TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐งฌ ๋ฒ์ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ means forensic evidence: evidence examined through medical, biological, chemical, or scientific methods for legal use.
- โ๏ธ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ depends on strict collection, preservation, analysis, documentation, and interpretation โ science helps, but it does not magically remove every error.
- ๐ง Advanced Korean often separates ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ (objectivity), ์ฌํ์ฑ (reproducibility), ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ (admissibility), and ์ฆ๋ช ๋ ฅ (probative value).
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Type phrases like ๋ฒ์ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ (the reliability of forensic evidence), ์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ (possibility of contamination), or ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ (admissibility and probative value) into Korean Helper Widgets to hear how long formal noun phrases flow. Your ears deserve expert witnesses too. ๐
ย
๐ The Big Picture
In advanced Korean, forensic evidence is rarely treated as โscience says so, case closed.โ A careful text usually asks how the evidence was collected, preserved, tested, interpreted, and presented.
The key idea is: ๊ณผํ์ ์์ฌ (scientific investigation) can increase ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ (objectivity), but the final reliability still depends on procedure. If a sample is contaminated, a test is not reproducible, or an expert overstates a result, even scientific-looking evidence can lose force.
So this lesson teaches vocabulary for a balanced argument: forensic evidence is powerful, but only when its method, chain of custody, reproducibility, and legal evaluation are strong. Tiny lab coat, big nuance. ๐ฅผ
๐จ The Core Forensic-Evidence Reliability Family
๐ฌ ๋ฒ์ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ forensic evidence
๋ฒ์ํ์ means forensic or medico-legal, and ์ฆ๊ฑฐ means evidence. Together, ๋ฒ์ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ refers to evidence analyzed through scientific or medical methods in legal contexts.
Natural collocations:
- ๋ฒ์ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค โ to analyze forensic evidence
- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์์งํ๋ค โ to collect evidence
- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ๋ค โ to preserve evidence
- ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ฑ์ทจํ๋ค โ to collect a sample
๐งช ๊ณผํ์ ์์ฌ โ scientific investigation
๊ณผํ์ ์์ฌ means investigation based on scientific methods, data, examination, and testing. It is used with words such as ๋ถ์ (analysis), ๊ฒ์ฆ (verification), ๊ฐ์ (expert examination), and ๊ธฐ๋ก (documentation).
Natural collocations:
- ๊ณผํ์ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ๋ค โ to conduct a scientific investigation
- ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค โ to verify analysis results
- ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค โ to document expert examination results
- ์์ฌ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค โ to secure objectivity in the investigation process
๐งญ ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ, ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ, ์ฌํ์ฑ
These three words are close, but not identical:
- ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ objectivity; less influenced by personal feelings, assumptions, or bias.
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ reliability; the degree to which a result can be trusted.
- ์ฌํ์ฑ โ reproducibility; whether the same result appears again under the same conditions.
A method can look objective but still be unreliable if the sample was damaged. A result can sound impressive but still be weak if it cannot be reproduced. Science has standards for a reason. ๐
โ๏ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ and ์ฆ๋ช ๋ ฅ
Legal Korean often separates these two:
- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ โ admissibility; whether something can legally be used as evidence in court.
- ์ฆ๋ช ๋ ฅ โ probative value; how strongly the evidence proves a fact.
A piece of evidence may be admissible but not very persuasive. Another may seem persuasive but face questions about how it was obtained. Advanced texts love this distinction โ naturally, because legal vocabulary enjoys wearing three-piece suits. ๐
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
1. Reliability depends on procedure ๐งช
๋ฒ์ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์์ง๋๊ณ ๋ณด์กด๋ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์๊ฒฉ์ฑ์ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค.
The reliability of forensic evidence depends on the strictness of the procedure by which the evidence was collected and preserved.
- ์๊ฒฉ์ฑ = strictness
- A์ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค = to depend on A
- ์์ง๋๊ณ ๋ณด์กด๋ = collected and preserved
2. Objectivity is not perfection ๐
๊ณผํ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ํญ์ ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค.
Just because a scientific method was used, the examination result is not always objective.
- ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ = expert examination result
- ํญ์ = always
- A๋ผ๊ณ ํด์ ๋ฐ๋์ B์ธ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค = just because A, it is not necessarily B
3. Contamination weakens probative value ๐งฌ
์๋ฃ์ ์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ ๋์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ํด๋น ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If the possibility of sample contamination is not ruled out, the probative value of that evidence may be weakened.
- ์๋ฃ = sample
- ์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ = possibility of contamination
- ์ฆ๋ช ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํ๋๋ค = probative value is weakened
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
For this topic, build formal sentences with evidence noun + procedure/risk/evaluation verb:
- A์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ B์ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค โ the reliability of A depends on B
- A์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๋ค โ to rule out the possibility of A
- A์/๋ฅผ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค โ to secure A
- A์/๋ฅผ ์ฝํ์ํค๋ค โ to weaken A
- A์ B์/๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ค โ to distinguish A and B
Useful formal frames:
- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ์์ง ๋ฐ ๋ณด์กด ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์๊ฒฉํ ์๋ก ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ด ๋์์ง๋ค.
The stricter the evidence collection and preservation procedure is, the more reliable the expert examination result becomes.
- ๋ถ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ด ํฌ๋ช ํ๊ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
If the analysis process is not transparently documented, objectivity is difficult to secure.
- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฆ๋ช ๋ ฅ์ ๊ตฌ๋ถํด์ผ ๋ฒ์ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋ํ๊ฐํ์ง ์์ ์ ์๋ค.
Distinguishing admissibility and probative value helps avoid overestimating forensic evidence.
๐ Cross-check note
The vocabulary and legal-scientific distinctions in this lesson were cross-checked against Korean reference usage, including ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์ / Korean.go.kr, with special attention to ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ํ (forensic/legal medicine), ์ฆ๊ฑฐ (evidence), ๊ฐ์ as expert examination, and formal terms such as ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ, ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ, ์ฌํ์ฑ, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ, and ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ๋ฒ์ํ โ forensic medicine; common in legal/medical contexts.
- ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ํ โ legal medicine; a formal term connected to applying medical facts to legal issues.
- ๊ฐ์ โ expert examination/appraisal in legal contexts; not โemotionโ here.
- ๊ฒ์ฆ โ verification; checking whether a result or claim is valid.
- ์ ์ฆ โ proof / proving; showing that a fact is true.
- ์ฆ๋ช โ proof; broader and often formal.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ๊ณผํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋๊น ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ํ์คํ๋ค โ โ ๊ณผํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋ถ์คํ๋ฉด ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ด ์ฝํ๋ ์ ์๋ค (Scientific evidence is not automatically absolute.)
- โ ๊ฐ์ = emotion in every context โ โ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ = expert examination result in legal/scientific contexts.
- โ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ and ์ฆ๋ช ๋ ฅ mean the same thing โ โ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ asks whether it can be used; ์ฆ๋ช ๋ ฅ asks how strongly it proves something.
- โ ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ and ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ are interchangeable โ โ Objectivity reduces subjectivity; reliability concerns whether the result can be trusted.
- โ Ignoring ์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ โ Contamination can weaken both reliability and probative value.
๐ง The advanced move is balance: forensic evidence can be powerful, but strong Korean analysis always asks whether the method, record, and interpretation deserve trust. Tiny microscope, giant responsibility. ๐ฌ
ย
Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each sentence with the most natural forensic-evidence term. Focus on whether the sentence is talking about objectivity, reliability, reproducibility, contamination, admissibility, or probative value.
1. ๋ฒ์ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์์ง๊ณผ ๋ณด์กด ์ ์ฐจ์ ์๊ฒฉ์ฑ์ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค.
The reliability of forensic evidence depends on the strictness of collection and preservation procedures. ๐ฌ
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ means reliability, the degree to which the evidence can be trusted.
2. ๊ฐ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ ์ฑ์ง์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The quality of the same analysis result repeating under the same conditions is called reproducibility. ๐
Answer
์ฌํ์ฑ โ ์ฌํ์ฑ means reproducibility.
3. ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ์ธ๋ถ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ํด ํผ์๋ ์ํ์ ์ค์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The risk that a sample may be damaged by external substances is called the possibility of contamination. ๐งฌ
Answer
๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ ์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means possibility of contamination.
4. ๋ฒ์ ์์ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ ์๊ฒฉ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The qualification for material to be used as evidence in court is admissibility. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ โ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ asks whether something can legally be used as evidence.
5. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ผ๋ง๋ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ์
์ฆํ๋์ง๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋๋ค.
How strongly evidence proves a fact is related to probative value. ๐งพ
Answer
์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ โ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ means the force or value of proof.
6. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ ์
๊ฒฌ์ด ์ค์ด๋ค์๋ก ์์ฌ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋์์ง ์ ์๋ค.
As personal bias decreases, the objectivity of the investigation process may increase. ๐งญ
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ means objectivity.
7. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ค๋ช
๋์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๋ฐฐ์ฌ์์ด ๊ณผ๋ํ๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ค.
If the expert examination result is not sufficiently explained, jurors may overestimate it. ๐ฉโโ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ In this context, ๊ฐ์ means expert examination, not emotion.
8. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๋ณด๊ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ฉด ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ธ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
If evidence storage records are insufficient, it is difficult to recognize the reliability of the analysis result. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ Weak records make the result harder to trust.
9. ๊ณผํ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค.
Just because a scientific method was used, it does not necessarily mean there are no errors. ๐งช
Answer
์๋ โ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค is the caution pattern.
10. ์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ ๋์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If the possibility of contamination is not ruled out, the probative value of the evidence may be weakened. ๐
Answer
์ฝํ โ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํ๋๋ค means probative value is weakened.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ฒ์ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ forensic evidence
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ reliability
- ์์งํ๋ค โ to collect
- ๋ณด์กดํ๋ค โ to preserve
- ์ ์ฐจ โ procedure
- ์๊ฒฉ์ฑ โ strictness
- ์ฌํ์ฑ โ reproducibility
- ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ analysis result
- ์๋ฃ โ sample
- ์ธ๋ถ ๋ฌผ์ง โ external substance
- ์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ possibility of contamination
- ๋ฒ์ โ court
- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ โ admissibility of evidence
- ์ฆ๋ช ๋ ฅ โ probative value
- ์ ์ฆํ๋ค โ to prove
- ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ objectivity
- ์ ์ ๊ฒฌ โ prejudice / preconception
- ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ expert examination result
- ๋ฐฐ์ฌ์ โ juror
- ๊ณผ๋ํ๊ฐํ๋ค โ to overestimate
- ๊ธฐ๋ก โ record
- ์ค๋ฅ โ error
- ์ฝํ๋๋ค โ to be weakened
Tip ๐ก ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ is about legal use; ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ is about persuasive strength.
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns forensic vocabulary into careful legal-scientific sentence power. ๐งช
ย
๐ฏ Practice Hub โ The Reliability of Forensic Evidence
ย
Welcome to the Practice Hub for The Reliability of Forensic Evidence. Youโll practice the vocabulary that lets Korean arguments sound careful rather than overconfident: evidence, samples, contamination, objectivity, reproducibility, admissibility, and probative value. ๐งฌ
ย
๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a phrase or sentence aloud.
ย
๐ Instructions: Fill in each blank with the best Korean expression. After answering, open the Answer toggle and check the reason, especially when two terms look similar.
ย
Exercise 1 โ Evidence Handling and Procedure ๐๏ธ
A. ์์ฌ๊ด์ ํ์ฅ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋ ํ์ ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The investigator collected traces found at the scene as evidence. ๐
Answer
์์ง โ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์์งํ๋ค means to collect evidence.
B. ํํ ์๋ฃ๋ ์ค์ผ์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ณ๋๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์๋ค.
The bloodstain sample was preserved separately to prevent contamination. ๐ฉธ
Answer
๋ณด์กด โ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ๋ค means to preserve a sample.
C. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๋ดํฌ๊ฐ ํผ์๋๋ฉด ๋ณด๊ด ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ์์ฌ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋ค.
If the evidence envelope is damaged, the integrity of the storage process may be questioned. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฌด๊ฒฐ โ ๋ฌด๊ฒฐ์ฑ means integrity, the state of being intact and unaltered.
D. ์๋ฃ ์ฑ์ทจ ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ฅ์๋ฅผ ์ ํํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The time and place of sample collection must be recorded accurately. ๐
Answer
๊ธฐ๋ก โ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค means to record or document.
E. ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋ถ์คํ๋ฉด ๋ฒ์ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If the procedure is poor, the reliability of forensic evidence may be weakened. ๐
Answer
์ฝํ โ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ด ์ฝํ๋๋ค is a natural formal phrase.
F. ๋ถ์ ์ ์๋ฃ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ค์ด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Checking the sample condition before analysis is a measure that reduces the possibility of contamination. ๐งซ
Answer
์กฐ์น โ ์กฐ์น means a measure or action taken.
G. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๋ณด๊ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์์ฌ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
If evidence storage records are interrupted, transparency in the investigation process is damaged. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํผ์ โ ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ์ด ํผ์๋๋ค means transparency is damaged.
H. ์์ง ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์๊ฒฉํ ์๋ก ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
The stricter the collection procedure, the more the examination result can be trusted. โ
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ โ ์ ๋ขฐํ๋ค means to trust.
I. ํ์ฅ ์ฌ์ง์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ์๋ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ฃผ๋ ์ค์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Scene photographs are important records showing the original state of the evidence. ๐ท
Answer
๊ธฐ๋ก โ ๊ธฐ๋ก can refer to documentation or a record.
J. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ์ ํ๋ฉด ์ฌํ์์ ๋ฐฉ์ด ์ธก์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋ค.
If evidence management is careless, it may receive objections from the defense at trial. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์ด์ ์ ๊ธฐ โ ์ด์ ์ ๊ธฐ means objection or raising an objection.
Vocabulary Box
- ์์ฌ๊ด โ investigator
- ํ์ฅ โ scene / site
- ํ์ โ trace
- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ evidence
- ์์งํ๋ค โ to collect
- ํํ ์๋ฃ โ bloodstain sample
- ์ค์ผ โ contamination
- ๋ณด์กดํ๋ค โ to preserve
- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๋ดํฌ โ evidence envelope
- ํผ์๋๋ค โ to be damaged
- ๋ณด๊ด ๊ณผ์ โ storage process
- ๋ฌด๊ฒฐ์ฑ โ integrity
- ์๋ฃ ์ฑ์ทจ โ sample collection
- ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค โ to record
- ์ ์ฐจ โ procedure
- ๋ถ์คํ๋ค โ to be poor / inadequate
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ reliability
- ์ฝํ๋๋ค โ to be weakened
- ์กฐ์น โ measure
- ํฌ๋ช ์ฑ โ transparency
- ์ด์ ์ ๊ธฐ โ objection
Tip ๐ก Reliability starts before the lab: collection, preservation, and records matter.
ย
Exercise 2 โ Objectivity, Reliability, and Reproducibility ๐งญ
A. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ถ์ธก์ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ ์๋ก ๋ถ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋์์ง๋ค.
The more personal guesses are excluded, the more objectivity of the analysis increases. ๐ง
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ means objectivity.
B. ๋์ผํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋์ค๋ฉด ์คํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ๋ณด๋๋ค.
If the same result appears under identical conditions, the reproducibility of the experiment is secured. ๐
Answer
์ฌํ์ฑ โ ์ฌํ์ฑ means reproducibility.
C. ์ฅ๋น ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ฉด ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ค์ ๊ฒํ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
If equipment error is found, the reliability of the analysis result must be reviewed again. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค means to review reliability.
D. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๊ณผ์ฅํ๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง ์ ์๋ค.
If an expert exaggerates the conclusion, the credibility of the examination result may fall. ๐ฃ
Answer
์ ๋น์ฑ โ ์ ๋น์ฑ means credibility; it overlaps with reliability in evaluation contexts.
E. ์์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ์ ์
๊ฒฌ์ ํ๋จ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ณ์ ์ ์๋ค.
The investigative agencyโs preconception can produce judgment bias. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํธํฅ โ ํ๋จ ํธํฅ means judgment bias.
F. ๋ถ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค๋ช
๋๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ๋์์ง๋ค.
If the analysis process is explained publicly, the transparency of the result increases. ๐ช
Answer
ํฌ๋ช
โ ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ means transparency.
G. ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต ํ์ธ๋์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ฌํ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
If the examination result is not repeatedly confirmed, it is difficult to secure reproducibility. ๐ฌ
Answer
ํ๋ณด โ ์ฌํ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค means to secure reproducibility.
H. ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ธ ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์์ด๋ ํด์ ๋จ๊ณ์์ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
Even with objective procedures, errors can occur at the interpretation stage. ๐งฉ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค means an error occurs.
I. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ฉด ๋ถ์์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
If the researcher verifies the result again, the reliability of the analysis can be strengthened. ๐ช
Answer
๊ฐํ โ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๊ฐํํ๋ค means to strengthen reliability.
J. ๊ณผํ์ ์์ฌ๋ ์ฃผ๊ด์ ์ง์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์๋ค.
Scientific investigation can provide a more objective basis than subjective testimony. ๐งช
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด โ ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ means an objective basis.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ฐ์ธ โ individual
- ์ถ์ธก โ guess
- ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๋ค โ to exclude
- ๋ถ์ โ analysis
- ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ objectivity
- ๋์ผํ ์กฐ๊ฑด โ identical condition
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ result
- ์ฌํ์ฑ โ reproducibility
- ์ฅ๋น ์ค๋ฅ โ equipment error
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ reliability
- ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค โ to review
- ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ โ expert
- ๊ณผ์ฅํ๋ค โ to exaggerate
- ์ ๋น์ฑ โ credibility
- ์์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด โ investigative agency
- ์ ์ ๊ฒฌ โ preconception
- ํ๋จ ํธํฅ โ judgment bias
- ํฌ๋ช ์ฑ โ transparency
- ํ๋ณดํ๋ค โ to secure
- ํด์ ๋จ๊ณ โ interpretation stage
- ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค โ to occur
- ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ to strengthen
- ์ฃผ๊ด์ ์ง์ โ subjective testimony
Tip ๐ก ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ is about reducing subjectivity; ์ฌํ์ฑ is about repeatable results.
ย
Exercise 3 โ Contamination and Interpretation Risk ๐งฌ
A. ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ์ ๋๋ก ๋ฐ๋ด๋์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ค์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์ง๋ค.
If the sample is not sealed properly, the possibility of contamination increases. ๐งซ
Answer
๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ ์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means possibility of contamination.
B. ์ธ๋ถ ๋ฌผ์ง์ด ์์ด๋ฉด ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If external substances mix in, the analysis result may be distorted. ๐ซ๏ธ
Answer
์๊ณก โ ์๊ณก๋๋ค means to be distorted.
C. ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค์ ๋ณด๋ค ํ์คํ๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Stating an examination result as more certain than it is is overinterpretation. ๐ข
Answer
ํด์ โ ๊ณผ์ ํด์ means overinterpretation.
D. ์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ ๋์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
If the possibility of contamination is not ruled out, the probative value of the evidence is weakened. ๐
Answer
์ฝํ โ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํ๋๋ค is the natural phrase.
E. ๋ถ์์๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ํ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ง์ถ์ด ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํด์ํ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์๊ธธ ์ ์๋ค.
If an analyst interprets data to match an expected conclusion, bias may arise. ๐ง
Answer
ํธํฅ โ ํธํฅ์ด ์๊ธฐ๋ค means bias arises.
F. ๋ถ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ค๋ช
์ ๋ฐฐ์ฌ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ฐ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ์ ์๋ค.
Insufficient explanation can lead jurors to overestimate the evidence. ๐ฉโโ๏ธ
Answer
๊ณผ๋ โ ๊ณผ๋ํ๊ฐ means overestimation.
G. ์๋ฃ ๋ณด๊ด ์จ๋๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๋ถ์์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
If the sample storage temperature is not recorded, the limits of the analysis must be acknowledged. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์ธ์ โ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค means to acknowledge limitations.
H. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋จ์ ์ ๋ช
ํํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
An expert must clearly distinguish possibility and certainty. ๐
Answer
๊ตฌ๋ถ โ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ค means to distinguish.
I. ์ค๋ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ค๋ช
ํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ ๋์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ค์ฒ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If the possibility of error is not explained, the examination result may be accepted as an absolute fact. ๐งฑ
Answer
์์ฉ โ ์์ฉ๋๋ค means to be accepted.
J. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ํด์์๋ ๊ณผํ ์ง์๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ ์คํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
Interpreting evidence requires not only scientific knowledge but also careful judgment. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํ๋จ โ ์ ์คํ ํ๋จ means careful judgment.
Vocabulary Box
- ์๋ฃ โ sample
- ๋ฐ๋ด๋๋ค โ to be sealed
- ์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ possibility of contamination
- ์ธ๋ถ ๋ฌผ์ง โ external substance
- ์์ด๋ค โ to mix
- ์๊ณก๋๋ค โ to be distorted
- ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ expert examination result
- ํ์คํ๋ค โ to be certain
- ๊ณผ์ ํด์ โ overinterpretation
- ๋ฐฐ์ ๋๋ค โ to be ruled out
- ์ฆ๋ช ๋ ฅ โ probative value
- ์ฝํ๋๋ค โ to be weakened
- ๋ถ์์ โ analyst
- ์๋ฃ โ data / material
- ํธํฅ โ bias
- ๋ฐฐ์ฌ์ โ juror
- ๊ณผ๋ํ๊ฐ โ overestimation
- ๋ณด๊ด ์จ๋ โ storage temperature
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
- ์ธ์ ํ๋ค โ to acknowledge
- ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ค โ to distinguish
- ์์ฉ๋๋ค โ to be accepted
- ์ ์คํ ํ๋จ โ careful judgment
Tip ๐ก Risk vocabulary keeps your Korean analysis balanced: ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ, ํ๊ณ, ํธํฅ, and ๊ณผ์ ํด์.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Legal Evaluation โ๏ธ
A. ๋ฒ์์ด ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋ฐ์๋ค์ผ ์ ์๋์ง๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋๋ค.
Whether the court can accept material as evidence is related to admissibility. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ โ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ concerns whether evidence can be legally used.
B. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ผ๋ง๋ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ์
์ฆํ๋์ง๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋๋ค.
How strongly evidence proves a criminal fact is related to probative value. ๐งพ
Answer
์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ โ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ is the power to prove a fact.
C. ์๋ฒํ๊ฒ ์์ง๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Illegally collected evidence may have its admissibility denied. ๐ซ
Answer
๋ถ์ โ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ์ ๋๋ค means admissibility is denied.
D. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ์ค๋ช
์ด ์ค๋๋ ฅ ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If expert explanation is persuasive, the evidenceโs probative value may be strengthened. ๐ฌ
Answer
๊ฐํ โ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐํ๋๋ค means probative value is strengthened.
E. ์ฌํ๋ถ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The court should evaluate the evidence while considering the limits of the examination result. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํ๊ฐ โ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค means to evaluate evidence.
F. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ธ์ ๋์ด๋ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ์ด ํญ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค.
Even if admissibility is recognized, probative value is not always strong. ๐งฉ
Answer
๊ฐํ โ ํญ์ ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค is the caution.
G. ๊ฐ์ ์ธ์ ์๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฒ์ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ ํ๋จํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
The expertโs qualifications become a standard for judging the credibility of forensic evidence. ๐ฉโ๐ฌ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค โ ํ๋จํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ค means a standard for judgment.
H. ๋ณํธ์ธ์ ์๋ฃ ์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The attorney challenged the reliability of the evidence based on the possibility of sample contamination. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๋คํฌ โ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๋คํฌ๋ค means to dispute or challenge reliability.
I. ๋ฒ์ ์์๋ ๊ณผํ์ ์ฉ์ด๋ ๋ฐฐ์ฌ์์ด ์ดํดํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
In court, scientific terms must also be explained so jurors can understand them. ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
์ค๋ช
โ ์ค๋ช
๋๋ค means to be explained.
J. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ํ๋จํ ๋๋ ์์ง ์ ์ฐจ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
When judging the value of evidence, collection procedure and analysis method must be considered together. ๐ง
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ ํจ๊ป ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค means to consider together.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ฒ์ โ court
- ์๋ฃ โ material / data
- ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ค โ to accept
- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ โ admissibility of evidence
- ๋ฒ์ฃ ์ฌ์ค โ criminal fact
- ์ ์ฆํ๋ค โ to prove
- ์ฆ๋ช ๋ ฅ โ probative value
- ์๋ฒํ๊ฒ โ illegally
- ์์ง๋๋ค โ to be collected
- ๋ถ์ ๋๋ค โ to be denied
- ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ์ค๋ช โ expert explanation
- ์ค๋๋ ฅ ์๋ค โ to be persuasive
- ๊ฐํ๋๋ค โ to be strengthened
- ์ฌํ๋ถ โ court / judicial panel
- ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ expert examination result
- ํ๊ฐํ๋ค โ to evaluate
- ๊ฐ์ ์ธ โ expert examiner
- ์๊ฒฉ โ qualification
- ์ ๋น์ฑ โ credibility
- ๊ธฐ์ค โ standard
- ๋ณํธ์ธ โ attorney / defense counsel
- ๋คํฌ๋ค โ to dispute / challenge
- ์ค๋ช ๋๋ค โ to be explained
- ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค โ to consider
Tip ๐ก Legal evaluation separates โCan it be used?โ from โHow much does it prove?โ
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ๊ณผํ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค.
Just because a scientific method was used, the result is not necessarily error-free. ๐งช
Answer
์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ์๋ โ โ Do not treat ๊ณผํ์ as โperfect.โ โ
Scientific methods still require verification.
B. ๋ฒ์ ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ ์๊ฒฉ์ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The qualification for use in court is admissibility, not probative value. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ โ โ
์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ = can it be used as evidence?
C. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ค์ ์
์ฆํ๋ ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The force with which evidence proves a fact is probative value, not admissibility. ๐งพ
Answer
์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ โ โ
์ฆ๋ช
๋ ฅ = how strongly does it prove something?
D. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒํ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ๋, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์๋๋ค.
When expert review is called examination, โ๊ฐ์ โ here is not emotion. ๐ถ
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ โ Do not read this as emotion. โ
Legal ๊ฐ์ means expert examination or appraisal.
E. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํ๋จ์ ์ค์ด๋ ์ฑ์ง์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The quality of reducing personal judgment is objectivity, not reliability. ๐งญ
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ โ
๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ is about reduced subjectivity.
F. ๊ฐ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ ์ฑ์ง์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The quality of results repeating under the same conditions is reproducibility. ๐
Answer
์ฌํ์ฑ โ โ
์ฌํ์ฑ is repeatability under the same conditions.
G. ์๋ฃ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ์ ํ๋ฉด ์ค์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
If sample management is careless, it is difficult to rule out the possibility of contamination. ๐งซ
Answer
๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ โ
์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ can weaken reliability and probative value.
H. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค์ ๋ณด๋ค ํ์คํ๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ฉด ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๊ธด๋ค.
If a result is stated as more certain than it really is, a problem of overinterpretation arises. ๐ข
Answer
ํด์ โ โ
๊ณผ์ ํด์ is overinterpretation.
I. ๋ถ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์์ง๋ค.
If the analysis process is not recorded, the transparency of the investigation decreases. ๐ช
Answer
ํฌ๋ช
โ โ
ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ requires documentation and explainability.
J. ๋ฒ์ํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์ ์์ง๋ง ์ ๋์ ์ง์ค๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์๋ ์ ๋๋ค.
Forensic evidence can be powerful, but it should not be generalized as absolute truth. ๐ฆ
Answer
์ผ๋ฐํ โ โ
Avoid absolute interpretation; evaluate procedure, contamination risk, reproducibility, and expert explanation.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ณผํ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ โ scientific method
- ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ์๋ค โ to be error-free
- ๊ฒ์ฆ โ verification
- ๋ฒ์ โ court
- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ โ admissibility
- ์ฆ๋ช ๋ ฅ โ probative value
- ์ ์ฆํ๋ค โ to prove
- ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ โ expert
- ๊ฐ์ โ expert examination / emotion, depending on context
- ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํ๋จ โ personal judgment
- ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ objectivity
- ๊ฐ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด โ same condition
- ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ค โ to be repeated
- ์ฌํ์ฑ โ reproducibility
- ์๋ฃ ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ sample management
- ํ์ ํ๋ค โ to be careless / lax
- ์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ possibility of contamination
- ๊ณผ์ ํด์ โ overinterpretation
- ๋ถ์ ๊ณผ์ โ analysis process
- ํฌ๋ช ์ฑ โ transparency
- ์ ๋์ ์ง์ค โ absolute truth
- ์ผ๋ฐํํ๋ค โ to generalize
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol: forensic evidence is strong only when method, records, reproducibility, and interpretation are strong.
ย
๐ Excellent work โ you can now discuss forensic evidence with the right balance of scientific respect and legal caution. That is exactly the tone advanced Korean wants: precise, careful, and allergic to overclaiming. ๐ฌ