TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐งบ ์ฌํ ๋ณต์ง์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means the long-term sustainability of social welfare โ whether a welfare system can keep supporting people without collapsing under financial or administrative pressure.
- ๐ฐ The key vocabulary cluster is ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด, ์ฌ์ ํ๋ณด, ์ํ ๋์, ํจ์จ์ฑ, ํํ์ฑ, and ์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง.
- โ๏ธ Advanced Korean sounds strongest when you explain the balance: support vulnerable groups, reduce waste, secure funding, and keep the system fair for current and future generations.
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Policy vocabulary can feel like a very official stack of paperwork. If a phrase feels dense, open Korean Helper Widgets and type any Korean word or sentence into the widget to hear it read aloud. ๐๏ธ
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๐ The Big Picture
์ฌํ ๋ณต์ง means social welfare: public systems that protect peopleโs basic living conditions through healthcare, pensions, childcare, housing support, disability services, unemployment benefits, elder care, and other social supports. ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means sustainability โ whether something can continue over time. ๐งบ
So ์ฌํ ๋ณต์ง์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ asks a very practical question: Can society keep helping people who need support, not just today, but ten, twenty, or thirty years from now? That question becomes urgent when populations age, tax revenue slows, medical costs rise, or welfare programs become too complex to manage efficiently. ๐
A strong advanced Korean answer does not simply say โincrease welfareโ or โcut welfare.โ It explains how welfare can remain financially stable, socially fair, and administratively efficient. In other words: donโt let the safety net become a hammock with broken strings. ๐ชข
๐จ The Core Social Welfare Sustainability Family
- ์ฌํ ๋ณต์ง โ social welfare. A broad term for public systems that support peopleโs living conditions and reduce social risk. ๐๏ธ
- ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ sustainability. In this lesson, it means the ability of a welfare system to continue over the long term. ๐ฑ
- ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด โ fiscal burden / financial burden. The pressure created by welfare spending on public finances. ๐ฐ
- ์ฌ์ ํ๋ณด โ securing funding. Finding stable financial resources for welfare programs. ๐งพ
- ์ํ ๋์ โ beneficiary group / eligible recipients. The people or groups who receive welfare support. ๐งโ๐ฆฝ
- ๋ณต์ง ์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ โ welfare blind spot. People who need support but are not covered by the system. ๐ณ๏ธ
- ํจ์จ์ฑ โ efficiency. Whether resources are used with minimal waste and meaningful impact. ๐ ๏ธ
- ํํ์ฑ โ equity / fairness in distribution. Whether support and burdens are distributed fairly according to need and circumstances. โ๏ธ
- ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ณต์ง โ universal welfare. Support provided broadly to everyone or nearly everyone. ๐
- ์ ๋ณ์ ๋ณต์ง โ selective welfare / targeted welfare. Support concentrated on people who meet income, age, disability, care, or other eligibility conditions. ๐ฏ
- ์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง โ social safety net. A protective system that helps people avoid severe hardship when facing unemployment, illness, aging, poverty, or crisis. ๐ชข
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ๊ณ ๋ นํ๊ฐ ์ฌํด์ง๋ฉด ์ฐ๊ธ๊ณผ ์๋ฃ๋น ์ง์ถ๋ก ์ธํ ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด์ด ์ปค์ง ์ ์์ด์.
โAs population aging deepens, the fiscal burden from pension and medical spending may grow.โ ๐ต
๊ณ ๋ นํ = population aging, ์ฐ๊ธ = pension, ์๋ฃ๋น = medical expenses, ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด = fiscal burden.
- ๋ณต์ง ์ ๋์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์์ ์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ํ์ํด์.
โTo improve the sustainability of the welfare system, stable funding must be secured.โ ๐งพ
๋ณต์ง ์ ๋ = welfare system, ๋์ด๋ค = to raise/improve, ํ์ํ๋ค = to be necessary.
- ์ํ ๋์์ ์ง๋์น๊ฒ ์ขํ๋ฉด ๋ณต์ง ์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋๊ฐ ์๊ธธ ์ ์์ด์.
โIf the beneficiary group is narrowed too much, welfare blind spots may appear.โ ๐ณ๏ธ
์ง๋์น๊ฒ = excessively, ์ขํ๋ค = to narrow, ์๊ธฐ๋ค = to arise.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
This lesson is vocabulary-based, so the โformationโ pattern is mostly noun stacking + formal verb pairings:
- ๋ณต์ง + ์ ๋ โ ๋ณต์ง ์ ๋ (welfare system)
- ๋ณต์ง + ์ง์ถ โ ๋ณต์ง ์ง์ถ (welfare spending)
- ์ฌ์ + ๋ถ๋ด โ ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด (fiscal burden)
- ์ฌ์ + ํ๋ณด โ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ณด (securing funding)
- ์ํ + ๋์ โ ์ํ ๋์ (beneficiary group)
- ์ฌํ + ์์ ๋ง โ ์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง (social safety net)
Common verb pairings:
- ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ค โ to improve sustainability
- ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด์ ์ค์ด๋ค โ to reduce fiscal burden
- ์ฌ์์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค โ to secure funding
- ์ํ ๋์์ ํ๋ํ๋ค โ to expand the beneficiary group
- ๋ณต์ง ์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋๋ฅผ ํด์ํ๋ค โ to resolve welfare blind spots
- ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ค โ to improve efficiency
- ํํ์ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค โ to consider equity
๐ Cross-check note
The vocabulary and collocations in this lesson were cross-checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources at korean.go.kr, including public terminology examples involving ๋ณต์ง, ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ, ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ, ํํ์ฑ, and related policy vocabulary. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์ฌํ ๋ณต์ง / ๋ณต์ง โ social welfare / welfare. ์ฌํ ๋ณต์ง sounds more formal and institutional; ๋ณต์ง is shorter and very common. ๐งบ
- ์ฌ์ ํ๋ณด / ์ฌ์ ๋ง๋ จ / ์ฌ์ ์กฐ๋ฌ โ all mean securing funding. ์ฌ์ ์กฐ๋ฌ sounds slightly more technical or administrative. ๐ฐ
- ์ํ ๋์ / ์ง์ ๋์ โ beneficiary group / support target group. ์ํ ๋์ emphasizes receiving benefits; ์ง์ ๋์ emphasizes being selected for support. ๐ฏ
- ํํ์ฑ / ๊ณต์ ์ฑ โ equity / fairness. ํํ์ฑ focuses on fair distribution by circumstance; ๊ณต์ ์ฑ is broader fairness or justice. โ๏ธ
- ํจ์จ์ฑ / ํจ๊ณผ์ฑ โ efficiency / effectiveness. ํจ์จ์ฑ asks whether resources are used well; ํจ๊ณผ์ฑ asks whether the policy achieves its goal. ๐ ๏ธ
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ = only environmental sustainability โ โ It can also describe welfare, finance, education, business, and institutions. ๐ฑ
- โ ์ํ์ = victim โ โ ์ํ์ means beneficiary; ํผํด์ means victim. ๐ฆ
- โ ํจ์จ์ฑ and ํํ์ฑ are the same โ โ efficiency concerns resource use; equity concerns fair distribution. โ๏ธ
- โ ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ณต์ง is always better than ์ ๋ณ์ ๋ณต์ง โ โ each has trade-offs; universal welfare can reduce stigma, while selective welfare can focus resources. ๐งญ
- โ ์ฌ์ means โtalented personโ in budget sentences โ โ in policy contexts, ์ฌ์ means funding source or financial resources. ๐ธ
You now have the vocabulary to discuss welfare like a policy analyst with a warm heart and a tidy spreadsheet. The safety net has been inspected, patched, and given a tiny clipboard. ๐งบ๐
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Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best social-welfare sustainability term. Read the full Korean sentence, check the English meaning, then open the Answer toggle for the nuance. ๐งบ
1. ๋ณต์ง ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์ค๋ ์ ์งํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํด์.
To maintain a welfare system for a long time, sustainability must be considered. ๐ฑ
Answer
์ง์ โ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means sustainability.
2. ๊ณ ๋ นํ๊ฐ ์งํ๋๋ฉด ์ฐ๊ธ ์ง์ถ๋ก ์ธํ ์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์ง ์ ์์ด์.
As population aging progresses, the fiscal burden from pension spending may grow. ๐ต
Answer
๋ถ๋ด โ ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด means fiscal burden.
3. ์ ๋ณต์ง ์ฌ์
์๋ ์์ ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ํ์ํด์.
A new welfare program needs stable funding. ๐ฐ
Answer
์ฌ์ โ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ณด means securing funding.
4. ๋ณต์ง ํํ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ ์ง๋จ์ ์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํด์.
The people or groups receiving welfare benefits are called the beneficiary group. ๐ฏ
Answer
๋์ โ ์ํ ๋์ means beneficiary group.
5. ํ์ํ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋จ์ผ๋ฉด ๋ณต์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๊ฒจ์.
When people in need remain outside the system, welfare blind spots appear. ๐ณ๏ธ
Answer
์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ โ ๋ณต์ง ์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ means an uncovered welfare blind spot.
6. ์ค๋ณต ์ง์์ ์ค์ด๋ฉด ์ ์ฑ
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์ผ ์ ์์ด์.
Reducing duplicate support can improve policy efficiency. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
ํจ์จ์ฑ โ This concerns using limited resources well.
7. ์ง์์ด ๊ณต์ ํ๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ๋๋์ง๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์์.
Whether support is distributed fairly is an issue of equity. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํํ์ฑ โ This focuses on fair distribution.
8. ๋ชจ๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์๊ฒ ๋๊ฒ ์ ๊ณต๋๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ณต์ง์์.
A method provided broadly to all citizens is universal welfare. ๐
Answer
๋ณดํธ์ โ ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ณต์ง is broad, universal support.
9. ์๋์ด๋ ํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋์์ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ณต์ง์์.
A method that selects recipients by income or need is selective welfare. ๐ฏ
Answer
์ ๋ณ์ โ ์ ๋ณ์ ๋ณต์ง is targeted support.
10. ์๊ธฐ ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ณดํธํ๋ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ ์ฌํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
A system that protects people during crises is a social safety net. ๐ชข
Answer
์์ ๋ง โ ์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง means social safety net.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ sustainability
- ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด โ fiscal burden
- ์ฌ์ ํ๋ณด โ securing funding
- ์ํ ๋์ โ beneficiary group
- ๋ณต์ง ์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ โ welfare blind spot
- ํจ์จ์ฑ โ efficiency
- ํํ์ฑ โ equity/fairness
- ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ณต์ง โ universal welfare
- ์ ๋ณ์ ๋ณต์ง โ selective welfare
- ์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง โ social safety net
Tips ๐ก
- ํจ์จ์ฑ asks if resources are used well.
- ํํ์ฑ asks if distribution is fair.
- ์ฌ์ asks where the money comes from.
Want more reps? Head into the Practice Hub below when you're ready to balance budgets, fairness, and safety nets like a calm policy wizard. ๐ง
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ The Sustainability of Social Welfare
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Welcome to your ์ฌํ ๋ณต์ง์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ practice zone. ๐งบ Here youโll train the vocabulary for fiscal burden, funding, beneficiary groups, welfare blind spots, efficiency, equity, and long-term social safety nets โ the whole policy gym, minus the fluorescent lighting. ๐ก
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence read aloud.
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๐ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best Korean term or phrase. Focus on whether the sentence is about funding, fairness, efficiency, coverage, or long-term sustainability, then check the Answer toggle.
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Exercise 1 โ Sustainability and Fiscal Pressure ๐ฑ
A. ๋ณต์ง ์ ๋์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ํด ์์ ์ ์ธ ์ฌ์์ด ํ์ํด์.
Stable funding is needed for the long-term sustainability of the welfare system. ๐งพ
Answer
์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ This asks whether the system can continue over time.
B. ์๋ฃ๋น๊ฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด ์ ๋ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถ๋ด์ด ์ปค์ง ์ ์์ด์.
If medical expenses grow quickly, the governmentโs fiscal burden may increase. ๐ฅ
Answer
์ฌ์ โ ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด is pressure on public finances.
C. ๊ณ ๋ นํ๋ ์ฐ๊ธ ์ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ฝํ์ํฌ ์ ์์ด์.
Population aging may weaken the sustainability of the pension system. ๐ต
Answer
์ง์ โ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ is often used for pensions and welfare systems.
D. ์ธ์
์ด ์ค์ด๋ค๋ฉด ๋ณต์ง ์ง์ถ์ ๊ฐ๋นํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํด์ ธ์.
If public revenue decreases, funding to handle welfare spending becomes insufficient. ๐
Answer
์ฌ์ โ ์ฌ์ means financial resources or funding.
E. ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์์ ์๋น์ค๊ฐ ํ๋๋๋ฉด ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ปค์ง ์ ์์ด์.
If long-term care services expand, the fiscal burden on local governments may also grow. ๐ง
Answer
๋ถ๋ด โ ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด can apply to central or local governments.
F. ๋ณต์ง ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์ค๋ ์ ์งํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ํจ๊ป ๋ณด์์ผ ํด์.
To maintain the welfare system for a long time, fiscal soundness and sustainability must be considered together. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ง์ โ This pairs naturally with ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ.
G. ์๋ก์ด ๋๋ด ์ ์ฑ
์๋ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋ณด ๋ฐฉ์์ด ํ์ํด์.
A new care policy needs a concrete plan for securing funding. ๐ถ
Answer
์ฌ์ โ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ณด ๋ฐฉ์ means a plan to secure funding.
H. ๋ณต์ง ์ง์ถ์ด ๊ณ์ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๋ ์ธ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์ง ์ ์์ด์.
If welfare spending keeps increasing, the burden on future generations may grow. ๐ถ
Answer
๋ถ๋ด โ This is a common phrase in sustainability debates.
I. ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ค๊ณํ ๋ ๋จ๊ธฐ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ํ๊ฐํด์ผ ํด์.
When designing policy, not only short-term effects but also long-term sustainability must be evaluated. ๐
Answer
์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ Long-term evaluation points to sustainability.
J. ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด์ ์ค์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์์ฐ ๋ญ๋น๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํด์.
To reduce fiscal burden, budget waste must be reduced. ๐งน
Answer
์ค์ฌ์ผ โ ์ค์ด๋ค means to reduce; here it pairs with budget waste.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ณต์ง ์ ๋ โ welfare system
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ long-term sustainability
- ์๋ฃ๋น โ medical expenses
- ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด โ fiscal burden
- ๊ณ ๋ นํ โ population aging
- ์ฐ๊ธ ์ ๋ โ pension system
- ์ธ์ โ public revenue
- ์ฌ์ โ funding source, financial resources
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์์ ์๋น์ค โ long-term care service
- ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ ๋ถ โ local government
- ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ โ fiscal soundness
- ๋๋ด ์ ์ฑ โ care policy
- ๋ฏธ๋ ์ธ๋ โ future generations
- ์์ฐ ๋ญ๋น โ budget waste
Tip ๐ก Sustainability sentences often connect ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด, ์ฌ์, and ๋ฏธ๋ ์ธ๋.
Exercise 2 โ Beneficiaries and Welfare Coverage ๐ฏ
A. ์ง์์ด ํ์ํ ์ฌ๋์ ์ ํํ ์ฐพ์ผ๋ ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋์์ ๋ช
ํํ ์ ํด์ผ ํด์.
To accurately find people who need support, the beneficiary group must be clearly defined. ๐
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํ ๋์ means the group receiving benefits.
B. ์ ์ฒญ ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋๋ฌด ๋ณต์กํ๋ฉด ๋ณต์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๊ธธ ์ ์์ด์.
If application procedures are too complex, welfare blind spots may appear. ๐
Answer
์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ โ People who need help may fall outside the system.
C. ์ ์๋์ธต์ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ง์์ ์ฃผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋์์ด ๋ ์ ์์ด์.
Low-income groups can be a major beneficiary group for housing support. ๐
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํ ๋์ is appropriate for recipients of benefits.
D. ์ ๋๊ฐ ๋๋ฌด ์๊ฒฉํ๋ฉด ์ค์ ๋ก ์ด๋ ค์ด ์ฌ๋์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์ ์ ์ธ๋ ์ ์์ด์.
If the system is too strict, people who are actually struggling may be excluded from support. ๐ช
Answer
์ง์ โ ์ง์์์ ์ ์ธ๋๋ค means to be excluded from support.
E. ๋ณต์ง ์ ์ฑ
์ ํ์ํ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ ํํ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋๋ก ์ค๊ณ๋์ด์ผ ํด์.
Welfare policy should be designed so benefits are distributed to people who need them. ๐ฆ
Answer
๋ฐฐ๋ถ โ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ๋๋ค means to be distributed.
F. ๋๋ด์ด ํ์ํ ๋
ธ์ธ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์์ ์ ๋์ ์ค์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์์.
Older adults who need care are important beneficiaries of the long-term care system. ๐ง
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํ์ means beneficiary, not victim.
G. ํผํด๋ฅผ ์
์ ์ฌ๋์ ์ํ์๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์๋ผ๊ณ ํด์.
A person who suffers harm is called a victim, not a beneficiary. ๐ฆ
Answer
ํผํด โ ํผํด์ means victim; donโt confuse it with ์ํ์.
H. ๋ณต์ง ์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ํ์ฅ ์ ๋ณด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ํจ๊ป ๊ฒํ ํด์ผ ํด์.
To reduce welfare blind spots, field information and eligibility criteria must be reviewed together. ๐
Answer
์ ์ โ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ค means selection criteria.
I. ์ง์ ๋์์ด ์ง๋์น๊ฒ ๋์ผ๋ฉด ์์ฐ ๋ถ๋ด์ด ์ปค์ง ์ ์์ด์.
If the support target group is too broad, the budget burden may grow. ๐
Answer
Review: ์ง์ ๋์ means support target group; it is close to ์ํ ๋์.
J. ํ์ํ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋น ์ง์ง ์๋๋ก ์ ๋ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํด์.
System accessibility must be improved so people in need are not left out. ๐งญ
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค means to improve accessibility.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ํ ๋์ โ beneficiary group
- ์ ์ฒญ ์ ์ฐจ โ application procedure
- ๋ณต์ง ์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ โ welfare blind spot
- ์ ์๋์ธต โ low-income group
- ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ง์ โ housing support
- ์ง์์์ ์ ์ธ๋๋ค โ to be excluded from support
- ๋ฐฐ๋ถ๋๋ค โ to be distributed
- ์ํ์ โ beneficiary
- ํผํด์ โ victim
- ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ค โ selection criteria
- ์ง์ ๋์ โ support target group
- ์ ๋ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ system accessibility
Tip ๐ก ์ํ์ receives a benefit; ํผํด์ suffers harm. One tiny syllable, very different situation.
Exercise 3 โ Efficiency, Equity, and Fair Distribution โ๏ธ
A. ์ค๋ณต ์ง์์ ์ค์ด๋ฉด ๋ณต์ง ์ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์ผ ์ ์์ด์.
Reducing duplicate support can improve the efficiency of the welfare system. ๐
Answer
ํจ์จ์ฑ โ This is about using limited resources well.
B. ํ์ํ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ ๊ณต์ ํ๊ฒ ์ง์์ด ๊ฐ๋์ง๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์์.
Whether support goes fairly to people in need is an issue of equity. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํํ์ฑ โ This concerns fair distribution.
C. ํ์ ๋น์ฉ์ด ์ง๋์น๊ฒ ๋์ผ๋ฉด ์ ์ฑ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋จ์ด์ ธ์.
If administrative costs are too high, policy efficiency decreases. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํจ์จ์ฑ โ High administrative costs can reduce efficiency.
D. ์ง์ญ๋ง๋ค ์๋ฃ ์๋น์ค ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ด ๋ค๋ฅด๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋
ผ๋์ด ์๊ธธ ์ ์์ด์.
If access to medical services differs by region, an equity controversy may arise. ๐
Answer
ํํ์ฑ โ Unequal access is a fairness problem.
E. ๊ฐ์ ์์ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ ํฐ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ผ์.
Producing a greater effect with the same budget is related to efficiency. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
ํจ์จ์ฑ โ Same resources, better outcome = efficiency.
F. ์ฅ์ ์ธ๊ณผ ๋น์ฅ์ ์ธ์ ์ ๊ทผ ๊ธฐํ๊ฐ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ์ฝํด์ ธ์.
If access opportunities differ greatly between disabled and non-disabled people, equity weakens. โฟ
Answer
ํํ โ Completed form: ํํ์ฑ.
G. ์ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฎ์ ์ฌ์
์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ฐ ์ด์ฉ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์ฌ์.
Removing low-performing programs improves the efficiency of budget management. ๐งน
Answer
ํจ์จ์ฑ โ This reduces waste and improves resource use.
H. ๋ณต์ง ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋น์ฉ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ํจ๊ป ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํด์.
Welfare policy must consider not only cost reduction but also equity. ๐งญ
Answer
ํํ์ฑ โ Saving money alone does not guarantee fairness.
I. ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๋ถ๋ช
ํํ๋ฉด ์ง์ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์์ ธ์.
If selection criteria are unclear, fairness in support distribution decreases. ๐
Answer
๊ณต์ โ Completed form: ๊ณต์ ์ฑ, broad fairness.
J. ์ ์ฑ
ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ชฉํ์ ๋ง๊ฒ ๋ํ๋๋์ง๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ผ์.
Whether policy effects appear according to the goal is related to effectiveness. ๐ฏ
Answer
ํจ๊ณผ โ ํจ๊ณผ์ฑ asks whether the policy achieves its goal.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ค๋ณต ์ง์ โ duplicate support
- ํจ์จ์ฑ โ efficiency
- ํํ์ฑ โ equity/fairness in distribution
- ํ์ ๋น์ฉ โ administrative cost
- ์๋ฃ ์๋น์ค ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ access to medical services
- ์ง์ญ โ region
- ์ฅ์ ์ธ โ disabled person
- ๋น์ฅ์ ์ธ โ non-disabled person
- ์ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฎ์ ์ฌ์ โ low-performing program
- ์์ฐ ์ด์ฉ โ budget management
- ๋น์ฉ ์ ๊ฐ โ cost reduction
- ๊ณต์ ์ฑ โ fairness
- ํจ๊ณผ์ฑ โ effectiveness
Tip ๐ก ํจ์จ์ฑ asks โAre resources used well?โ ํํ์ฑ asks โIs support distributed fairly?โ ํจ๊ณผ์ฑ asks โDid the policy work?โ
Exercise 4 โ Universal, Selective, and Safety-Net Design ๐ชข
A. ๋ชจ๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ณต์ง์ ๊ฐ๊น์์.
A method that provides the same basic service to all citizens is close to universal welfare. ๐
Answer
๋ณดํธ์ โ ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ณต์ง is broad and universal.
B. ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ์ํ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ ์ง์คํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ณต์ง์์.
A method that focuses on people in need according to income criteria is selective welfare. ๐ฏ
Answer
์ ๋ณ์ โ ์ ๋ณ์ ๋ณต์ง targets people by criteria.
C. ์ค์
์ด๋ ์ง๋ณ ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ณดํธํ๋ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ฌํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํด์.
A system that protects people during unemployment or illness is called a social safety net. ๐ชข
Answer
์์ ๋ง โ ์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง protects people from severe hardship.
D. ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ณต์ง๋ ์ํ์๊ฐ ๋์ธ์ ๋ ๋๋๋ค๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์์ด์.
Universal welfare has the advantage that beneficiaries feel less stigma. ๐ค๏ธ
Answer
์ฅ์ โ ์ฅ์ means advantage.
E. ์ ๋ณ์ ๋ณต์ง๋ ํ์ ์ฌ์ฌ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋น์ฉ์ด ์ปค์ง ์ ์์ด์.
Selective welfare may have higher administrative costs because of screening. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ โ ํ์ ๋น์ฉ means administrative cost.
F. ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ณต์ง๋ ๋์์ด ๋์ด ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด์ด ์ปค์ง ์ ์๋ค๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์์ด์.
Universal welfare has the limitation that fiscal burden may grow because the target group is broad. ๐ธ
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ ํ๊ณ means limitation.
G. ์ ๋ณ์ ๋ณต์ง๋ ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต์ ์์์ ์ง์คํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์์ด์.
Selective welfare has the advantage of concentrating resources on vulnerable groups. ๐งฃ
Answer
์ฅ์ โ This is a common argument for targeted welfare.
H. ๋ณต์ง ์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ฐฉ์๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์กฐํฉํ ์ ์์ด์.
To reduce welfare blind spots, universal and selective methods can be combined. ๐งฉ
Answer
์ ๋ณ์ โ Combining both models can make policy design more flexible.
I. ์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง์ ์๊ธฐ ๋ ์ต์ํ์ ์ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ์ญํ ์ ํด์.
The social safety net protects a minimum standard of living during crises. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๋ณดํธ โ ์ํ์ ๋ณดํธํ๋ค means to protect living conditions.
J. ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ณต์ง๋ ๋์ ๋ณดํธ์ ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด ์ฌ์ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฐพ์์ผ ํด์.
Sustainable welfare must find a balance between broad protection and fiscal burden. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ท ํ โ ๊ท ํ means balance.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ณต์ง โ universal welfare
- ์ ๋ณ์ ๋ณต์ง โ selective welfare
- ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ค โ income criteria
- ์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง โ social safety net
- ์ค์ โ unemployment
- ์ง๋ณ โ illness
- ๋์ธ โ stigma
- ์ฅ์ โ advantage
- ํ์ ์ฌ์ฌ โ administrative screening
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
- ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต โ vulnerable group
- ์กฐํฉํ๋ค โ to combine
- ๋ณดํธํ๋ค โ to protect
- ๊ท ํ โ balance
Tip ๐ก Advanced answers compare policy models by benefit, cost, coverage, and fairness.
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. โ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์๋ง ์ฐ์ฌ์. โ
๋ณต์ง ์ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์๋ ์ฐ์ฌ์.
Wrong: โSustainability is only used for the environment.โ Right: โIt is also used for welfare systems.โ ๐ฑ
Answer
์ง์ โ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ can describe institutions, finance, welfare, and more.
B. โ ์ํ์๋ ํผํด์์์. โ
ํํ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์์.
Wrong: โA beneficiary is a victim.โ Right: โA person who receives benefits is a beneficiary.โ ๐
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํ์ receives benefits; ํผํด์ suffers harm.
C. โ ํจ์จ์ฑ๊ณผ ํํ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์์. โ
์์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ํจ์จ์ฑ, ๊ณต์ ํ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
Wrong: โEfficiency and equity are the same.โ Right: โResource use is efficiency; fair distribution is equity.โ โ๏ธ
Answer
ํํ์ฑ โ This is the fairness side of policy evaluation.
D. โ ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ณต์ง๋ ํญ์ ์๋ฒฝํด์. โ
๋ณดํธ์ ๋ณต์ง๋ ์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์ง ์ ์์ด์.
Wrong: โUniversal welfare is always perfect.โ Right: โUniversal welfare can increase fiscal burden.โ ๐
Answer
๋ถ๋ด โ Broad coverage can require more spending.
E. โ ์ ๋ณ์ ๋ณต์ง๋ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ๋๋น ์. โ
์ ๋ณ์ ๋ณต์ง๋ ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต์ ์์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์์ด์.
Wrong: โSelective welfare is always bad.โ Right: โSelective welfare can concentrate resources on vulnerable groups.โ ๐ฏ
Answer
์ง์ค โ ์์์ ์ง์คํ๋ค means to focus resources.
F. โ ์ฌ์์ ํญ์ ์ฌ๋ฅ ์๋ ์ฌ๋์ด์์. โ
๋ณต์ง ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์์ ์ฌ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ปํด์.
Wrong: โ์ฌ์ always means a talented person.โ Right: โIn welfare contexts, it means funding.โ ๐ฐ
Answer
์๊ธ โ In policy contexts, ์ฌ์ means funds or financial resources.
G. โ ๋ณต์ง ์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋๋ ๋ณต์ง๊ฐ ๋๋ฌด ๋ง์ ๊ณณ์ด์์. โ
๋ณต์ง ์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋๋ ํ์ํ ์ง์์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๊ณณ์ด์์.
Wrong: โA welfare blind spot is where there is too much welfare.โ Right: โIt is an area excluded from needed support.โ ๐ณ๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ธ โ ์ง์์์ ์ ์ธ๋๋ค means to be left out of support.
H. โ ํจ์จ์ฑ๋ง ๋์ด๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถํด์. โ
ํจ์จ์ฑ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํด์.
Wrong: โIt is enough to improve efficiency only.โ Right: โEfficiency and equity must be considered together.โ ๐งญ
Answer
ํํ์ฑ โ A policy can be efficient but unfair if support misses people in need.
I. โ ์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง์ ์ด๋ ์์ค์ด์์. โ
์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง์ ์๊ธฐ ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ์ ๋์์.
Wrong: โA social safety net is an exercise facility.โ Right: โIt is a system that protects people during crises.โ ๐ชข
Answer
๋ณดํธ โ ๋ณดํธํ๋ค means to protect.
J. โ ๋ณต์ง ๋
ผ์๋ ์ง์ถ๋ง ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ผ์. โ
์ง์ถ, ์ฌ์, ์ํ ๋์, ํจ์จ์ฑ, ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํจ๊ป ๋ด์ผ ํด์.
Wrong: โWelfare discussion only needs to look at spending.โ Right: โIt must consider spending, funding, beneficiaries, efficiency, and equity together.โ ๐
Answer
ํํ์ฑ โ Strong welfare analysis balances budget logic with fair distribution.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ sustainability
- ์ํ์ โ beneficiary
- ํผํด์ โ victim
- ํจ์จ์ฑ โ efficiency
- ํํ์ฑ โ equity/fairness
- ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ณต์ง โ universal welfare
- ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด โ fiscal burden
- ์ ๋ณ์ ๋ณต์ง โ selective welfare
- ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต โ vulnerable group
- ์ฌ์ โ funding source
- ๋ณต์ง ์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ โ welfare blind spot
- ์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง โ social safety net
Tip ๐ก Final check: sustainable welfare protects people, secures funding, reduces waste, and distributes support fairly.
ย
๐ Excellent work โ you can now discuss ์ฌํ ๋ณต์ง์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ with funding logic, fairness vocabulary, and policy-design nuance. Your Korean can now hold a safety net in one hand and a budget sheet in the other without dropping either. ๐งบ๐