Strengthening disclosure obligations helps reduce information asymmetry in the market.

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

The key vocabulary and formal collocations in this lesson were cross-checked against Korean reference usage, including ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์–ด์› / Korean.go.kr, with special attention to institutional terms such as ๊ณต์‹œ (official disclosure), ์‚ฌ์™ธ์ด์‚ฌ (outside director), ๊ธฐ์—…์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ (corporate governance), and ๊ฒฝ์˜์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ (management transparency). โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ โ€” transparency; formal and common in institutional writing.
  • ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ โ€” clarity; focuses on being clear, not necessarily accountable.
  • ๊ณต๊ฐœ โ€” public release; general word for making information public.
  • ๊ณต์‹œ โ€” official disclosure; used when disclosure is formal, regulated, or legally required.
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ โ€” accountability; broader abstract quality of being answerable.
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ โ€” responsible management; a leadership practice or management principle.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ โœ… ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค (Use ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค for open, accountable processes; ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๋‹ค sounds like physical cleanliness or moral purity.)
  • โŒ ์žฌ๋ฌด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค in a regulatory filing context โ†’ โœ… ์žฌ๋ฌด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค (๊ณต์‹œ is the institutional disclosure word.)
  • โŒ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ = โ€œcontrol structureโ€ only โ†’ โœ… ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ = governance system involving oversight, boards, independence, and accountability.
  • โŒ Overusing ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๋‹ค everywhere โ†’ โœ… Use formal noun phrases like ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฌป๋‹ค, ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋‹ค, and ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
  • โŒ ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ณต์‹œ as a default phrase โ†’ โœ… ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ณต์‹œ, ์ง€์—ฐ ๊ณต์‹œ, or ํ—ˆ์œ„ ๊ณต์‹œ depending on the problem.
โœจ If you can connect procedure + oversight + disclosure + accountability, you can discuss executive decisions in elegant, advanced Korean without sounding like a translated memo wearing a fake mustache. ๐Ÿฅธ
ย 

Try this exercise

Instructions: Complete each formal Korean sentence with the best expression. Read the full sentence first, decide whether the focus is transparency, governance, accountability, or disclosure, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance.
1. ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์€ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Executives must disclose the basis and procedure of major decisions to secure transparency in decision-making. ๐ŸชŸ
Answer
ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ โ€” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ is the central phrase for clear, accountable decision-making.
2. ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์—… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค.
Strengthening board independence is a key task in improving corporate governance. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ€” ๊ธฐ์—… ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค is the natural collocation.
3. ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ด์ต๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Companies should practice responsible management that values long-term trust over short-term profit. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ โ€” This phrase names a management principle, not just personal blame.
4. ์ƒ์žฅ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ํˆฌ์ž์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฌด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Listed companies must officially disclose important financial information accurately to investors. ๐Ÿ“ข
Answer
๊ณต์‹œ โ€” In regulatory or financial contexts, ๊ณต์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค is more precise than ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค.
5. ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the decision criteria are not clear, the procedure may be criticized as opaque. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช… โ€” ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค means opaque or unclear in institutional contexts.
6. ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์˜ ๋…๋‹จ์  ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Effective checking mechanisms are needed to prevent unilateral executive decisions. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
๊ฒฌ์ œ โ€” ๊ฒฌ์ œ ์žฅ์น˜ means a mechanism that checks or restrains power.
7. ํ—ˆ์œ„ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ†ต๋˜๋ฉด ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If false information circulates, information asymmetry in the market can worsen. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๋น„๋Œ€์นญ โ€” ์ •๋ณด ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ means one side has more or better information than another.
8. ์ฃผ์ฃผ์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
It is important to earn the trust of various stakeholders such as shareholders and consumers. ๐Ÿค
Answer
์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„ โ€” The full word is ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž, meaning stakeholder.
9. ๊ณต์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๋ฉด ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋Š” ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If disclosure is delayed, investors may make judgments based on incomplete information. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
ํŒ๋‹จ โ€” ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค is the natural collocation for making a judgment.
10. ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์—๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฌป๋Š” ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค.
An organizationโ€™s accountability is strengthened when there is a system for holding executives accountable. ๐Ÿ”Ž
Answer
์ฑ…์ž„ โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ means accountability as an institutional quality.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„ โ†’ executives / management
  • ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ์ • โ†’ major decision
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ basis / grounds
  • ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ†’ procedure
  • ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ โ†’ transparency of decision-making
  • ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ โ†’ board of directors
  • ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ โ†’ independence
  • ๊ธฐ์—… ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ corporate governance
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ โ†’ responsible management
  • ๊ณต์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to officially disclose
  • ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be opaque / unclear
  • ๊ฒฌ์ œ ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ checking mechanism
  • ์ •๋ณด ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ โ†’ information asymmetry
  • ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž โ†’ stakeholder
  • ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค โ†’ to make a judgment
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ โ†’ accountability
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก If the sentence involves legal or financial reporting, choose ๊ณต์‹œ; if it involves a process being visible and explainable, choose ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns these governance words into full formal-sentence muscle. ๐Ÿ‹๏ธ
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” The Transparency of Executive Decisions
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Welcome to the Practice Hub for The Transparency of Executive Decisions. Youโ€™ll practice formal vocabulary for explaining how executives make decisions, how governance systems restrain power, and how disclosure supports stakeholder trust โ€” very boardroom, but with fewer beige carpets. ๐Ÿข
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a sentence read aloud.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the most natural Korean expression, then open the Answer toggle. Focus on collocation: advanced Korean often rewards the phrase that โ€œbelongsโ€ with the noun.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Transparency and Procedure ๐ŸชŸ

A. ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์™€ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ž„์ง์›์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The company explained the basis and procedure of the acquisition decision to employees. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ means the basis or grounds of a decision.
B. ์ƒˆ ๋ณด์ƒ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•ด ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
The new compensation system was criticized because the decision-making process was opaque due to unclear criteria. ๐Ÿ’ฐ
Answer
๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช… โ€” ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค is a natural way to describe an unclear institutional process.
C. ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Management explained the necessity of restructuring and emphasized procedural legitimacy. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
์ •๋‹น โ€” The full phrase is ์ ˆ์ฐจ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ, meaning procedural legitimacy.
D. ํšŒ์˜๋ก ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
Publishing meeting minutes helps increase the transparency of the decision-making process. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
ํˆฌ๋ช… โ€” ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ is the quality of being transparent.
E. ์ฃผ์š” ํˆฌ์ž ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… ์—†์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์–ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค.
The major investment plan was announced without sufficient explanation, creating several questions. ๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
์˜๋ฌธ โ€” ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๋‚ณ๋‹ค means to create or raise questions.
F. ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒซ๊ฑธ์Œ์ด๋‹ค.
Transparent decision-making is the first step in securing membersโ€™ trust. ๐Ÿค
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค is a formal collocation meaning to secure trust.
G. ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The company disclosed the background of the price increase transparently. ๐Ÿท๏ธ
Answer
ํˆฌ๋ช… โ€” ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค means to disclose transparently.
H. ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์ผ๊ด€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If decision criteria are inconsistent, internal distrust within the organization may grow. ๐ŸŒง๏ธ
Answer
๋ถˆ์‹  โ€” ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋‹ค means distrust grows.
I. ์ž„์› ์„ ์ž„ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ™•๋ณด์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Clearly stating evaluation criteria in executive appointment is important for securing transparency. ๐Ÿ‘”
Answer
ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ โ€” ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด is a compact formal phrase.
J. ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ๋‹ค.
Without sufficient explanation, controversy over the legitimacy of a decision repeats. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์ •๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ means the legitimacy of a decision.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํšŒ์‚ฌ โ†’ company
  • ์ธ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • โ†’ acquisition decision
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ basis / grounds
  • ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ†’ procedure
  • ์ž„์ง์› โ†’ executives and employees
  • ๋ณด์ƒ ์ œ๋„ โ†’ compensation system
  • ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be ambiguous
  • ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be opaque / unclear
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ • โ†’ restructuring
  • ์ ˆ์ฐจ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ procedural legitimacy
  • ํšŒ์˜๋ก โ†’ meeting minutes
  • ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to make public
  • ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ โ†’ transparency
  • ํˆฌ์ž ๊ณ„ํš โ†’ investment plan
  • ์˜๋ฌธ โ†’ question / doubt
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ†’ trust
  • ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ธ์ƒ โ†’ price increase
  • ๋ถˆ์‹  โ†’ distrust
  • ์ž„์› ์„ ์ž„ โ†’ executive appointment
  • ๋…ผ๋ž€ โ†’ controversy
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Transparency sentences often combine ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ, ์ ˆ์ฐจ, ๊ธฐ์ค€, and ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค.
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Exercise 2 โ€” Governance and Oversight ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

A. ์‚ฌ์™ธ์ด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Outside directors perform an oversight function that checks management. ๐Ÿ‘€
Answer
๊ฒฌ์ œ โ€” ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์„ ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•˜๋‹ค means to check or restrain management.
B. ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…๋‹จ์  ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If board independence is weak, unilateral decisions may repeat. ๐Ÿช‘
Answer
๋…๋ฆฝ โ€” ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ is board independence.
C. ๊ธฐ์—… ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ†ต์ œ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To improve corporate governance, internal control mechanisms must be strengthened. ๐Ÿข
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ€” ๊ธฐ์—… ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means corporate governance structure.
D. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ํšŒ๊ณ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก๋Š”๋‹ค.
The audit committee takes on the role of reviewing the appropriateness of accounting treatment. ๐Ÿงฎ
Answer
๊ฒ€ํ†  โ€” ์ ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค means to review appropriateness.
E. ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฌ์ œ์™€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ™”๋œ๋‹ค.
If authority is concentrated in one person, the principle of checks and balances weakens. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ท ํ˜• โ€” ๊ฒฌ์ œ์™€ ๊ท ํ˜• means checks and balances.
F. ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ†ต์ œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Internal control can be a mechanism for preventing inappropriate decisions. ๐Ÿšง
Answer
์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ โ€” ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค means to prevent.
G. ์ฃผ์ฃผ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์žฅ๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค.
As shareholder rights are guaranteed, the possibility of oversight over management increases. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
๊ฐ์‹œ โ€” ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ means possibility of oversight or monitoring.
H. ๊ฑด์ „ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.
A sound governance structure makes organizational decision-making more accountable. ๐Ÿ”Ž
Answer
์ฑ…์ž„ โ€” The completed idea is ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ, meaning in an accountable manner.
I. ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์šด์˜๋˜๋ฉด ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
If the board is operated only formally, it is difficult to expect a substantial checking function. ๐Ÿ“‹
Answer
๊ฒฌ์ œ โ€” ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๊ฒฌ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ means a substantive checking function.
J. ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
An independent board can raise necessary questions about management decisions. ๐Ÿ™‹
Answer
๋ฌธ์ œ โ€” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋‹ค means to raise an issue.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์‚ฌ์™ธ์ด์‚ฌ โ†’ outside director
  • ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„ โ†’ executives / management
  • ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to check / restrain
  • ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ โ†’ oversight function
  • ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ โ†’ board of directors
  • ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ โ†’ independence
  • ๋…๋‹จ์  ๊ฒฐ์ • โ†’ unilateral decision
  • ๊ธฐ์—… ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ corporate governance
  • ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ†ต์ œ ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ internal control mechanism
  • ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ โ†’ audit committee
  • ํšŒ๊ณ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ โ†’ accounting treatment
  • ์ ์ •์„ฑ โ†’ appropriateness
  • ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to review
  • ๊ถŒํ•œ โ†’ authority
  • ๊ฒฌ์ œ์™€ ๊ท ํ˜• โ†’ checks and balances
  • ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to prevent
  • ์ฃผ์ฃผ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ โ†’ shareholder rights
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ โ†’ accountably / responsibly
  • ํ˜•์‹์  โ†’ merely formal
  • ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to raise an issue
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Governance sentences often use ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค, ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค, ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•˜๋‹ค, and ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค.
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Exercise 3 โ€” Disclosure and Information ๐Ÿ“ข

A. ์ƒ์žฅ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ธฐํ•œ ์•ˆ์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A listed company must officially disclose important management matters within the set deadline. โฐ
Answer
๊ณต์‹œ โ€” ๊ณต์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค is the institutional verb for official disclosure.
B. ์žฌ๋ฌด ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜๋ฉด ํˆฌ์ž์ž์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค.
If financial information is released late, investorsโ€™ rational judgment becomes difficult. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  โ€” ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ํŒ๋‹จ means rational judgment.
C. ํ—ˆ์œ„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํ›ผ์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
False disclosure can damage market trust. ๐Ÿงจ
Answer
๊ณต์‹œ โ€” ํ—ˆ์œ„ ๊ณต์‹œ means false official disclosure.
D. ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋Š” ๊ณต์‹œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ๋’ค ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The investor evaluated the companyโ€™s value after reviewing disclosure documents. ๐Ÿ“„
Answer
์ž๋ฃŒ โ€” ๊ณต์‹œ ์ž๋ฃŒ means disclosure documents.
E. ์ •๋ณด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์ผ๋ถ€ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋งŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋†“์ธ๋‹ค.
If information asymmetry is severe, only some investors are placed in an advantageous position. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๋น„๋Œ€์นญ โ€” ์ •๋ณด ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ is information asymmetry.
F. ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ง€์—ฐ ๊ณต์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The regulatory agency imposed sanctions for delayed disclosure. ๐Ÿšจ
Answer
์ œ์žฌ โ€” ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค means to impose sanctions.
G. ๊ณต์‹œ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ์žฅ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If disclosure obligations are strengthened, market participantsโ€™ trust can increase. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™” โ€” ๊ณต์‹œ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to strengthen disclosure obligations.
H. ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ™๋ณด ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ณต์‹ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Simple promotional materials and official disclosure documents should be distinguished. ๐Ÿ—‚๏ธ
Answer
๊ณต์‹œ โ€” ๊ณต์‹ ๊ณต์‹œ ์ž๋ฃŒ identifies institutional disclosure materials.
I. ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค.
Providing accurate information increases the predictability of the market. ๐Ÿ”ฎ
Answer
๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€” ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ means predictability.
J. ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์ธ์„ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํˆฌ์ž์ž์˜ ์•Œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์นจํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Hiding important risk factors can violate investorsโ€™ right to know. ๐Ÿ•ฏ๏ธ
Answer
๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ โ€” ์•Œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ means the right to know.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ƒ์žฅ ๊ธฐ์—… โ†’ listed company
  • ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์‚ฌํ•ญ โ†’ management matter
  • ๊ธฐํ•œ โ†’ deadline
  • ๊ณต์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to officially disclose
  • ์žฌ๋ฌด ์ •๋ณด โ†’ financial information
  • ํˆฌ์ž์ž โ†’ investor
  • ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ํŒ๋‹จ โ†’ rational judgment
  • ํ—ˆ์œ„ ๊ณต์‹œ โ†’ false disclosure
  • ์‹œ์žฅ ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ†’ market trust
  • ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to damage
  • ๊ณต์‹œ ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ disclosure documents
  • ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ€์น˜ โ†’ company value
  • ์ •๋ณด ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ โ†’ information asymmetry
  • ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ โ†’ advantageous position
  • ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ โ†’ regulatory agency
  • ์ง€์—ฐ ๊ณต์‹œ โ†’ delayed disclosure
  • ์ œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to impose sanctions
  • ๊ณต์‹œ ์˜๋ฌด โ†’ disclosure obligation
  • ์‹œ์žฅ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž โ†’ market participant
  • ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ predictability
  • ์•Œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ โ†’ right to know
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Use ๊ณต๊ฐœ for general public release, but ๊ณต์‹œ for official, regulated disclosure.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Responsible Management and Accountability ๐Ÿงพ

A. ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์€ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
In a crisis, management should practice responsible management. ๐ŸŒŠ
Answer
๊ฒฝ์˜ โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ means responsible management.
B. ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์—๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The board must hold management accountable for the wrong investment decision. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
๋ฌผ์–ด โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฌป๋‹ค means to hold someone accountable.
C. ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A company should show an attitude of fulfilling social responsibility. ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
๋‹คํ•˜ โ€” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋‹ค means to fulfill social responsibility.
D. ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋งŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If only short-term performance is emphasized, long-term trust can weaken. ๐Ÿ•ฐ๏ธ
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ โ€” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ is a natural phrase in responsible-management contexts.
E. ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
The attitude of preventing and explaining problems is the starting point of responsible management. ๐Ÿšฆ
Answer
์ถœ๋ฐœ์  โ€” ์ถœ๋ฐœ์  means starting point.
F. ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Managementโ€™s compensation system should reflect not only performance but also accountability. ๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
์„ฑ โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ means accountability as a quality.
G. ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋’ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์ „ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Prevention before damage occurs can sometimes be more important than an apology afterward. ๐Ÿ›Ÿ
Answer
์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ โ€” ์‚ฌ์ „ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ means prevention in advance.
H. ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Responsible management does not avoid the results of decisions but explains them. ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Answer
์„ค๋ช… โ€” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค is natural in accountability contexts.
I. ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ์‡„์ ์ด๋ฉด ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
If organizational culture is closed, responsible management is difficult to take root. ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
์ •์ฐฉ โ€” ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐฉ๋˜๋‹ค means a culture takes root.
J. ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์€ ์†์‹ค ๋ณด์ƒ์— ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฐœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค.
Responsible management does not stop at compensating for losses; it includes preventing recurrence. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๋ฐฉ์ง€ โ€” ์žฌ๋ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ means prevention of recurrence.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ โ†’ crisis situation
  • ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„ โ†’ executives / management
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ โ†’ responsible management
  • ํˆฌ์ž ๊ฒฐ์ • โ†’ investment decision
  • ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ โ†’ board of directors
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฌป๋‹ค โ†’ to hold accountable
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„ โ†’ social responsibility
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to fulfill responsibility
  • ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ โ†’ short-term performance
  • ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ†’ long-term trust
  • ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to prevent
  • ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to explain
  • ์ถœ๋ฐœ์  โ†’ starting point
  • ๋ณด์ƒ ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ compensation system
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ โ†’ accountability
  • ์‚ฌ์ „ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ โ†’ prevention in advance
  • ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ™” โ†’ organizational culture
  • ํ์‡„์  โ†’ closed / insular
  • ์ •์ฐฉ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to take root
  • ์žฌ๋ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ โ†’ prevention of recurrence
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ is broader than โ€œtaking blameโ€; it includes prevention, explanation, correction, and trust.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ํˆฌ์ž ์„ค๋ช…ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์žฌ๋ฌด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
The company held an investor briefing but did not officially disclose the key financial information. ๐ŸŽค
Answer
๊ณต์‹œ โ€” โŒ Do not rely on ๊ณต๊ฐœ when the context is official financial disclosure. โœ… Use ๊ณต์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค.
B. ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์ด ์ปค์กŒ๋‹ค.
Because the decision-making process was not disclosed, criticism about transparency grew. ๐Ÿ“ฃ
Answer
ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ โ€” โœ… ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ is the precise phrase; avoid vague wording like โ€œclean decision.โ€
C. ์‚ฌ์™ธ์ด์‚ฌ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The outside-director system can function as a mechanism for checking management. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
๊ฒฌ์ œ โ€” โœ… ๊ฒฌ์ œ ์žฅ์น˜ connects naturally with governance and oversight.
D. ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A company should practice responsible management rather than hide problems. ๐Ÿ•ฏ๏ธ
Answer
์‹ค์ฒœ โ€” โœ… ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋‹ค is more formal than repeating ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๋‹ค.
E. ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„๊ณผ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šฐ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the board is too close to management, its independence may weaken. ๐Ÿงฒ
Answer
๋…๋ฆฝ โ€” โœ… ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ is a key governance phrase.
F. ํ—ˆ์œ„ ๊ณต์‹œ๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž์ž์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค.
False disclosure interferes with investorsโ€™ rational judgment. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
ํŒ๋‹จ โ€” โœ… ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ํŒ๋‹จ and ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค are natural collocations.
G. ์ •๋ณด ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์„ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ณต์‹œ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
To reduce information asymmetry, disclosure obligations need to be strengthened. ๐Ÿ”ง
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™” โ€” โœ… ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค is natural. โŒ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‹ค sounds awkward.
H. ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ด์ต๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.
Responsible management prioritizes long-term trust over short-term profit. ๐Ÿ•ฐ๏ธ
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ โ€” โœ… ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ fits the ethics-and-accountability frame.
I. ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค.
The clearer the procedure and basis are, the more controversy over the legitimacy of the decision decreases. ๐ŸŒค๏ธ
Answer
๋…ผ๋ž€ โ€” โœ… ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋‹ค means controversy decreases.
J. ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค.
Improving governance is not a mere formality but a condition for building trust. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ โ€” โœ… ์‹ ๋ขฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ is a strong formal phrase for institutional writing.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํˆฌ์ž ์„ค๋ช…ํšŒ โ†’ investor briefing
  • ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์žฌ๋ฌด ์ •๋ณด โ†’ key financial information
  • ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ โ†’ officially
  • ๊ณต์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to officially disclose
  • ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ • โ†’ decision-making process
  • ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ โ†’ transparency of decision-making
  • ์‚ฌ์™ธ์ด์‚ฌ ์ œ๋„ โ†’ outside-director system
  • ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to check / restrain
  • ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๋‹ค โ†’ to hide a problem
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to practice responsible management
  • ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ โ†’ board of directors
  • ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ โ†’ independence
  • ํ—ˆ์œ„ ๊ณต์‹œ โ†’ false disclosure
  • ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ํŒ๋‹จ โ†’ rational judgment
  • ์ •๋ณด ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ โ†’ information asymmetry
  • ๊ณต์‹œ ์˜๋ฌด โ†’ disclosure obligation
  • ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to strengthen
  • ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ด์ต โ†’ short-term profit
  • ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ†’ long-term trust
  • ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ procedure and basis
  • ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ legitimacy
  • ๋…ผ๋ž€ โ†’ controversy
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ โ†’ trust-building
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol: choose the institutional word. ๊ณต์‹œ beats general ๊ณต๊ฐœ in regulated disclosure; ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ beats casual blame language in formal analysis.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work โ€” you can now talk about executive decisions through transparency, governance, accountability, and disclosure instead of just saying โ€œthe company should explain things better.โ€ That is a serious upgrade. ๐Ÿงญ