TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐ ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ means ripple effect: one policy change spreads beyond its first target.
- ๐ ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ means chain reaction: one result triggers another result, then another.
- ๐ก ์ํฅ๋ ฅ ํ์ฐ means spread of influence: a policyโs impact moves across groups, regions, markets, or institutions.
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Use Korean Helper Widgets to hear policy terms aloud. Try typing ์ ์ฑ
์ ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ (the ripple effect of policy) or ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ค (to cause a chain reaction) and let the sound waves do their own tiny ripple. ๐
ย
๐ The Big Picture
A policy rarely stays politely inside its original box. A housing policy can affect rent, commuting, small businesses, local schools, and even voting behavior. Korean captures this โone change spreads outwardโ idea with ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ (ripple effect/spillover effect). ๐
When the spread happens step by step, like falling dominoes, use ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ (chain reaction). If the focus is how influence expands across society, regions, institutions, or markets, use ์ํฅ๋ ฅ ํ์ฐ (spread of influence). ๐ก
This lesson is advanced vocabulary, so your goal is not just โmemorize one word.โ Your goal is to choose the right term for the relationship: effect spreading outward, events triggering each other, or influence expanding over time. Policy Korean loves these distinctions. It files them neatly, probably with color-coded tabs. ๐๏ธ
๐จ The Core Policy Ripple Family
- ์ ์ฑ (policy) = a plan, rule, or course of action adopted by a government, institution, or organization.
- ํ๊ธ (spread/repercussion) = an effect spreading outward from one point.
- ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ (ripple effect/spillover effect) = the broader impact caused by an event, policy, or decision.
- ์ ์ฑ ์ ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ (the ripple effect of policy) = indirect or broader consequences that emerge after a policy is implemented.
- ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ (chain reaction) = a sequence where one event causes the next.
- ์ํฅ๋ ฅ (influence/power of impact) = the ability to affect people, decisions, institutions, or outcomes.
- ํ์ฐ (spread/diffusion) = expansion from one place or group to a wider area or audience.
- ์ํฅ๋ ฅ ํ์ฐ (spread of influence) = influence expanding across society, markets, organizations, or public opinion.
- ๊ฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ (indirect effect) = an effect that appears through an intermediate route, not directly from the original action.
- ๋ถ์์ฉ (side effect/adverse effect) = an unwanted or unintended negative result.
- ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (unintended consequence) = a result that was not planned or expected.
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ํฅ (long-term impact) = an effect that continues or becomes visible over time.
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ์๋ก์ด ๊ตํต ์ ์ฑ ์ ์ง์ญ ์๊ถ์๋ ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์ณค์ต๋๋ค. (The new transportation policy also had a ripple effect on the local commercial district.) ๐
Notes: ๊ตํต ์ ์ฑ
= transportation policy, ์ง์ญ ์๊ถ = local commercial district, ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค = to have an impact.
- ๊ธ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์์ ์๋น ๊ฐ์์ ํฌ์ ์์ถ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ์ต๋๋ค. (The interest-rate increase caused a chain reaction leading to reduced consumption and weakened investment.) ๐ธ
Notes: ๊ธ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ = interest-rate increase, ์๋น ๊ฐ์ = reduced consumption, ํฌ์ ์์ถ = weakened investment.
- ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ณต์ง ์ ์ฑ ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์น๋จ์ฒด๋ก ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ์ฐ๋ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. (A successful welfare policy can spread its influence to other local governments.) ๐๏ธ
Notes: ๋ณต์ง ์ ์ฑ
= welfare policy, ์ง๋ฐฉ์์น๋จ์ฒด = local government, ํ์ฐ๋๋ค = to spread/diffuse.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
Advanced policy Korean often combines a cause, an effect noun, and a spread verb:
- ์ ์ฑ (policy) + ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ (ripple effect) โ ์ ์ฑ ์ ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ (the ripple effect of policy)
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (result) + ์ด์ด์ง๋ค (to lead to) โ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ค (to lead to a result)
- ์ํฅ (impact) + ๋ฏธ์น๋ค (to exert/have) โ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค (to have an impact)
- ์ํฅ๋ ฅ (influence) + ํ์ฐ๋๋ค (to spread) โ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ์ฐ๋๋ค (influence spreads)
- ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ (chain reaction) + ์ผ์ผํค๋ค (to cause/trigger) โ ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ค (to cause a chain reaction)
These are formal and highly useful in essays, policy analysis, news commentary, and academic-style discussion. ๐ฐ
๐ Cross-check note
Core words and usage patterns such as ์ ์ฑ
(policy), ํจ๊ณผ (effect), ํ์ฐ (spread/diffusion), and ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค (to have an impact) were cross-checked against standard Korean usage and Korean.go.kr / ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์-style dictionary conventions. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ (ripple effect/spillover effect) vs. ์ํฅ (impact) โ ์ํฅ is broad; ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ emphasizes spread beyond the first target.
- ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ (chain reaction) vs. ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ (ripple effect) โ ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ stresses sequential triggering; ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ stresses outward spread.
- ํ์ฐ (spread/diffusion) vs. ์ ํ (transmission/propagation) โ ํ์ฐ is common for influence, ideas, trends, and effects; ์ ํ often feels more like transmitting information, signals, disease, or waves.
- ๋ถ์์ฉ (side effect/adverse effect) vs. ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (unintended consequence) โ ๋ถ์์ฉ is usually negative; ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ can be negative, neutral, or occasionally positive.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ = any effect โ โ It means an effect that spreads beyond the immediate target. ๐
- โ ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ = vague social influence โ โ It means a step-by-step trigger sequence, like cause A leading to B leading to C. ๐
- โ ํ์ฐ only for disease โ โ It can describe ideas, influence, information, technology, risk, or policy models spreading. ๐ก
- โ ๋ถ์์ฉ always medical โ โ It is also common for policy side effects or adverse consequences. โ ๏ธ
- โ ์ ์ฑ ํจ๊ณผ and ์ ์ฑ ์ ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ are identical โ โ ์ ์ฑ ํจ๊ณผ is general; ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ highlights wider secondary impact. ๐งญ
๐ Master this family and you can explain not just what a policy does, but how its consequences travel โ across budgets, households, institutions, and the occasional overworked spreadsheet. ๐
ย
Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best policy-impact term. Read the sentence for the cause-and-effect relationship first, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance. ๐
1. ์ ๋ณต์ง ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ ์๋์ธต๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์ณค์ต๋๋ค.
The new welfare policy had a ripple effect not only on low-income groups but also on the local economy. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ โ The effect spreads beyond the first target group, so ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ (ripple effect) fits.
2. ํ ๋ถ์ฒ์ ์์ฐ ์ญ๊ฐ์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ์
์ ์ถ์๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ณ์์ต๋๋ค.
A budget cut in one ministry produced a chain reaction leading to reductions in other projects. ๐งพ
Answer
์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ โ One reduction triggers another, so this is a ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ (chain reaction).
3. ์๋ฒ ์ฌ์
์ด ์ฑ๊ณตํ์ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ํ๋๋์์ต๋๋ค.
After the pilot project succeeded, the modelโs influence spread nationwide. ๐บ๏ธ
Answer
์ํฅ๋ ฅ โ The phrase ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ๋๋๋ค means influence expands.
4. ์ ์ฑ
๋ด๋น์๋ ์ธ๊ธ ์ธ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊น์ง ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
Policy officials must consider even the indirect effects of a tax increase. ๐ฐ
Answer
๊ฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ โ The sentence stresses effects that are not immediate or direct.
5. ์ข์ ์๋๋ก ๋ง๋ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์์ ๋ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ฌ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
A system created with good intentions can bring unintended consequences. ๐ฒ
Answer
์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ The result was not planned, so this phrase fits best.
6. ๋จ๊ธฐ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ณด๋ค ์ ์ฑ
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ถ์ํด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
We should analyze the long-term impact of policy rather than only short-term results. โณ
Answer
์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ํฅ โ The clue is contrast with short-term results.
7. ๋ถ์์ ํ ์ง์์ฑ
์ ํ์ฅ์์ ์๋ก์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
An incomplete support measure can create new side effects in the field. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ์์ฉ โ A negative side effect of policy is ๋ถ์์ฉ.
8. ์ ์ฑ
์์ด๋์ด๊ฐ ์๋ฏผ ๋จ์ฒด์ ์ธ๋ก ์ ํตํด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
The policy idea spread quickly through civic groups and the media. ๐ฃ
Answer
ํ์ฐ โ Ideas and influence can ํ์ฐ๋๋ค (spread/diffuse).
9. ์ ์ ๋๋ ๊ธฐ์
์ ํฌ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์๋ ์ํฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
The new system also had an impact on companiesโ investment decisions. ๐ข
Answer
๋ฏธ์ณค์ต๋๋ค โ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค means to have an impact.
10. ์ ์ฑ
ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฝ๋๋ค.
There is a high possibility that the policy effect will spread into several fields. ๐ก
Answer
ํ๊ธ โ ํ๊ธ๋๋ค means to spread outward as an effect.
Vocabulary Box
- ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ โ ripple effect/spillover effect
- ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ โ chain reaction
- ์ํฅ๋ ฅ โ influence
- ๊ฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ โ indirect effect
- ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ unintended consequence
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ํฅ โ long-term impact
- ๋ถ์์ฉ โ side effect/adverse effect
- ํ์ฐ โ spread/diffusion
- ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค โ to have an impact
- ํ๊ธ๋๋ค โ to spread outward as an effect
Tip ๐ก Ask: did the result spread outward, trigger a sequence, or simply influence something?
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready! ๐
ย
๐ฏ Practice Hub โ The Ripple Effect of Policy
ย
Welcome to the policy ripple lab! ๐ Here you will practice the vocabulary that explains how a decision travels from one agency, sector, or community into a much wider social pattern. Keep your eye on the relationship between cause and spread: Korean has a beautifully precise word for each ripple, domino, and echo. ๐
ย
๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a policy term or sentence.
ย
๐ Instructions: Fill in each blank with the most natural Korean term. Read the completed sentence aloud, check the English meaning, then open the Answer toggle to review the nuance.
ย
Exercise 1 โ Ripple, Impact, and Spread ๐
A. ๊ตํต๋น ์ง์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ฒญ๋
์ ๊ตฌ์ง ํ๋์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์์ต๋๋ค.
The transportation-fee support policy brought a ripple effect to young peopleโs job-search activities. ๐
Answer
ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ โ The policy affects an area beyond its direct target, so ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ fits.
B. ์ ๊ท์ ์ ์ค์๊ธฐ์
์ ๊ณ ์ฉ ๊ณํ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฃผ์์ต๋๋ค.
The new regulation had a direct impact on small and medium-sized firmsโ hiring plans. ๐ญ
Answer
์ํฅ โ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ค means to affect/give an impact.
C. ํ ๋์์ ์ฑ๊ณต ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋์๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
One cityโs successful case spread to other cities. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ฐ โ ํ์ฐ๋๋ค is natural for a model, idea, or practice spreading.
D. ์ ๋ถ ๋ฐํ ์ดํ ์์ฅ์ ๋ถ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
After the government announcement, market anxiety spread quickly. ๐
Answer
ํ์ฐ โ Feelings, risk, ideas, and influence can all ํ์ฐ๋๋ค (spread).
E. ์ ์ฑ
๋ณํ๋ ๊ต์ก ํ์ฅ์ ์์๋ณด๋ค ํฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค์ต๋๋ค.
The policy change had a larger impact on education sites than expected. ๐ซ
Answer
์ํฅ โ The phrase ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค means to have an impact.
F. ์ง์๊ธ ์ถ์๋ ์ง์ญ ์๋น ๊ฐ์๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
The reduction in subsidies spread into a decrease in local consumption. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํ๊ธ โ ํ๊ธ๋๋ค means an effect spreads outward into another area.
G. ์ ์ฑ
ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ํ๋ฐํด์ง๋ฉด์ ์ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์ก์ต๋๋ค.
As policy promotion became active, the systemโs influence grew. ๐ข
Answer
์ํฅ๋ ฅ โ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ means influence/power of impact.
H. ๊ณต๊ณต ์๋ฃ ํฌ์๋ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋์ต๋๋ค.
Public medical investment produced a positive effect on residentsโ health. ๐ฅ
Answer
ํจ๊ณผ โ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ค means to produce an effect.
I. ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ํฅ์ด ๋
ธ๋ ์์ฅ์ผ๋ก๊น์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
The policyโs impact spread even into the labor market. ๐ท
Answer
ํ๊ธ โ The phrase emphasizes impact reaching another field.
J. ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด์ ์์ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค์ต๋๋ค.
The new standard also had an impact on how public institutions make decisions. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ํฅ โ Use ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค for โto have an impact on.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ โ ripple effect/spillover effect
- ์ํฅ โ impact
- ํ์ฐ โ spread/diffusion
- ํ์ฐ๋๋ค โ to spread/diffuse
- ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค โ to have an impact
- ํ๊ธ๋๋ค โ to spread outward as an effect
- ์ํฅ๋ ฅ โ influence
- ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ค โ to produce an effect
- ๋ ธ๋ ์์ฅ โ labor market
- ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด โ public institution
Tip ๐ก ์ํฅ is broad; ํ๊ธ adds the feeling of spreading outward.
ย
Exercise 2 โ Chain Reactions and Consequences ๐
A. ๋์ถ ๊ท์ ๊ฐ ๊ฐํ๋์ ์ฃผํ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฐ์์ ๊ฑด์ค ํฌ์ ์์ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ํ๋ฌ์ต๋๋ค.
When loan regulations were strengthened, a chain reaction of reduced housing transactions and weakened construction investment appeared. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ โ One change leads to linked follow-up effects.
B. ์ ๊ธฐ์๊ธ ์ธ์์ ์์ฐ๋น ์์น์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ง ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
An electricity-rate increase can lead to rising production costs. โก
Answer
์ด์ด โ ์ด์ด์ง๋ค means to lead to / be connected to a result.
C. ์์ ํ์ ์ง์ฐ์ด ๋ฏผ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ผ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณ์์ต๋๋ค.
A small administrative delay produced the result of increased complaints. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณ๋ค means to produce a result.
D. ์์ฐ ์กฐ์ ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ถ์์ ์ฌ์
๊ณํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์์ต๋๋ค.
The budget adjustment affected several departmentsโ project plans sequentially. ๐
Answer
์ฐ์ โ ์ฐ์์ ์ผ๋ก means in a chain-like sequence.
E. ํ ์ง์ญ์ ์๋ฃ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์ ์ฃผ๋ณ ๋ณ์์ ๋ถ๋ด ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
A medical-service gap in one region spread into an increased burden on nearby hospitals. ๐ฅ
Answer
ํ๊ธ โ The effect spreads from one region to another institution.
F. ์ ์ฑ
์คํจ๋ ์ ๋ขฐ ํ๋ฝ์ด๋ผ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ด๋ํ์ต๋๋ค.
The policy failure caused the consequence of declining trust. ๐
Answer
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค means to cause a result/consequence.
G. ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ํต์ ๋ ๊ณต๊ธ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ํ์ด ์์ต๋๋ค.
Price controls risk causing a shortage of supply. ๐งบ
Answer
์ ๋ฐ โ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค means to cause/trigger.
H. ํ ์ ๋์ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ๋ ๊ฐํธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ต๋๋ค.
A change in one system triggered reform of another system. ๐งฉ
Answer
์ด๋ฐ โ ์ด๋ฐํ๋ค means to trigger/spark a larger development.
I. ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ ์ถ์๋ ๋๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฐ์์ ์๋น ์์ถ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ก์ต๋๋ค.
The subsidy reduction led to decreased farm income and weakened consumption. ๐พ
Answer
์ด์ด โ The form ์ด์ด์ง๋ค marks the next step in a causal sequence.
J. ์ ์ฑ
๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ฌํ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ์ต๋๋ค.
The policy change caused a chain reaction across society as a whole. ๐
Answer
์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ โ Use this when the emphasis is a domino-like sequence.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ โ chain reaction
- ์ด์ด์ง๋ค โ to lead to / be connected to
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ result/consequence
- ์ฐ์์ ์ผ๋ก โ sequentially; in a chain
- ํ๊ธ๋๋ค โ to spread outward as an effect
- ์ด๋ํ๋ค โ to cause/bring about
- ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค โ to cause/induce
- ์ด๋ฐํ๋ค โ to trigger/spark
- ์๋น ์์ถ โ weakened consumption
- ์ฌํ ์ ๋ฐ โ society as a whole
Tip ๐ก Use ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ when the sentence feels like dominoes falling one after another.
ย
Exercise 3 โ Policy Side Effects and Unintended Results โ ๏ธ
A. ์๋๋ฃ ์ํ์ ๋ ์ธ์
์๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธํ์ง๋ง ์ฃผํ ๊ณต๊ธ ๊ฐ์๋ผ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๋ณ์์ต๋๋ค.
The rent ceiling protected tenants but also produced the side effect of reduced housing supply. ๐
Answer
๋ถ์์ฉ โ A negative unintended side effect is ๋ถ์์ฉ.
B. ์ข์ ์ทจ์ง์ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
A system with good intentions can create unintended results. ๐ฒ
Answer
์๋์น ์์ โ ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ means unintended consequence.
C. ์ ์ฑ
์ค๊ณ์๋ ํ์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒํ ํด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
Policy designers should review the possibility of side effects in the field in advance. ๐
Answer
๋ถ์์ฉ โ This is the common noun for policy adverse effects.
D. ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ ์ ์ฑ
์ด ํน์ ์ฐ์
์๋ง ํํ์ ์ฃผ๋ฉด ํํ์ฑ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
If a subsidy policy benefits only a certain industry, a fairness controversy is raised. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋
ผ๋ โ ํํ์ฑ ๋
ผ๋ means fairness controversy.
E. ๋จ๊ธฐ ์ฑ๊ณผ์ ์ง์คํ๋ฉด ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์น ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
If one focuses on short-term results, one can miss long-term impact. โณ
Answer
์ํฅ โ The full phrase is ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ํฅ (long-term impact).
F. ๊ท์ ์ํ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฐ์
์ ๊ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋๋ค.
Deregulation does not produce the same effect in every industry. ๐ญ
Answer
ํจ๊ณผ โ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ค means to produce an effect.
G. ์ ์ฑ
๋ชฉํ์ ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๊ฒผ์ต๋๋ค.
A gap emerged between the policy goal and the actual result. ๐ณ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ๊ทน โ ๊ฐ๊ทน means gap/discrepancy.
H. ์์๋ณด๋ค ํฐ ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
A larger-than-expected fiscal burden was pointed out as a limitation of the policy. ๐ผ
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ ํ๊ณ means limitation.
I. ์คํ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋๋ฌ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์ ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ก์ต๋๋ค.
Problems revealed during implementation led to institutional improvement. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ means institutional improvement.
J. ์ ์ฑ
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฌ์ ์ํฅ ํ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ์ํฉ๋๋ค.
To reduce policy side effects, preliminary impact assessment is necessary. ๐
Answer
๋ถ์์ฉ โ A risk-reduction context points to negative side effects.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ถ์์ฉ โ side effect/adverse effect
- ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ unintended consequence
- ์ ์ฑ ์ค๊ณ์ โ policy designer
- ํํ์ฑ ๋ ผ๋ โ fairness controversy
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ํฅ โ long-term impact
- ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ค โ to produce an effect
- ๊ฐ๊ทน โ gap/discrepancy
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
- ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ โ institutional improvement
- ์ฌ์ ์ํฅ ํ๊ฐ โ preliminary impact assessment
Tip ๐ก ๋ถ์์ฉ is usually negative; ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ simply means not planned.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Spread Across Society and Institutions ๐ก
A. ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ์ ์ฑ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ค์์ ๋ถ ์ ์ฑ
์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
A local governmentโs successful model spread into central government policy. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ฐ โ A model spreading to a wider institution is ํ์ฐ.
B. ์ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋ ์ดํ ์ ์ฑ
๋
ผ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์ก์ต๋๋ค.
After media coverage, the influence of the policy discussion grew. ๐ฐ
Answer
์ํฅ๋ ฅ โ The discussion gains broader persuasive force.
C. ์๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์ฌ๊ฐ ํ๋๋๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ ๊ฐํ ์๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ฌํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
As civic participation expanded, demands for institutional reform spread socially. ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ฐ โ Demands and ideas can spread through society.
D. ๊ต์ก ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ณํ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋๋ด ๋ฐฉ์์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค์ต๋๋ค.
Changes in education policy also had an impact on how families provide care. ๐จโ๐ฉโ๐ง
Answer
์ํฅ โ Use ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค for impact on another domain.
E. ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์๋น์ค ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
Opening public data spread into innovation in private services. ๐ป
Answer
ํ๊ธ โ The public policy effect reaches the private sector.
F. ์ ์ฑ
๋ฉ์์ง๊ฐ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํตํด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
The policy message spread quickly through online spaces. ๐
Answer
์ ํ โ ์ ํ๋๋ค is natural for messages or information being transmitted.
G. ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ๋์์ง๋ฉด ์ ์ฑ
์์ฉ์ฑ๋ ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
When social trust rises, policy acceptability also increases together. ๐ค
Answer
์ฆ๊ฐ โ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋๋ค means to increase.
H. ์๋ก์ด ๋ณต์ง ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๊ด๋ จ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ์
๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ์๊น์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ต๋๋ค.
The new welfare standard even changed how related institutions work. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ณํ โ ๋ณํ์ํค๋ค means to change.
I. ์ ์ฑ
๊ฒฝํ์ด ์ถ์ ๋๋ฉด์ ํ์ ์ญ๋์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
As policy experience accumulated, administrative capacity was strengthened. ๐ช
Answer
๊ฐํ โ ๊ฐํ๋๋ค means to be strengthened.
J. ์ง์ญ ์คํ์ ์ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ ๊ตญ ์ ์ฑ
๋
ผ์๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
The results of a local experiment spread into nationwide policy discussion. ๐บ๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ฐ โ A local result spreading into national discussion is a classic ํ์ฐ context.
Vocabulary Box
- ํ์ฐ๋๋ค โ to spread/diffuse
- ์ํฅ๋ ฅ โ influence
- ์ฌํ์ ์ผ๋ก โ socially
- ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค โ to have an impact
- ํ๊ธ๋๋ค โ to spread outward as an effect
- ์ ํ๋๋ค โ to be transmitted/propagated
- ์ฆ๊ฐ๋๋ค โ to increase
- ๋ณํ์ํค๋ค โ to change
- ๊ฐํ๋๋ค โ to be strengthened
- ์ ๊ตญ ์ ์ฑ ๋ ผ์ โ nationwide policy discussion
Tip ๐ก ์ ํ often feels like information or a message travels; ํ์ฐ is broader.
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ๋จ์ํ ์ง์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ง๋ ์ํฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆ
๋๋ค.
An effect that spreads into several fields, rather than a simple direct effect, is called a ripple effect. ๐
Answer
ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ โ โ Any effect = ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ โ โ
It specifically spreads outward beyond the first target.
B. ์์ธ ํ๋๊ฐ ๋ค์ ์์ธ์ ์ฐจ๋ก๋ก ๋ง๋ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ํ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
When one cause creates the next cause in order, a chain reaction appears. ๐
Answer
์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ โ โ Vague influence โ โ
A step-by-step trigger sequence.
C. ๊ฐ์ผ๋ณ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์์ด๋์ด์ ์ ์ฑ
๋ชจ๋ธ๋ ์ฌํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
Not only infectious diseases but also ideas and policy models can spread socially. ๐ก
Answer
ํ์ฐ โ โ ํ์ฐ only for disease โ โ
It also works for ideas, models, influence, and information.
D. ์ ์ฑ
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ๋์ ๊ฒ๋ง์ ์๋์ง๋ง, ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ๋์ฒด๋ก ๋ถ์ ์ ์
๋๋ค.
A policyโs unintended consequence is not necessarily bad, but a side effect is generally negative. ๐ฒ
Answer
์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ โ Same as ๋ถ์์ฉ โ โ
This can be neutral or unexpected, while ๋ถ์์ฉ is usually negative.
E. ์ ์ฑ
ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋๊ฒ ๋ฒ์ง๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋จ์ํ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํจ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ ์ ํํฉ๋๋ค.
When a policy effect spreads widely, it is more precise to call it a ripple effect, not simply an effect. ๐งญ
Answer
ํ๊ธ โ โ ์ ์ฑ
ํจ๊ณผ and ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ are identical โ โ
ํ๊ธ highlights wider secondary impact.
F. ์ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ์ด์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ํฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
The new system had an impact on how other institutions operate. ๐ข
Answer
๋ฏธ์ณค์ต๋๋ค โ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค means to have an impact.
G. ์ ์ฑ
์คํจ๊ฐ ์ ๋ขฐ ํ๋ฝ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ณ , ์ ๋ขฐ ํ๋ฝ์ด ์ฐธ์ฌ ๊ฐ์๋ก ์ด์ด์ก์ต๋๋ค.
The policy failure triggered declining trust, and the declining trust led to reduced participation. ๐
Answer
์ด๋ฐ โ This sentence shows a chain of triggered outcomes.
H. ์ง์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ํฌ์๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋์์ด ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
If the effect of the support policy spreads into private investment, it helps the overall economy. ๐ผ
Answer
ํ๊ธ โ The effect spreads from policy into investment.
I. ์ ์ฑ
๋
ผ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์ง๋ฉด ์ฌ๋ก ํ์ฑ์๋ ์ํฅ์ ์ค ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
If the influence of policy discussion grows, it can also affect public opinion formation. ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
์ํฅ๋ ฅ โ This focuses on the power to shape opinion or decisions.
J. ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ ๋๋ ์ง์ ํจ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ์ ํจ๊ณผ, ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํจ๊ป ๋ณด์์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
When analyzing ripple effects, one should look together at direct effects, indirect effects, and long-term impact. ๐
Answer
์ํฅ โ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ํฅ is the natural phrase for long-term impact.
Vocabulary Box
- ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ โ ripple effect/spillover effect
- ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ โ chain reaction
- ํ์ฐ โ spread/diffusion
- ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ unintended consequence
- ์ ์ฑ ํจ๊ณผ โ policy effect
- ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค โ to have an impact
- ์ด๋ฐํ๋ค โ to trigger/spark
- ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ํฌ์ โ private investment
- ์ํฅ๋ ฅ โ influence
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ํฅ โ long-term impact
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol: choose ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ for outward spread, ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ for domino order, and ์ํฅ๋ ฅ ํ์ฐ for influence expanding.
ย
๐ You finished the full ripple map: ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ, ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์, ์ํฅ๋ ฅ ํ์ฐ, ๋ถ์์ฉ, and ์๋์น ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ. Now you can describe not just a policyโs first splash, but every wave that follows. ๐