๐Ÿ”ฌ

The Reliability of Forensic Evidence

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ / ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ / ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿ”ฌ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿงฌ ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ means forensic evidence: evidence examined through medical, biological, chemical, or scientific methods for legal use.
  • โš–๏ธ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ depends on strict collection, preservation, analysis, documentation, and interpretation โ€” science helps, but it does not magically remove every error.
  • ๐Ÿง  Advanced Korean often separates ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ (objectivity), ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ (reproducibility), ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ (admissibility), and ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ (probative value).
๐ŸŽง
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Type phrases like ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ (the reliability of forensic evidence), ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ (possibility of contamination), or ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ (admissibility and probative value) into
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear how long formal noun phrases flow. Your ears deserve expert witnesses too. ๐Ÿ‘‚
ย 

๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

In advanced Korean, forensic evidence is rarely treated as โ€œscience says so, case closed.โ€ A careful text usually asks how the evidence was collected, preserved, tested, interpreted, and presented.
The key idea is: ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ (scientific investigation) can increase ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ (objectivity), but the final reliability still depends on procedure. If a sample is contaminated, a test is not reproducible, or an expert overstates a result, even scientific-looking evidence can lose force.
So this lesson teaches vocabulary for a balanced argument: forensic evidence is powerful, but only when its method, chain of custody, reproducibility, and legal evaluation are strong. Tiny lab coat, big nuance. ๐Ÿฅผ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Forensic-Evidence Reliability Family

๐Ÿ”ฌ ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ€” forensic evidence

๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  means forensic or medico-legal, and ์ฆ๊ฑฐ means evidence. Together, ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ refers to evidence analyzed through scientific or medical methods in legal contexts.
Natural collocations:
  • ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to analyze forensic evidence
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to collect evidence
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to preserve evidence
  • ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to collect a sample

๐Ÿงช ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ โ€” scientific investigation

๊ณผํ•™์  ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ means investigation based on scientific methods, data, examination, and testing. It is used with words such as ๋ถ„์„ (analysis), ๊ฒ€์ฆ (verification), ๊ฐ์ • (expert examination), and ๊ธฐ๋ก (documentation).
Natural collocations:
  • ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to conduct a scientific investigation
  • ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to verify analysis results
  • ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to document expert examination results
  • ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to secure objectivity in the investigation process

๐Ÿงญ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ, ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ, ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ

These three words are close, but not identical:
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” objectivity; less influenced by personal feelings, assumptions, or bias.
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ€” reliability; the degree to which a result can be trusted.
  • ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ€” reproducibility; whether the same result appears again under the same conditions.
A method can look objective but still be unreliable if the sample was damaged. A result can sound impressive but still be weak if it cannot be reproduced. Science has standards for a reason. ๐Ÿ”Ž

โš–๏ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ and ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ

Legal Korean often separates these two:
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ โ€” admissibility; whether something can legally be used as evidence in court.
  • ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ โ€” probative value; how strongly the evidence proves a fact.
A piece of evidence may be admissible but not very persuasive. Another may seem persuasive but face questions about how it was obtained. Advanced texts love this distinction โ€” naturally, because legal vocabulary enjoys wearing three-piece suits. ๐Ÿ‘”

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

1. Reliability depends on procedure ๐Ÿงช

๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์กด๋œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์—„๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The reliability of forensic evidence depends on the strictness of the procedure by which the evidence was collected and preserved.
  • ์—„๊ฒฉ์„ฑ = strictness
  • A์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค = to depend on A
  • ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์กด๋œ = collected and preserved

2. Objectivity is not perfection ๐Ÿ”Ž

๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Just because a scientific method was used, the examination result is not always objective.
  • ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ = expert examination result
  • ํ•ญ์ƒ = always
  • A๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ B์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค = just because A, it is not necessarily B

3. Contamination weakens probative value ๐Ÿงฌ

์‹œ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the possibility of sample contamination is not ruled out, the probative value of that evidence may be weakened.
  • ์‹œ๋ฃŒ = sample
  • ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ = possibility of contamination
  • ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค = probative value is weakened

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

For this topic, build formal sentences with evidence noun + procedure/risk/evaluation verb:
  • A์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์€ B์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค โ€” the reliability of A depends on B
  • A์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to rule out the possibility of A
  • A์„/๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to secure A
  • A์„/๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค โ€” to weaken A
  • A์™€ B์„/๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to distinguish A and B
Useful formal frames:
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์กด ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์—„๊ฒฉํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค.
The stricter the evidence collection and preservation procedure is, the more reliable the expert examination result becomes.
  • ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
If the analysis process is not transparently documented, objectivity is difficult to secure.
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด์•ผ ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Distinguishing admissibility and probative value helps avoid overestimating forensic evidence.

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

The vocabulary and legal-scientific distinctions in this lesson were cross-checked against Korean reference usage, including ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์–ด์› / Korean.go.kr, with special attention to ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์˜ํ•™ (forensic/legal medicine), ์ฆ๊ฑฐ (evidence), ๊ฐ์ • as expert examination, and formal terms such as ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ, ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ, ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, and ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™ โ€” forensic medicine; common in legal/medical contexts.
  • ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์˜ํ•™ โ€” legal medicine; a formal term connected to applying medical facts to legal issues.
  • ๊ฐ์ • โ€” expert examination/appraisal in legal contexts; not โ€œemotionโ€ here.
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” verification; checking whether a result or claim is valid.
  • ์ž…์ฆ โ€” proof / proving; showing that a fact is true.
  • ์ฆ๋ช… โ€” proof; broader and often formal.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ โœ… ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋„ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์‹คํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค (Scientific evidence is not automatically absolute.)
  • โŒ ๊ฐ์ • = emotion in every context โ†’ โœ… ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ = expert examination result in legal/scientific contexts.
  • โŒ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ and ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ mean the same thing โ†’ โœ… ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ asks whether it can be used; ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ asks how strongly it proves something.
  • โŒ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ and ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ are interchangeable โ†’ โœ… Objectivity reduces subjectivity; reliability concerns whether the result can be trusted.
  • โŒ Ignoring ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ โœ… Contamination can weaken both reliability and probative value.
๐Ÿง  The advanced move is balance: forensic evidence can be powerful, but strong Korean analysis always asks whether the method, record, and interpretation deserve trust. Tiny microscope, giant responsibility. ๐Ÿ”ฌ
ย 

Try this exercise

Instructions: Complete each sentence with the most natural forensic-evidence term. Focus on whether the sentence is talking about objectivity, reliability, reproducibility, contamination, admissibility, or probative value.
1. ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ๋ณด์กด ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์—„๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The reliability of forensic evidence depends on the strictness of collection and preservation procedures. ๐Ÿ”ฌ
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ means reliability, the degree to which the evidence can be trusted.
2. ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The quality of the same analysis result repeating under the same conditions is called reproducibility. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ€” ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ means reproducibility.
3. ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ›ผ์†๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ์˜ค์—ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The risk that a sample may be damaged by external substances is called the possibility of contamination. ๐Ÿงฌ
Answer
๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€” ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ means possibility of contamination.
4. ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๊ฒฉ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
The qualification for material to be used as evidence in court is admissibility. โš–๏ธ
Answer
์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ โ€” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ asks whether something can legally be used as evidence.
5. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค.
How strongly evidence proves a fact is related to probative value. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ โ€” ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ means the force or value of proof.
6. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์ˆ˜๋ก ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
As personal bias decreases, the objectivity of the investigation process may increase. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ means objectivity.
7. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›์ด ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the expert examination result is not sufficiently explained, jurors may overestimate it. ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ์ • โ€” In this context, ๊ฐ์ • means expert examination, not emotion.
8. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๋ณด๊ด€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
If evidence storage records are insufficient, it is difficult to recognize the reliability of the analysis result. ๐Ÿ—ƒ๏ธ
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ€” Weak records make the result harder to trust.
9. ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Just because a scientific method was used, it does not necessarily mean there are no errors. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
์—†๋Š” โ€” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค is the caution pattern.
10. ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the possibility of contamination is not ruled out, the probative value of the evidence may be weakened. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
์•ฝํ™” โ€” ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means probative value is weakened.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ†’ forensic evidence
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ†’ reliability
  • ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to collect
  • ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to preserve
  • ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ†’ procedure
  • ์—„๊ฒฉ์„ฑ โ†’ strictness
  • ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ†’ reproducibility
  • ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ analysis result
  • ์‹œ๋ฃŒ โ†’ sample
  • ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ โ†’ external substance
  • ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ possibility of contamination
  • ๋ฒ•์ • โ†’ court
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ โ†’ admissibility of evidence
  • ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ โ†’ probative value
  • ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to prove
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ†’ objectivity
  • ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ โ†’ prejudice / preconception
  • ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ expert examination result
  • ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์› โ†’ juror
  • ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to overestimate
  • ๊ธฐ๋ก โ†’ record
  • ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ โ†’ error
  • ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be weakened
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ is about legal use; ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ is about persuasive strength.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns forensic vocabulary into careful legal-scientific sentence power. ๐Ÿงช
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” The Reliability of Forensic Evidence
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Welcome to the Practice Hub for The Reliability of Forensic Evidence. Youโ€™ll practice the vocabulary that lets Korean arguments sound careful rather than overconfident: evidence, samples, contamination, objectivity, reproducibility, admissibility, and probative value. ๐Ÿงฌ
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a phrase or sentence aloud.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Fill in each blank with the best Korean expression. After answering, open the Answer toggle and check the reason, especially when two terms look similar.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Evidence Handling and Procedure ๐Ÿ—ƒ๏ธ

A. ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ด€์€ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ํ”์ ์„ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The investigator collected traces found at the scene as evidence. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์ˆ˜์ง‘ โ€” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋‹ค means to collect evidence.
B. ํ˜ˆํ” ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The bloodstain sample was preserved separately to prevent contamination. ๐Ÿฉธ
Answer
๋ณด์กด โ€” ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋‹ค means to preserve a sample.
C. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๋ด‰ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ›ผ์†๋˜๋ฉด ๋ณด๊ด€ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ์˜์‹ฌ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the evidence envelope is damaged, the integrity of the storage process may be questioned. โœ‰๏ธ
Answer
๋ฌด๊ฒฐ โ€” ๋ฌด๊ฒฐ์„ฑ means integrity, the state of being intact and unaltered.
D. ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ์ฑ„์ทจ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The time and place of sample collection must be recorded accurately. ๐Ÿ•’
Answer
๊ธฐ๋ก โ€” ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋‹ค means to record or document.
E. ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์‹คํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the procedure is poor, the reliability of forensic evidence may be weakened. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
์•ฝํ™” โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค is a natural formal phrase.
F. ๋ถ„์„ ์ „ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Checking the sample condition before analysis is a measure that reduces the possibility of contamination. ๐Ÿงซ
Answer
์กฐ์น˜ โ€” ์กฐ์น˜ means a measure or action taken.
G. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๋ณด๊ด€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋Š๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
If evidence storage records are interrupted, transparency in the investigation process is damaged. ๐Ÿ—‚๏ธ
Answer
ํ›ผ์† โ€” ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ํ›ผ์†๋˜๋‹ค means transparency is damaged.
H. ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์—„๊ฒฉํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The stricter the collection procedure, the more the examination result can be trusted. โœ…
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋‹ค means to trust.
I. ํ˜„์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Scene photographs are important records showing the original state of the evidence. ๐Ÿ“ท
Answer
๊ธฐ๋ก โ€” ๊ธฐ๋ก can refer to documentation or a record.
J. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ์ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ธก์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If evidence management is careless, it may receive objections from the defense at trial. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
์ด์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ โ€” ์ด์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ means objection or raising an objection.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ด€ โ†’ investigator
  • ํ˜„์žฅ โ†’ scene / site
  • ํ”์  โ†’ trace
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence
  • ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to collect
  • ํ˜ˆํ” ์‹œ๋ฃŒ โ†’ bloodstain sample
  • ์˜ค์—ผ โ†’ contamination
  • ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to preserve
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๋ด‰ํˆฌ โ†’ evidence envelope
  • ํ›ผ์†๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be damaged
  • ๋ณด๊ด€ ๊ณผ์ • โ†’ storage process
  • ๋ฌด๊ฒฐ์„ฑ โ†’ integrity
  • ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ์ฑ„์ทจ โ†’ sample collection
  • ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to record
  • ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ†’ procedure
  • ๋ถ€์‹คํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be poor / inadequate
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ†’ reliability
  • ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be weakened
  • ์กฐ์น˜ โ†’ measure
  • ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ โ†’ transparency
  • ์ด์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ โ†’ objection
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Reliability starts before the lab: collection, preservation, and records matter.
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Exercise 2 โ€” Objectivity, Reliability, and Reproducibility ๐Ÿงญ

A. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ถ”์ธก์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค.
The more personal guesses are excluded, the more objectivity of the analysis increases. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ means objectivity.
B. ๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋œ๋‹ค.
If the same result appears under identical conditions, the reproducibility of the experiment is secured. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ€” ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ means reproducibility.
C. ์žฅ๋น„ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
If equipment error is found, the reliability of the analysis result must be reviewed again. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค means to review reliability.
D. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๊ณผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If an expert exaggerates the conclusion, the credibility of the examination result may fall. ๐Ÿ“ฃ
Answer
์‹ ๋น™์„ฑ โ€” ์‹ ๋น™์„ฑ means credibility; it overlaps with reliability in evaluation contexts.
E. ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์€ ํŒ๋‹จ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋‚ณ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The investigative agencyโ€™s preconception can produce judgment bias. โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํŽธํ–ฅ โ€” ํŒ๋‹จ ํŽธํ–ฅ means judgment bias.
F. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค.
If the analysis process is explained publicly, the transparency of the result increases. ๐ŸชŸ
Answer
ํˆฌ๋ช… โ€” ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ means transparency.
G. ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํ™•์ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
If the examination result is not repeatedly confirmed, it is difficult to secure reproducibility. ๐Ÿ”ฌ
Answer
ํ™•๋ณด โ€” ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค means to secure reproducibility.
H. ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ํ•ด์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Even with objective procedures, errors can occur at the interpretation stage. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
๋ฐœ์ƒ โ€” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค means an error occurs.
I. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the researcher verifies the result again, the reliability of the analysis can be strengthened. ๐Ÿ’ช
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™” โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to strengthen reliability.
J. ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ง„์ˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Scientific investigation can provide a more objective basis than subjective testimony. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด€ โ€” ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ means an objective basis.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฐœ์ธ โ†’ individual
  • ์ถ”์ธก โ†’ guess
  • ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to exclude
  • ๋ถ„์„ โ†’ analysis
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ†’ objectivity
  • ๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด โ†’ identical condition
  • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ result
  • ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ†’ reproducibility
  • ์žฅ๋น„ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ โ†’ equipment error
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ†’ reliability
  • ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to review
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ โ†’ expert
  • ๊ณผ์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to exaggerate
  • ์‹ ๋น™์„ฑ โ†’ credibility
  • ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€ โ†’ investigative agency
  • ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ โ†’ preconception
  • ํŒ๋‹จ ํŽธํ–ฅ โ†’ judgment bias
  • ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ โ†’ transparency
  • ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to secure
  • ํ•ด์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ โ†’ interpretation stage
  • ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to occur
  • ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to strengthen
  • ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ง„์ˆ  โ†’ subjective testimony
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ is about reducing subjectivity; ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ is about repeatable results.
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Exercise 3 โ€” Contamination and Interpretation Risk ๐Ÿงฌ

A. ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋ด‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์˜ค์—ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค.
If the sample is not sealed properly, the possibility of contamination increases. ๐Ÿงซ
Answer
๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€” ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ means possibility of contamination.
B. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์„ž์ด๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If external substances mix in, the analysis result may be distorted. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
์™œ๊ณก โ€” ์™œ๊ณก๋˜๋‹ค means to be distorted.
C. ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Stating an examination result as more certain than it is is overinterpretation. ๐Ÿ“ข
Answer
ํ•ด์„ โ€” ๊ณผ์ž‰ ํ•ด์„ means overinterpretation.
D. ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
If the possibility of contamination is not ruled out, the probative value of the evidence is weakened. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
์•ฝํ™” โ€” ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค is the natural phrase.
E. ๋ถ„์„์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If an analyst interprets data to match an expected conclusion, bias may arise. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
ํŽธํ–ฅ โ€” ํŽธํ–ฅ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋‹ค means bias arises.
F. ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ‰๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Insufficient explanation can lead jurors to overestimate the evidence. ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ณผ๋Œ€ โ€” ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€ means overestimation.
G. ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ๋ณด๊ด€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
If the sample storage temperature is not recorded, the limits of the analysis must be acknowledged. ๐ŸŒก๏ธ
Answer
์ธ์ • โ€” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค means to acknowledge limitations.
H. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ •์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
An expert must clearly distinguish possibility and certainty. ๐Ÿ”€
Answer
๊ตฌ๋ถ„ โ€” ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค means to distinguish.
I. ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the possibility of error is not explained, the examination result may be accepted as an absolute fact. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
์ˆ˜์šฉ โ€” ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค means to be accepted.
J. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ํ•ด์„์—๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ์ง€์‹๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Interpreting evidence requires not only scientific knowledge but also careful judgment. โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํŒ๋‹จ โ€” ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ means careful judgment.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์‹œ๋ฃŒ โ†’ sample
  • ๋ฐ€๋ด‰๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be sealed
  • ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ possibility of contamination
  • ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ โ†’ external substance
  • ์„ž์ด๋‹ค โ†’ to mix
  • ์™œ๊ณก๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be distorted
  • ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ expert examination result
  • ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be certain
  • ๊ณผ์ž‰ ํ•ด์„ โ†’ overinterpretation
  • ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be ruled out
  • ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ โ†’ probative value
  • ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be weakened
  • ๋ถ„์„์ž โ†’ analyst
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ data / material
  • ํŽธํ–ฅ โ†’ bias
  • ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์› โ†’ juror
  • ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ†’ overestimation
  • ๋ณด๊ด€ ์˜จ๋„ โ†’ storage temperature
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limitation
  • ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to acknowledge
  • ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to distinguish
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be accepted
  • ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ โ†’ careful judgment
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Risk vocabulary keeps your Korean analysis balanced: ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ํ•œ๊ณ„, ํŽธํ–ฅ, and ๊ณผ์ž‰ ํ•ด์„.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Legal Evaluation โš–๏ธ

A. ๋ฒ•์›์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค.
Whether the court can accept material as evidence is related to admissibility. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ โ€” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ concerns whether evidence can be legally used.
B. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค.
How strongly evidence proves a criminal fact is related to probative value. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ โ€” ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ is the power to prove a fact.
C. ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Illegally collected evidence may have its admissibility denied. ๐Ÿšซ
Answer
๋ถ€์ • โ€” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์ •๋˜๋‹ค means admissibility is denied.
D. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If expert explanation is persuasive, the evidenceโ€™s probative value may be strengthened. ๐Ÿ’ฌ
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™” โ€” ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means probative value is strengthened.
E. ์žฌํŒ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The court should evaluate the evidence while considering the limits of the examination result. โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ€” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค means to evaluate evidence.
F. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ธ์ •๋˜์–ด๋„ ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Even if admissibility is recognized, probative value is not always strong. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ•œ โ€” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค is the caution.
G. ๊ฐ์ •์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ฒฉ์€ ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹ ๋น™์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.
The expertโ€™s qualifications become a standard for judging the credibility of forensic evidence. ๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ”ฌ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค€ โ€” ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€ means a standard for judgment.
H. ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์ธ์€ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The attorney challenged the reliability of the evidence based on the possibility of sample contamination. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
๋‹คํˆฌ โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹คํˆฌ๋‹ค means to dispute or challenge reliability.
I. ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ์šฉ์–ด๋„ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
In court, scientific terms must also be explained so jurors can understand them. ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Answer
์„ค๋ช… โ€” ์„ค๋ช…๋˜๋‹ค means to be explained.
J. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When judging the value of evidence, collection procedure and analysis method must be considered together. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ€” ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค means to consider together.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋ฒ•์› โ†’ court
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ material / data
  • ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋‹ค โ†’ to accept
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ โ†’ admissibility of evidence
  • ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค โ†’ criminal fact
  • ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to prove
  • ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ โ†’ probative value
  • ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ โ†’ illegally
  • ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be collected
  • ๋ถ€์ •๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be denied
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช… โ†’ expert explanation
  • ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋‹ค โ†’ to be persuasive
  • ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be strengthened
  • ์žฌํŒ๋ถ€ โ†’ court / judicial panel
  • ๊ฐ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ expert examination result
  • ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to evaluate
  • ๊ฐ์ •์ธ โ†’ expert examiner
  • ์ž๊ฒฉ โ†’ qualification
  • ์‹ ๋น™์„ฑ โ†’ credibility
  • ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ standard
  • ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์ธ โ†’ attorney / defense counsel
  • ๋‹คํˆฌ๋‹ค โ†’ to dispute / challenge
  • ์„ค๋ช…๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be explained
  • ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to consider
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Legal evaluation separates โ€œCan it be used?โ€ from โ€œHow much does it prove?โ€
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Just because a scientific method was used, the result is not necessarily error-free. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” โ€” โŒ Do not treat ๊ณผํ•™์  as โ€œperfect.โ€ โœ… Scientific methods still require verification.
B. ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๊ฒฉ์€ ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
The qualification for use in court is admissibility, not probative value. โš–๏ธ
Answer
์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ โ€” โœ… ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ = can it be used as evidence?
C. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
The force with which evidence proves a fact is probative value, not admissibility. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ โ€” โœ… ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ = how strongly does it prove something?
D. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ฐ์ •์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
When expert review is called examination, โ€œ๊ฐ์ •โ€ here is not emotion. ๐Ÿ˜ถ
Answer
๊ฐ์ • โ€” โŒ Do not read this as emotion. โœ… Legal ๊ฐ์ • means expert examination or appraisal.
E. ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
The quality of reducing personal judgment is objectivity, not reliability. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” โœ… ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ is about reduced subjectivity.
F. ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
The quality of results repeating under the same conditions is reproducibility. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ€” โœ… ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ is repeatability under the same conditions.
G. ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ์ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ค์—ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
If sample management is careless, it is difficult to rule out the possibility of contamination. ๐Ÿงซ
Answer
๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€” โœ… ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ can weaken reliability and probative value.
H. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณผ์ž‰ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค.
If a result is stated as more certain than it really is, a problem of overinterpretation arises. ๐Ÿ“ข
Answer
ํ•ด์„ โ€” โœ… ๊ณผ์ž‰ ํ•ด์„ is overinterpretation.
I. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„๋‹ค.
If the analysis process is not recorded, the transparency of the investigation decreases. ๐ŸชŸ
Answer
ํˆฌ๋ช… โ€” โœ… ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ requires documentation and explainability.
J. ๋ฒ•์˜ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ์ง„์‹ค๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.
Forensic evidence can be powerful, but it should not be generalized as absolute truth. ๐Ÿšฆ
Answer
์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” โ€” โœ… Avoid absolute interpretation; evaluate procedure, contamination risk, reproducibility, and expert explanation.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• โ†’ scientific method
  • ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค โ†’ to be error-free
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ†’ verification
  • ๋ฒ•์ • โ†’ court
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ โ†’ admissibility
  • ์ฆ๋ช…๋ ฅ โ†’ probative value
  • ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to prove
  • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ โ†’ expert
  • ๊ฐ์ • โ†’ expert examination / emotion, depending on context
  • ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํŒ๋‹จ โ†’ personal judgment
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ†’ objectivity
  • ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด โ†’ same condition
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be repeated
  • ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ โ†’ reproducibility
  • ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ โ†’ sample management
  • ํ—ˆ์ˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be careless / lax
  • ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ possibility of contamination
  • ๊ณผ์ž‰ ํ•ด์„ โ†’ overinterpretation
  • ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณผ์ • โ†’ analysis process
  • ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ โ†’ transparency
  • ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ์ง„์‹ค โ†’ absolute truth
  • ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to generalize
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol: forensic evidence is strong only when method, records, reproducibility, and interpretation are strong.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work โ€” you can now discuss forensic evidence with the right balance of scientific respect and legal caution. That is exactly the tone advanced Korean wants: precise, careful, and allergic to overclaiming. ๐Ÿ”ฌ