๐Ÿ“Š

The Quality of Life Metrics

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ง€ํ‘œ / ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜ / ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฒ™๋„
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿ“Š
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐ŸŒฟ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ means quality of life: the overall conditions that make everyday life safe, healthy, meaningful, and livable.
  • ๐Ÿ“Š ์ง€ํ‘œ means indicator/metric, while ์ฒ™๋„ means scale/measure โ€” both help turn abstract social conditions into something discussable.
  • ๐Ÿ˜Š ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜ means happiness index, but advanced writing usually treats it as one lens among many, not a magic โ€œeveryone is fineโ€ sticker.
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear phrases like ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค (to measure quality of life) or ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค (to use as a social scale).
ย 

๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

When Korean articles discuss social progress, they often move beyond income and ask a deeper question: How well are people actually living? That is where ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ง€ํ‘œ (quality-of-life indicators), ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜ (happiness index), and ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฒ™๋„ (social scale/measure) become useful. ๐ŸŒฑ
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ (quality of life) includes income, health, housing, education, safety, leisure, environment, social trust, and subjective satisfaction. It is broader than ์†Œ๋“ ์ˆ˜์ค€ (income level), because a higher paycheck does not automatically mean a better life. Tiny tragedy: money buys coffee, but not necessarily sleep. โ˜•
์ง€ํ‘œ (indicator/metric) is often used for measurable data: ๊ณ ์šฉ ์ง€ํ‘œ (employment indicator), ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ง€ํ‘œ (health indicator), ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ง€ํ‘œ (housing indicator). ์ฒ™๋„ (scale/measure) often emphasizes the standard or yardstick used to evaluate something: ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฒ™๋„ (social scale), ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„ (evaluation scale).
ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜ (happiness index) is attractive because it sounds human. But advanced Korean writing often warns that one index can hide inequality, regional gaps, or differences between objective conditions and subjective satisfaction. ๐Ÿ“‰

๐ŸŽจ The Core Quality-of-Life Metrics Family

๐ŸŒฟ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” quality of life

Use ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ when discussing the overall lived conditions of individuals or communities.
  • ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๋‹ค = to raise quality of life
  • ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋‹ค = quality of life improves
  • ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋‹ค = quality of life declines
  • ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค = to measure quality of life

๐Ÿ“Š ์ง€ํ‘œ โ€” indicator / metric

์ง€ํ‘œ points to data that indicates a condition or trend.
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง€ํ‘œ = social indicator
  • ๋ณต์ง€ ์ง€ํ‘œ = welfare indicator
  • ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ง€ํ‘œ = health indicator
  • ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค = to develop an indicator
  • ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋‹ค = to use as an indicator

๐Ÿ˜Š ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜ โ€” happiness index

ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜ is a quantified measure of happiness or perceived well-being.
  • ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค = to calculate a happiness index
  • ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋‹ค = the happiness index rises
  • ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜๋‹ค = the happiness index falls
  • ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ = subjective satisfaction

๐Ÿ“ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฒ™๋„ โ€” social scale / social measure

์ฒ™๋„ is a scale, standard, or measure used for evaluation.
  • ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„ = evaluation scale
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค = to use as a social measure
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์ฒ™๋„ = objective measure
  • ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ฒ™๋„ = subjective measure

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ๐ŸŒฟ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์†Œ๋“๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ์•ˆ์ „์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. (The government seeks to measure quality of life by including not only income but also housing, health, and safety.)
    • ์†Œ๋“ = income, ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ = housing, ์•ˆ์ „ = safety, ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋‹ค = to include.
  • ๐Ÿ“Š ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋‹ค. (Employment rate and access to medical care are important indicators showing a regionโ€™s quality of life.)
    • ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ฅ  = employment rate, ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ = access to medical care, ์ง€์—ญ = region.
  • ๐Ÿ˜Š ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (A happiness index is useful, but it may not fully explain the degree of inequality.)
    • ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค = to be useful, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ = inequality, ์ •๋„ = degree/extent.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

This lesson is vocabulary-based, so the key is choosing the right noun for the analytical job. ๐Ÿงฐ
  • Use ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ when the sentence asks what is being improved, measured, or compared.
  • Use ์ง€ํ‘œ when the sentence points to data that indicates a social condition.
  • Use ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜ when the sentence focuses on quantified happiness or subjective well-being.
  • Use ์ฒ™๋„ when the sentence highlights a standard, scale, or evaluative yardstick.

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

Key terms and usage patterns were cross-checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์–ด์› / korean.go.kr, including official usage of ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ, ์ง€ํ‘œ, ์ง€์ˆ˜, ์ฒ™๋„, ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ณ„, and related public-language examples. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ์ง€ํ‘œ (indicator/metric) vs. ์ง€์ˆ˜ (index): ์ง€ํ‘œ can be any indicator; ์ง€์ˆ˜ is often a calculated index made from data.
  • ์ฒ™๋„ (scale/measure) vs. ๊ธฐ์ค€ (standard/criterion): ์ฒ™๋„ feels like a measuring scale; ๊ธฐ์ค€ feels like a standard for judgment.
  • ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ (quality of life) vs. ์ƒํ™œ ์ˆ˜์ค€ (standard of living): ์ƒํ™œ ์ˆ˜์ค€ often leans toward material conditions; ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ is broader and more human-centered.
  • ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ (subjective satisfaction) vs. ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์กฐ๊ฑด (objective conditions): both matter, but they can move differently.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ Translating ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ as only โ€œincome levelโ€ โ†’ โœ… โ€œquality of lifeโ€ (It includes health, safety, housing, environment, leisure, and more. ๐ŸŒฟ)
  • โŒ Using ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜ as proof that every group is happy โ†’ โœ… check inequality, region, age, and measurement method. ๐Ÿ”
  • โŒ Confusing ์ง€ํ‘œ and ์ง€์ˆ˜ โ†’ โœ… ์ง€ํ‘œ is an indicator; ์ง€์ˆ˜ is often a calculated index. ๐Ÿ“Š
  • โŒ Treating ์ฒ™๋„ as a physical ruler only โ†’ โœ… in social analysis it means an evaluative scale or measure. ๐Ÿ“
  • โŒ Saying ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค โ†’ โœ… ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค or ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค (Quality is high/low, not big/small. ๐ŸŽš๏ธ)

๐ŸŽ‰ These words help you read social-policy Korean with sharper judgment: what is being measured, which data counts, whose happiness is visible, and whose quality of life might be hidden behind the average. ๐Ÿง 
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Try this exercise

Read each sentence and fill the blank with the best word or phrase. Then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance โ€” especially the difference between ์ง€ํ‘œ, ์ง€์ˆ˜, and ์ฒ™๋„. ๐Ÿ“Š
1. ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ตํ†ต ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†’์ด๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The city aims to raise citizensโ€™ quality of life by improving housing and transportation. ๐Ÿ™๏ธ
Answer
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๋‹ค is the natural phrase.
2. ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ์€ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
The unemployment rate is an important indicator showing the regional economic situation. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
์ง€ํ‘œ โ€” ์ง€ํ‘œ is data that indicates a condition.
3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์€ ์„ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The research team calculated a happiness index based on survey results. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜ โ€” ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค means to calculate an index.
4. ๊ทธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
That evaluation is used as a social measure for judging educational gaps. ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
์ฒ™๋„ โ€” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฒ™๋„ means a social measure or scale.
5. ์†Œ๋“์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋„ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ค„๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Even if income rises, quality of life may decline if leisure time decreases. โณ
Answer
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” Use ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋‹ค, not โ€œbecome small.โ€
6. ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์€ ๋ณต์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžŒ๋‹ค.
Access to medical care is considered a key indicator for evaluating welfare level. ๐Ÿฅ
Answer
์ง€ํ‘œ โ€” A measurable sign of welfare conditions is a ์ง€ํ‘œ.
7. ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
It is difficult to explain reality using only an index that expresses happiness as one number. ๐Ÿ”ข
Answer
ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜ โ€” A single happiness index can hide complex conditions.
8. ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
A consistent evaluation scale is necessary to compare policy effects. โš–๏ธ
Answer
์ฒ™๋„ โ€” ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„ means evaluation scale.
9. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ์•ˆ์ „, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋‹ค.
Environment, safety, and health are all elements that make up quality of life. ๐ŸŒณ
Answer
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” These are components of quality of life.
10. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government developed new social indicators and tracked changes by region. ๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ
Answer
์ง€ํ‘œ โ€” ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค is natural.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ†’ quality of life
  • ์ง€ํ‘œ โ†’ indicator; metric
  • ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜ โ†’ happiness index
  • ์ฒ™๋„ โ†’ scale; measure
  • ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ housing
  • ๊ตํ†ต โ†’ transportation
  • ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ  โ†’ unemployment rate
  • ์„ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ survey results
  • ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ educational gap
  • ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ โ†’ leisure time
  • ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ โ†’ access to medical care
  • ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ policy effect
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก If it is a data sign, choose ์ง€ํ‘œ; if it is a measuring yardstick, choose ์ฒ™๋„.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Continue into the Practice Hub below and make these metrics behave like polite little data citizens. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
ย 
๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” The Quality of Life Metrics
Welcome to your quality-of-life metrics workout. ๐ŸŒฟ Youโ€™ll practice how Korean uses ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ (quality of life), ์ง€ํ‘œ (indicator), ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜ (happiness index), and ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฒ™๋„ (social measure) in policy, research, and social commentary.
๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a sentence.
๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Fill each blank with the best Korean word or phrase. Read the full sentence aloud, notice the collocation, then check the Answer toggle.

Exercise 1 โ€” ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ Collocations ๐ŸŒฟ

A. ๊ณต์› ํ™•์ถฉ์€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
Expanding parks helps raise residentsโ€™ quality of life. ๐ŸŒณ
Answer
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๋‹ค is the main collocation.
B. ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋…ธ๋™์€ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Long working hours can lower workersโ€™ quality of life. ๐Ÿ•ฐ๏ธ
Answer
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค means to reduce quality of life.
C. ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๋ณดํ–‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์•„๋™์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
A safe walking environment is directly connected to childrenโ€™s quality of life. ๐Ÿšธ
Answer
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” ์ง๊ฒฐ๋˜๋‹ค means to be directly connected.
D. ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์€ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค.
Housing insecurity greatly affects young adultsโ€™ quality of life. ๐Ÿ 
Answer
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” Housing is a core quality-of-life factor.
E. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์˜ค์—ผ์ด ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„๋‹ค.
When air pollution worsens, the cityโ€™s quality of life also declines. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” Use ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋‹ค for quality becoming lower.
F. ๋ฌธํ™” ์‹œ์„ค ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์€ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
Access to cultural facilities contributes to improving older adultsโ€™ quality of life. ๐ŸŽญ
Answer
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋‹ค means to contribute to improvement.
G. ์ •์‹  ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋‹ค.
Mental-health services are a mechanism for protecting studentsโ€™ quality of life. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” Mental health is part of quality of life.
H. ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
Regional gaps in medical care lead to differences in quality of life. ๐Ÿฅ
Answer
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค means to lead to differences.
I. ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If leisure time is insufficient, an individualโ€™s quality of life may drop. ๐ŸŽง
Answer
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋‹ค is natural.
J. ๋ณต์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
The goal of welfare policy is to improve vulnerable groupsโ€™ quality of life. ๐Ÿค
Answer
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค is also natural.
๐Ÿ“š
Reference Hub
  • ๊ณต์› ํ™•์ถฉ โ†’ park expansion
  • ์ฃผ๋ฏผ โ†’ resident
  • ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋…ธ๋™ โ†’ long working hours
  • ๋ณดํ–‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ โ†’ walking environment
  • ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ โ†’ housing insecurity
  • ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์˜ค์—ผ โ†’ air pollution
  • ๋ฌธํ™” ์‹œ์„ค โ†’ cultural facility
  • ์ •์‹  ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์„œ๋น„์Šค โ†’ mental-health service
  • ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ medical-care gap
  • ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต โ†’ vulnerable group
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Say ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค/๋‚ฎ๋‹ค, not ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค/์ž‘๋‹ค.

Exercise 2 โ€” ์ง€ํ‘œ, ์ง€์ˆ˜, and Data Words ๐Ÿ“Š

A. ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ฅ ์€ ๋…ธ๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
The employment rate is a representative indicator showing the state of the labor market. ๐Ÿ‘ท
Answer
์ง€ํ‘œ โ€” A data point showing a condition is a ์ง€ํ‘œ.
B. ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค.
The inflation rate is used as an important indicator for understanding household burden. ๐Ÿ›’
Answer
์ง€ํ‘œ โ€” ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋‹ค means to be used as an indicator.
C. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ํ–‰๋ณต ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The researchers combined several survey items to create a subjective happiness index. ๐Ÿ˜Š
Answer
์ง€์ˆ˜ โ€” A calculated index is ์ง€์ˆ˜.
D. ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ ์ƒํ™œ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
Housing stability is a key indicator for evaluating living conditions. ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
์ง€ํ‘œ โ€” It indicates living conditions.
E. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์•ˆ์ „ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The survey organization compared safety indexes by region. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
์ง€์ˆ˜ โ€” ์•ˆ์ „ ์ง€์ˆ˜ is a calculated safety index.
F. ๋ณต์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋น„์œจ์€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The welfare-budget ratio can become an indicator showing the governmentโ€™s policy priorities. ๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
์ง€ํ‘œ โ€” It points to policy priorities.
G. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€ ๋…น์ง€ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ํ•ฉ์ณ ๋„์‹œ ์ƒํ™œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
They calculated an urban-living index by combining environmental satisfaction and green-space area. ๐ŸŒฒ
Answer
์ง€์ˆ˜ โ€” ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค commonly pairs with ์ง€์ˆ˜.
H. ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์€ ๋†์–ด์ดŒ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
Access to medical care is an important indicator explaining quality of life in rural and fishing communities. ๐Ÿš‘
Answer
์ง€ํ‘œ โ€” Access data indicates a life-quality condition.
I. ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒญ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The statistics office announced a new social-indicator system. ๐Ÿ—‚๏ธ
Answer
์ง€ํ‘œ โ€” ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง€ํ‘œ ์ฒด๊ณ„ means social-indicator system.
J. ๋‹จ์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
It is difficult to judge a regionโ€™s reality with a single index alone. ๐Ÿ”ข
Answer
์ง€์ˆ˜ โ€” A single calculated index can oversimplify reality.
๐Ÿ“š
Reference Hub
  • ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ฅ  โ†’ employment rate
  • ๋…ธ๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ โ†’ labor market
  • ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šน๋ฅ  โ†’ inflation rate
  • ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ household burden
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„ โ†’ researchers
  • ๋ฌธํ•ญ โ†’ survey item/question
  • ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ โ†’ housing stability
  • ๋…น์ง€ ๋ฉด์  โ†’ green-space area
  • ๋†์–ด์ดŒ โ†’ rural and fishing communities
  • ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒญ โ†’ statistics office
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์ง€ํ‘œ points; ์ง€์ˆ˜ is often calculated.

Exercise 3 โ€” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฒ™๋„ and Evaluation Language ๐Ÿ“

A. ๊ทธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
That survey is used as a scale for evaluating the degree of social integration. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์ฒ™๋„ โ€” A tool or scale for evaluation is a ์ฒ™๋„.
B. ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Trust can become a social measure for judging community health. ๐Ÿค
Answer
์ฒ™๋„ โ€” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฒ™๋„ is the lessonโ€™s key phrase.
C. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
If the evaluation scale is vague, it is difficult to compare policy effects. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
์ฒ™๋„ โ€” ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„ is natural.
D. ํ•™์—… ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๋งŒ์„ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.
Academic achievement should not be used as the only measure of education. ๐Ÿ“š
Answer
์ฒ™๋„ โ€” ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ ์‚ผ๋‹ค means to use as a measure.
E. ์ง€์—ญ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋Š” ์ƒํ™œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
Regional satisfaction is a subjective measure for evaluating living environment. ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
์ฒ™๋„ โ€” It is subjective because it depends on residentsโ€™ perception.
F. ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์™€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์‹์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ดํŽด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
We must examine objective measures and subjective perceptions together. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์ฒ™๋„ โ€” ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์ฒ™๋„ contrasts with subjective perception.
G. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ฐ์€ ๋ณต์ง€ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
A sense of social isolation can be used as a measure for identifying welfare blind spots. ๐Ÿ•ณ๏ธ
Answer
์ฒ™๋„ โ€” The phrase functions as an evaluative measure.
H. ์ •์ฑ… ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋Š” ํ–‰์ • ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
Policy satisfaction is a measure for gauging the quality of administrative services. ๐Ÿข
Answer
์ฒ™๋„ โ€” ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•˜๋‹ค means to gauge.
I. ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋“์„ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
Quality-of-life research requires diverse measures beyond income. ๐ŸŒˆ
Answer
์ฒ™๋„ โ€” The sentence emphasizes measurement standards, not one data point.
J. ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์€ ์ œ๋„ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
Perception of fairness is an important measure for judging institutional trust. โš–๏ธ
Answer
์ฒ™๋„ โ€” Perception can work as a social measure.
๐Ÿ“š
Reference Hub
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ โ†’ social integration
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ โ†’ level of trust
  • ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ฑ โ†’ community health
  • ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be vague
  • ํ•™์—… ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ โ†’ academic achievement
  • ์ง€์—ญ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ โ†’ regional satisfaction
  • ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์‹ โ†’ subjective perception
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ฐ โ†’ sense of social isolation
  • ๋ณต์ง€ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ์ง€๋Œ€ โ†’ welfare blind spot
  • ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ โ†’ perception of fairness
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์ฒ™๋„ often answers: โ€œBy what yardstick are we judging this?โ€

Exercise 4 โ€” Objective Conditions vs. Subjective Satisfaction ๐Ÿ˜Š

A. ์†Œ๋“์ด ๋†’์•„๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉด ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Even with high income, the happiness index may fall if subjective satisfaction is low. ๐Ÿ’ญ
Answer
์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ โ€” Happiness indexes often include subjective satisfaction.
B. ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์„ค ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋‹ค.
The number of medical facilities is data showing objective conditions. ๐Ÿฅ
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด€์  โ€” Facility count is externally measurable.
C. ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Residentsโ€™ anxiety reflects subjective experience not revealed in statistics. ๐ŸŒ™
Answer
์ฃผ๊ด€์  โ€” Anxiety is experienced from the subjectโ€™s perspective.
D. ํ‰๊ท  ์†Œ๋“๋งŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†“์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If we look only at average income, we may miss inequality between regions. ๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ
Answer
๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ€” Averages can hide distributional inequality.
E. ๋…น์ง€ ๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ ์ƒํ™œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์ธ์‹์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If we examine green-space area and life satisfaction together, we can compare objective conditions and subjective perceptions. ๐ŸŒฒ
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด€์  โ€” Green-space area is objectively measurable.
F. ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค.
A happiness index reflects individual satisfaction, but it cannot explain every social problem. ๐Ÿ˜Š
Answer
๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ โ€” ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ means degree of satisfaction.
G. ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์ด ๋†’์•„๋„ ๊ณ„์ธต๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Even if the average is high, inequality may appear when differences by class are examined. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ€” Group differences can reveal inequality.
H. ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋А๋ผ๋Š” ์ •๋„๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ธ์‹์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
The degree to which residents feel safe is closer to subjective perception. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
์ฃผ๊ด€์  โ€” Feeling safe is perception-based.
I. ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์œจ์€ ์•ˆ์ „ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
The crime rate is used as objective data showing the level of safety. ๐Ÿš“
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด€์  โ€” Crime rate is measurable data.
J. ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž์™€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Quality-of-life evaluation must consider numbers and satisfaction together. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ โ€” Combine objective data with subjective satisfaction.
๐Ÿ“š
Reference Hub
  • ์†Œ๋“ โ†’ income
  • ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ โ†’ subjective satisfaction
  • ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์„ค โ†’ medical facility
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์กฐ๊ฑด โ†’ objective conditions
  • ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ โ†’ anxiety
  • ํ‰๊ท  ์†Œ๋“ โ†’ average income
  • ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ inequality
  • ์ƒํ™œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ โ†’ life satisfaction
  • ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’ โ†’ average value
  • ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์œจ โ†’ crime rate
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Good analysis compares what can be counted with what people actually feel.

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ์ƒˆ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋“ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The new report pointed out that quality of life cannot be judged by income level alone. ๐Ÿ’ธ
Answer
์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ โ€” โŒ Do not reduce ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ to income only.
B. ์ฒญ๋…„ ํ–‰๋ณต ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„๋„ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Even if the youth happiness index is high, housing insecurity may still be serious. ๐Ÿ 
Answer
์ง€์ˆ˜ โ€” โœ… An index may hide specific problems.
C. ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ˆ˜๋ช…์€ ๊ณ ๋ น ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
Healthy life expectancy is a key indicator showing quality of life in an aging society. ๐Ÿ‘ต
Answer
์ง€ํ‘œ โ€” โœ… A measurable sign is a ์ง€ํ‘œ.
D. ์ •์ฑ… ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ์‚ผ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋†“์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If policy satisfaction is used as the only measure, objective conditions may be missed. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์ฒ™๋„ โ€” โœ… ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ ์‚ผ๋‹ค means to use as a yardstick.
E. ๊ทธ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๋ฌธํ™” ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ์ƒํ™œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The city created a living index by combining safety, environment, and access to culture. ๐ŸŽญ
Answer
์ง€์ˆ˜ โ€” โœ… Combined data often becomes a calculated ์ง€์ˆ˜.
F. ๋ณต์ง€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์€ ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต ์ง€์›์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
The welfare-service usage rate is an indicator showing the effect of support for vulnerable groups. ๐Ÿค
Answer
์ง€ํ‘œ โ€” A usage rate can function as an indicator.
G. ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ์•ˆ์ „, ๊ด€๊ณ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To say quality of life is high, one must examine health, safety, and relationships too. ๐ŸŒˆ
Answer
๋†’๋‹ค โ€” โŒ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค โ†’ โœ… ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค.
H. ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๋งŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†“์น˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค.
If we look only at the regional average happiness index, it is easy to miss internal inequality. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ€” โœ… Averages can hide inequality.
I. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
Social trust is an important measure for evaluating community health. ๐Ÿค
Answer
์ฒ™๋„ โ€” Trust works as an evaluative social measure.
J. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค.
The new quality-of-life indicators were used to set priorities for regional policy. ๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ
Answer
์ง€ํ‘œ โ€” ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ง€ํ‘œ is the core phrase of the lesson.
๐Ÿ“š
Reference Hub
  • ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ โ†’ report
  • ์†Œ๋“ ์ˆ˜์ค€ โ†’ income level
  • ์ฒญ๋…„ โ†’ young adult/youth
  • ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ˆ˜๋ช… โ†’ healthy life expectancy
  • ๊ณ ๋ น ์‚ฌํšŒ โ†’ aging society
  • ์ •์ฑ… ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ โ†’ policy satisfaction
  • ๋ฌธํ™” ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ โ†’ access to culture
  • ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  โ†’ usage rate
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ†’ social trust
  • ์ง€์—ญ ์ •์ฑ… โ†’ regional policy
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Final audit: ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ is the concept, ์ง€ํ‘œ points to conditions, ์ง€์ˆ˜ calculates a score, and ์ฒ™๋„ is the evaluative yardstick.
๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work. You can now read social-indicator writing with a sharper lens: what is measured, what is averaged, what is felt, and what might be quietly missing from the chart. ๐Ÿ“Š