๐ŸŒŠ

The Ripple Effect of Policy

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ / ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ / ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐ŸŒŠ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐ŸŒŠ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ means ripple effect: one policy change spreads beyond its first target.
  • ๐Ÿ”— ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ means chain reaction: one result triggers another result, then another.
  • ๐Ÿ“ก ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ means spread of influence: a policyโ€™s impact moves across groups, regions, markets, or institutions.
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear policy terms aloud. Try typing ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ (the ripple effect of policy) or ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋‹ค (to cause a chain reaction) and let the sound waves do their own tiny ripple. ๐ŸŒŠ
ย 

๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

A policy rarely stays politely inside its original box. A housing policy can affect rent, commuting, small businesses, local schools, and even voting behavior. Korean captures this โ€œone change spreads outwardโ€ idea with ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ (ripple effect/spillover effect). ๐ŸŒŠ
When the spread happens step by step, like falling dominoes, use ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ (chain reaction). If the focus is how influence expands across society, regions, institutions, or markets, use ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ (spread of influence). ๐Ÿ“ก
This lesson is advanced vocabulary, so your goal is not just โ€œmemorize one word.โ€ Your goal is to choose the right term for the relationship: effect spreading outward, events triggering each other, or influence expanding over time. Policy Korean loves these distinctions. It files them neatly, probably with color-coded tabs. ๐Ÿ—‚๏ธ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Policy Ripple Family

  • ์ •์ฑ… (policy) = a plan, rule, or course of action adopted by a government, institution, or organization.
  • ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ (spread/repercussion) = an effect spreading outward from one point.
  • ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ (ripple effect/spillover effect) = the broader impact caused by an event, policy, or decision.
  • ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ (the ripple effect of policy) = indirect or broader consequences that emerge after a policy is implemented.
  • ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ (chain reaction) = a sequence where one event causes the next.
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ (influence/power of impact) = the ability to affect people, decisions, institutions, or outcomes.
  • ํ™•์‚ฐ (spread/diffusion) = expansion from one place or group to a wider area or audience.
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ (spread of influence) = influence expanding across society, markets, organizations, or public opinion.
  • ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํšจ๊ณผ (indirect effect) = an effect that appears through an intermediate route, not directly from the original action.
  • ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ (side effect/adverse effect) = an unwanted or unintended negative result.
  • ์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (unintended consequence) = a result that was not planned or expected.
  • ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ (long-term impact) = an effect that continues or becomes visible over time.

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตํ†ต ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ง€์—ญ ์ƒ๊ถŒ์—๋„ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (The new transportation policy also had a ripple effect on the local commercial district.) ๐ŸšŒ
    • Notes: ๊ตํ†ต ์ •์ฑ… = transportation policy, ์ง€์—ญ ์ƒ๊ถŒ = local commercial district, ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค = to have an impact.
  • ๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ƒ์€ ์†Œ๋น„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ํˆฌ์ž ์œ„์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (The interest-rate increase caused a chain reaction leading to reduced consumption and weakened investment.) ๐Ÿ’ธ
    • Notes: ๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ƒ = interest-rate increase, ์†Œ๋น„ ๊ฐ์†Œ = reduced consumption, ํˆฌ์ž ์œ„์ถ• = weakened investment.
  • ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ณต์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (A successful welfare policy can spread its influence to other local governments.) ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
    • Notes: ๋ณต์ง€ ์ •์ฑ… = welfare policy, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด = local government, ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋‹ค = to spread/diffuse.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

Advanced policy Korean often combines a cause, an effect noun, and a spread verb:
  • ์ •์ฑ… (policy) + ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ (ripple effect) โ†’ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ (the ripple effect of policy)
  • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (result) + ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค (to lead to) โ†’ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค (to lead to a result)
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ (impact) + ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค (to exert/have) โ†’ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค (to have an impact)
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ (influence) + ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋‹ค (to spread) โ†’ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋‹ค (influence spreads)
  • ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ (chain reaction) + ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋‹ค (to cause/trigger) โ†’ ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋‹ค (to cause a chain reaction)
These are formal and highly useful in essays, policy analysis, news commentary, and academic-style discussion. ๐Ÿ“ฐ

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

Core words and usage patterns such as ์ •์ฑ… (policy), ํšจ๊ณผ (effect), ํ™•์‚ฐ (spread/diffusion), and ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค (to have an impact) were cross-checked against standard Korean usage and Korean.go.kr / ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์–ด์›-style dictionary conventions. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ (ripple effect/spillover effect) vs. ์˜ํ–ฅ (impact) โ€” ์˜ํ–ฅ is broad; ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ emphasizes spread beyond the first target.
  • ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ (chain reaction) vs. ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ (ripple effect) โ€” ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ stresses sequential triggering; ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ stresses outward spread.
  • ํ™•์‚ฐ (spread/diffusion) vs. ์ „ํŒŒ (transmission/propagation) โ€” ํ™•์‚ฐ is common for influence, ideas, trends, and effects; ์ „ํŒŒ often feels more like transmitting information, signals, disease, or waves.
  • ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ (side effect/adverse effect) vs. ์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (unintended consequence) โ€” ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ is usually negative; ์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ can be negative, neutral, or occasionally positive.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ = any effect โ†’ โœ… It means an effect that spreads beyond the immediate target. ๐ŸŒŠ
  • โŒ ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ = vague social influence โ†’ โœ… It means a step-by-step trigger sequence, like cause A leading to B leading to C. ๐Ÿ”—
  • โŒ ํ™•์‚ฐ only for disease โ†’ โœ… It can describe ideas, influence, information, technology, risk, or policy models spreading. ๐Ÿ“ก
  • โŒ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ always medical โ†’ โœ… It is also common for policy side effects or adverse consequences. โš ๏ธ
  • โŒ ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ and ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ are identical โ†’ โœ… ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ is general; ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ highlights wider secondary impact. ๐Ÿงญ

๐ŸŽ‰ Master this family and you can explain not just what a policy does, but how its consequences travel โ€” across budgets, households, institutions, and the occasional overworked spreadsheet. ๐Ÿ“Š
ย 

Try this exercise

Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best policy-impact term. Read the sentence for the cause-and-effect relationship first, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance. ๐ŸŒŠ
1. ์ƒˆ ๋ณต์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The new welfare policy had a ripple effect not only on low-income groups but also on the local economy. ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ โ€” The effect spreads beyond the first target group, so ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ (ripple effect) fits.
2. ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์‚ญ๊ฐ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋‚ณ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A budget cut in one ministry produced a chain reaction leading to reductions in other projects. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ โ€” One reduction triggers another, so this is a ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ (chain reaction).
3. ์‹œ๋ฒ” ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ž ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ „๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
After the pilot project succeeded, the modelโ€™s influence spread nationwide. ๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ โ€” The phrase ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋‹ค means influence expands.
4. ์ •์ฑ… ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋Š” ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Policy officials must consider even the indirect effects of a tax increase. ๐Ÿ’ฐ
Answer
๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํšจ๊ณผ โ€” The sentence stresses effects that are not immediate or direct.
5. ์ข‹์€ ์˜๋„๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A system created with good intentions can bring unintended consequences. ๐ŸŽฒ
Answer
์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ€” The result was not planned, so this phrase fits best.
6. ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We should analyze the long-term impact of policy rather than only short-term results. โณ
Answer
์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ โ€” The clue is contrast with short-term results.
7. ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ง€์›์ฑ…์€ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
An incomplete support measure can create new side effects in the field. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ โ€” A negative side effect of policy is ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ.
8. ์ •์ฑ… ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ์–ธ๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The policy idea spread quickly through civic groups and the media. ๐Ÿ“ฃ
Answer
ํ™•์‚ฐ โ€” Ideas and influence can ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋‹ค (spread/diffuse).
9. ์ƒˆ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ฒฐ์ •์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
The new system also had an impact on companiesโ€™ investment decisions. ๐Ÿข
Answer
๋ฏธ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค means to have an impact.
10. ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
There is a high possibility that the policy effect will spread into several fields. ๐Ÿ“ก
Answer
ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ โ€” ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋˜๋‹ค means to spread outward as an effect.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ ripple effect/spillover effect
  • ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ โ†’ chain reaction
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ โ†’ influence
  • ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ indirect effect
  • ์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ unintended consequence
  • ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ โ†’ long-term impact
  • ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ โ†’ side effect/adverse effect
  • ํ™•์‚ฐ โ†’ spread/diffusion
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ to have an impact
  • ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to spread outward as an effect
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Ask: did the result spread outward, trigger a sequence, or simply influence something?

๐ŸŽฏ
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready! ๐Ÿš€
ย 
๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” The Ripple Effect of Policy
ย 
Welcome to the policy ripple lab! ๐ŸŒŠ Here you will practice the vocabulary that explains how a decision travels from one agency, sector, or community into a much wider social pattern. Keep your eye on the relationship between cause and spread: Korean has a beautifully precise word for each ripple, domino, and echo. ๐Ÿ”—
ย 
๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a policy term or sentence.
ย 
๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Fill in each blank with the most natural Korean term. Read the completed sentence aloud, check the English meaning, then open the Answer toggle to review the nuance.
ย 

Exercise 1 โ€” Ripple, Impact, and Spread ๐ŸŒŠ

A. ๊ตํ†ต๋น„ ์ง€์› ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ฒญ๋…„์˜ ๊ตฌ์ง ํ™œ๋™์—๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The transportation-fee support policy brought a ripple effect to young peopleโ€™s job-search activities. ๐Ÿš‡
Answer
ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ โ€” The policy affects an area beyond its direct target, so ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ fits.
B. ์ƒˆ ๊ทœ์ •์€ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ ๊ณ„ํš์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The new regulation had a direct impact on small and medium-sized firmsโ€™ hiring plans. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ โ€” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋‹ค means to affect/give an impact.
C. ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
One cityโ€™s successful case spread to other cities. ๐Ÿ™๏ธ
Answer
ํ™•์‚ฐ โ€” ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋‹ค is natural for a model, idea, or practice spreading.
D. ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ ์ดํ›„ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
After the government announcement, market anxiety spread quickly. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
ํ™•์‚ฐ โ€” Feelings, risk, ideas, and influence can all ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋‹ค (spread).
E. ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ต์œก ํ˜„์žฅ์— ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The policy change had a larger impact on education sites than expected. ๐Ÿซ
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ โ€” The phrase ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค means to have an impact.
F. ์ง€์›๊ธˆ ์ถ•์†Œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์†Œ๋น„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The reduction in subsidies spread into a decrease in local consumption. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ โ€” ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋˜๋‹ค means an effect spreads outward into another area.
G. ์ •์ฑ… ํ™๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
As policy promotion became active, the systemโ€™s influence grew. ๐Ÿ“ข
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ โ€” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ means influence/power of impact.
H. ๊ณต๊ณต ์˜๋ฃŒ ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Public medical investment produced a positive effect on residentsโ€™ health. ๐Ÿฅ
Answer
ํšจ๊ณผ โ€” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋‹ค means to produce an effect.
I. ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋…ธ๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The policyโ€™s impact spread even into the labor market. ๐Ÿ‘ท
Answer
ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ โ€” The phrase emphasizes impact reaching another field.
J. ์ƒˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The new standard also had an impact on how public institutions make decisions. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ โ€” Use ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค for โ€œto have an impact on.โ€
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ ripple effect/spillover effect
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ โ†’ impact
  • ํ™•์‚ฐ โ†’ spread/diffusion
  • ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to spread/diffuse
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ to have an impact
  • ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to spread outward as an effect
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ โ†’ influence
  • ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋‹ค โ†’ to produce an effect
  • ๋…ธ๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ โ†’ labor market
  • ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ โ†’ public institution
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์˜ํ–ฅ is broad; ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ adds the feeling of spreading outward.
ย 

Exercise 2 โ€” Chain Reactions and Consequences ๐Ÿ”—

A. ๋Œ€์ถœ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์ž ์ฃผํƒ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๊ฑด์„ค ํˆฌ์ž ์œ„์ถ•์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
When loan regulations were strengthened, a chain reaction of reduced housing transactions and weakened construction investment appeared. ๐Ÿ—๏ธ
Answer
์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ โ€” One change leads to linked follow-up effects.
B. ์ „๊ธฐ์š”๊ธˆ ์ธ์ƒ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋น„ ์ƒ์Šน์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
An electricity-rate increase can lead to rising production costs. โšก
Answer
์ด์–ด โ€” ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค means to lead to / be connected to a result.
C. ์ž‘์€ ํ–‰์ • ์ง€์—ฐ์ด ๋ฏผ์› ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A small administrative delay produced the result of increased complaints. ๐Ÿ—ƒ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ€” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋‹ค means to produce a result.
D. ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์กฐ์ •์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—… ๊ณ„ํš์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The budget adjustment affected several departmentsโ€™ project plans sequentially. ๐Ÿ“‘
Answer
์—ฐ์‡„ โ€” ์—ฐ์‡„์ ์œผ๋กœ means in a chain-like sequence.
E. ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A medical-service gap in one region spread into an increased burden on nearby hospitals. ๐Ÿฅ
Answer
ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ โ€” The effect spreads from one region to another institution.
F. ์ •์ฑ… ์‹คํŒจ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ ํ•˜๋ฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The policy failure caused the consequence of declining trust. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ€” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค means to cause a result/consequence.
G. ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ํ†ต์ œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Price controls risk causing a shortage of supply. ๐Ÿงบ
Answer
์œ ๋ฐœ โ€” ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค means to cause/trigger.
H. ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœํŽธ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A change in one system triggered reform of another system. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์ด‰๋ฐœ โ€” ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค means to trigger/spark a larger development.
I. ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ถ•์†Œ๋Š” ๋†๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋“ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์†Œ๋น„ ์œ„์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The subsidy reduction led to decreased farm income and weakened consumption. ๐ŸŒพ
Answer
์ด์–ด โ€” The form ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค marks the next step in a causal sequence.
J. ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The policy change caused a chain reaction across society as a whole. ๐ŸŒ
Answer
์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ โ€” Use this when the emphasis is a domino-like sequence.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ โ†’ chain reaction
  • ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to lead to / be connected to
  • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ result/consequence
  • ์—ฐ์‡„์ ์œผ๋กœ โ†’ sequentially; in a chain
  • ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to spread outward as an effect
  • ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to cause/bring about
  • ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to cause/induce
  • ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to trigger/spark
  • ์†Œ๋น„ ์œ„์ถ• โ†’ weakened consumption
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜ โ†’ society as a whole
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Use ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ when the sentence feels like dominoes falling one after another.
ย 

Exercise 3 โ€” Policy Side Effects and Unintended Results โš ๏ธ

A. ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฃŒ ์ƒํ•œ์ œ๋Š” ์„ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ผ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋„ ๋‚ณ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The rent ceiling protected tenants but also produced the side effect of reduced housing supply. ๐Ÿ 
Answer
๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ โ€” A negative unintended side effect is ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ.
B. ์ข‹์€ ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A system with good intentions can create unintended results. ๐ŸŽฒ
Answer
์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š์€ โ€” ์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ means unintended consequence.
C. ์ •์ฑ… ์„ค๊ณ„์ž๋Š” ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Policy designers should review the possibility of side effects in the field in advance. ๐Ÿ”Ž
Answer
๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ โ€” This is the common noun for policy adverse effects.
D. ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํŠน์ • ์‚ฐ์—…์—๋งŒ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
If a subsidy policy benefits only a certain industry, a fairness controversy is raised. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๋…ผ๋ž€ โ€” ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ ๋…ผ๋ž€ means fairness controversy.
E. ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†“์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
If one focuses on short-term results, one can miss long-term impact. โณ
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ โ€” The full phrase is ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ (long-term impact).
F. ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฐ์—…์— ๊ฐ™์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Deregulation does not produce the same effect in every industry. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
ํšจ๊ณผ โ€” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋‹ค means to produce an effect.
G. ์ •์ฑ… ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A gap emerged between the policy goal and the actual result. ๐Ÿ•ณ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ„๊ทน โ€” ๊ฐ„๊ทน means gap/discrepancy.
H. ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ์žฌ์ • ๋ถ€๋‹ด์€ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A larger-than-expected fiscal burden was pointed out as a limitation of the policy. ๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ€” ํ•œ๊ณ„ means limitation.
I. ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ œ๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Problems revealed during implementation led to institutional improvement. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„  means institutional improvement.
J. ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์ „ ์˜ํ–ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
To reduce policy side effects, preliminary impact assessment is necessary. ๐Ÿ“‹
Answer
๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ โ€” A risk-reduction context points to negative side effects.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ โ†’ side effect/adverse effect
  • ์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ unintended consequence
  • ์ •์ฑ… ์„ค๊ณ„์ž โ†’ policy designer
  • ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ ๋…ผ๋ž€ โ†’ fairness controversy
  • ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ โ†’ long-term impact
  • ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋‹ค โ†’ to produce an effect
  • ๊ฐ„๊ทน โ†’ gap/discrepancy
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limitation
  • ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„  โ†’ institutional improvement
  • ์‚ฌ์ „ ์˜ํ–ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ†’ preliminary impact assessment
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ is usually negative; ์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ simply means not planned.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Spread Across Society and Institutions ๐Ÿ“ก

A. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A local governmentโ€™s successful model spread into central government policy. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
ํ™•์‚ฐ โ€” A model spreading to a wider institution is ํ™•์‚ฐ.
B. ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„ ์ดํ›„ ์ •์ฑ… ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
After media coverage, the influence of the policy discussion grew. ๐Ÿ“ฐ
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ โ€” The discussion gains broader persuasive force.
C. ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
As civic participation expanded, demands for institutional reform spread socially. ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Answer
ํ™•์‚ฐ โ€” Demands and ideas can spread through society.
D. ๊ต์œก ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Changes in education policy also had an impact on how families provide care. ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ‘ง
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ โ€” Use ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค for impact on another domain.
E. ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ˜์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Opening public data spread into innovation in private services. ๐Ÿ’ป
Answer
ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ โ€” The public policy effect reaches the private sector.
F. ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The policy message spread quickly through online spaces. ๐ŸŒ
Answer
์ „ํŒŒ โ€” ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜๋‹ค is natural for messages or information being transmitted.
G. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
When social trust rises, policy acceptability also increases together. ๐Ÿค
Answer
์ฆ๊ฐ€ โ€” ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋‹ค means to increase.
H. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณต์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—…๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ์‹๊นŒ์ง€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The new welfare standard even changed how related institutions work. ๐Ÿ—‚๏ธ
Answer
๋ณ€ํ™” โ€” ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค means to change.
I. ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ถ•์ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ–‰์ • ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
As policy experience accumulated, administrative capacity was strengthened. ๐Ÿ’ช
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™” โ€” ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means to be strengthened.
J. ์ง€์—ญ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ตญ ์ •์ฑ… ๋…ผ์˜๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The results of a local experiment spread into nationwide policy discussion. ๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ
Answer
ํ™•์‚ฐ โ€” A local result spreading into national discussion is a classic ํ™•์‚ฐ context.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to spread/diffuse
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ โ†’ influence
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ โ†’ socially
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ to have an impact
  • ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to spread outward as an effect
  • ์ „ํŒŒ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be transmitted/propagated
  • ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to increase
  • ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค โ†’ to change
  • ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be strengthened
  • ์ „๊ตญ ์ •์ฑ… ๋…ผ์˜ โ†’ nationwide policy discussion
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์ „ํŒŒ often feels like information or a message travels; ํ™•์‚ฐ is broader.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ง์ ‘ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์ง€๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
An effect that spreads into several fields, rather than a simple direct effect, is called a ripple effect. ๐ŸŒŠ
Answer
ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ โ€” โŒ Any effect = ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ โœ… It specifically spreads outward beyond the first target.
B. ์›์ธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
When one cause creates the next cause in order, a chain reaction appears. ๐Ÿ”—
Answer
์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ โ€” โŒ Vague influence โ†’ โœ… A step-by-step trigger sequence.
C. ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ชจ๋ธ๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Not only infectious diseases but also ideas and policy models can spread socially. ๐Ÿ“ก
Answer
ํ™•์‚ฐ โ€” โŒ ํ™•์‚ฐ only for disease โ†’ โœ… It also works for ideas, models, influence, and information.
D. ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A policyโ€™s unintended consequence is not necessarily bad, but a side effect is generally negative. ๐ŸŽฒ
Answer
์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ€” โŒ Same as ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ โ†’ โœ… This can be neutral or unexpected, while ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ is usually negative.
E. ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ๋ฒˆ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
When a policy effect spreads widely, it is more precise to call it a ripple effect, not simply an effect. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ โ€” โŒ ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ and ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ are identical โ†’ โœ… ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ highlights wider secondary impact.
F. ์ƒˆ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
The new system had an impact on how other institutions operate. ๐Ÿข
Answer
๋ฏธ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ€” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค means to have an impact.
G. ์ •์ฑ… ์‹คํŒจ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ ํ•˜๋ฝ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ ๋ขฐ ํ•˜๋ฝ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The policy failure triggered declining trust, and the declining trust led to reduced participation. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
์ด‰๋ฐœ โ€” This sentence shows a chain of triggered outcomes.
H. ์ง€์› ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํˆฌ์ž๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
If the effect of the support policy spreads into private investment, it helps the overall economy. ๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ โ€” The effect spreads from policy into investment.
I. ์ •์ฑ… ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋ก  ํ˜•์„ฑ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
If the influence of policy discussion grows, it can also affect public opinion formation. ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ โ€” This focuses on the power to shape opinion or decisions.
J. ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ํšจ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํšจ๊ณผ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
When analyzing ripple effects, one should look together at direct effects, indirect effects, and long-term impact. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ โ€” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ is the natural phrase for long-term impact.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ ripple effect/spillover effect
  • ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ โ†’ chain reaction
  • ํ™•์‚ฐ โ†’ spread/diffusion
  • ์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ unintended consequence
  • ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ policy effect
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ to have an impact
  • ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to trigger/spark
  • ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํˆฌ์ž โ†’ private investment
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ โ†’ influence
  • ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ โ†’ long-term impact
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol: choose ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ for outward spread, ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ for domino order, and ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ for influence expanding.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ You finished the full ripple map: ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ, ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘, ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ํ™•์‚ฐ, ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ, and ์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ. Now you can describe not just a policyโ€™s first splash, but every wave that follows. ๐ŸŒŠ