๐ŸŽญ

The Mechanism of Social Stigma

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‚™์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ œ / ํŽธ๊ฒฌ / ์†Œ์™ธ / ์ธ์‹์˜ ์™œ๊ณก
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐ŸŽญ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐ŸŽญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‚™์ธ means โ€œsocial stigmaโ€: a negative label attached to a person or group until the label starts to feel โ€œnatural.โ€
  • ๐Ÿง  The key mechanism is not just one bad opinion; it is a chain: ํŽธ๊ฒฌ (prejudice) โ†’ ์ธ์‹์˜ ์™œ๊ณก (distortion of perception) โ†’ ์†Œ์™ธ (alienation/exclusion).
  • ๐Ÿงญ Advanced Korean writing often explains stigma with nouns ending in -ํ™” (โ€œ-izationโ€), -์„ฑ (โ€œ-ness/qualityโ€), and analytical words like ๊ธฐ์ œ (โ€œmechanismโ€).
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” When you want to hear any Korean term or sentence aloud, type it into
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
. Advanced vocabulary becomes much less spooky when your ears get a vote. ๐Ÿ‘‚
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

A ๋‚™์ธ is a โ€œstigmaโ€ or โ€œbrandโ€: a social mark that reduces a person to one negative image. Add ์‚ฌํšŒ์  (โ€œsocialโ€), and ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‚™์ธ becomes the kind of label that spreads through groups, institutions, media, and everyday speech. ๐ŸŽญ
The important word ๊ธฐ์ œ means โ€œmechanism.โ€ So ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‚™์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ œ means โ€œthe mechanism of social stigmaโ€: how stigma forms, gains power, and reproduces itself.
Think of it as a fog machine for judgment: ํŽธ๊ฒฌ (โ€œprejudiceโ€) pumps out assumptions, ์ธ์‹์˜ ์™œ๊ณก (โ€œdistortion of perceptionโ€) bends what people notice, and ์†Œ์™ธ (โ€œalienation/exclusionโ€) pushes the targeted group farther from equal participation. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Social Stigma Vocabulary Family

  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‚™์ธ โ†’ social stigma; a negative social label attached to a person/group.
  • ๋‚™์ธ์„ ์ฐ๋‹ค โ†’ to stigmatize; literally โ€œto stamp a stigma.โ€
  • ๋‚™์ธํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ stigma effect; the lasting social impact of being labeled.
  • ๊ธฐ์ œ โ†’ mechanism; the process or device by which something works.
  • ํŽธ๊ฒฌ โ†’ prejudice; a biased judgment formed before fair evaluation.
  • ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋… โ†’ stereotype; a fixed, oversimplified image.
  • ์ธ์‹์˜ ์™œ๊ณก โ†’ distortion of perception; seeing reality through a bent lens.
  • ์†Œ์™ธ โ†’ alienation or exclusion; being pushed out from belonging or participation.
  • ์ฐจ๋ณ„ โ†’ discrimination; unfair treatment based on identity or category.
  • ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™” โ†’ internalization; when an outside belief becomes part of oneโ€™s self-view.
  • ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ โ†’ reproduction; repeating and preserving a social pattern.
  • ์ •๋‹นํ™” โ†’ justification; making something seem acceptable or reasonable.

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‚™์ธ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ธ์‹์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. โ€” โ€œSocial stigma is not an individual fault but a product of collective perception.โ€ ๐ŸŽญ
    ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ means โ€œproduct/result,โ€ useful in analytical writing.
  • ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€ ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ํ™˜์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€” โ€œPrejudice reduces a particular group to a simple image.โ€ ๐Ÿ–ผ๏ธ
    ํ™˜์›ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto reduce something to,โ€ often used critically.
  • ๋‚™์ธํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋˜๋ฉด ์†Œ์™ธ์™€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. โ€” โ€œWhen the stigma effect continues, alienation and discrimination are reproduced.โ€ ๐Ÿ”
    ์ง€์†๋˜๋‹ค means โ€œto continue,โ€ and ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋‹ค means โ€œto be reproduced.โ€

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

Advanced social-analysis vocabulary often builds meaning through compact noun patterns:
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  + ๋ช…์‚ฌ โ†’ โ€œsocial + nounโ€: ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‚™์ธ (social stigma), ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ์ œ (social exclusion).
  • ๋ช…์‚ฌ + ์˜ + ๋ช…์‚ฌ โ†’ โ€œnounโ€™s/of nounโ€: ์ธ์‹์˜ ์™œ๊ณก (distortion of perception), ์ฐจ๋ณ„์˜ ์ •๋‹นํ™” (justification of discrimination).
  • ๋ช…์‚ฌ + -ํ™” โ†’ โ€œturning into / process of becomingโ€: ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™” (internalization), ์ •๋‹นํ™” (justification), ํƒ€์žํ™” (othering).
  • ๋ช…์‚ฌ + ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ passive/intransitive โ€œto be/becomeโ€: ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋‹ค (to be reproduced), ์†Œ์™ธ๋˜๋‹ค (to be alienated), ์™œ๊ณก๋˜๋‹ค (to be distorted).

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

Key vocabulary meanings and usage patterns were checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources, including ํŽธ๊ฒฌ, ์†Œ์™ธ, ์™œ๊ณก, ๋‚™์ธ, and related discrimination-language materials at Korean.go.kr. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ํŽธ๊ฒฌ vs ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…: ํŽธ๊ฒฌ is biased judgment; ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋… is a fixed stereotype. They overlap, but they are not identical. ๐Ÿง 
  • ์†Œ์™ธ vs ๋ฐฐ์ œ: ์†Œ์™ธ emphasizes alienation or being pushed away; ๋ฐฐ์ œ emphasizes exclusion or being deliberately left out. ๐Ÿšช
  • ์™œ๊ณก vs ์˜คํ•ด: ์™œ๊ณก is distortion; ์˜คํ•ด is misunderstanding. A distortion can cause a misunderstanding, but the tone is more structural and analytical. ๐Ÿชž
  • ๋‚™์ธ vs ์˜ค๋ช…: ๋‚™์ธ often focuses on labeling; ์˜ค๋ช… means disgrace or bad name. ์˜ค๋ช… can sound more reputation-focused. ๐Ÿท๏ธ

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ = โ€œopinionโ€ โ†’ โœ… ํŽธ๊ฒฌ = โ€œprejudiceโ€ (a biased, unfair pre-judgment).
  • โŒ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ (โ€œmachineโ€) for ๊ธฐ์ œ (โ€œmechanismโ€) โ†’ โœ… Use ๊ธฐ์ œ in analytical writing.
  • โŒ ์†Œ์™ธ = just โ€œlonelinessโ€ โ†’ โœ… It often means social alienation or exclusion, not only emotion.
  • โŒ ์™œ๊ณก = simple mistake โ†’ โœ… It means distortion: reality is bent, framed, or misrepresented.
  • โŒ Treating stigma as only personal dislike โ†’ โœ… ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‚™์ธ is social and systemic; it spreads through labels, norms, and institutions.

๐ŸŽ‰ Once you can connect ๋‚™์ธ, ํŽธ๊ฒฌ, ์™œ๊ณก, and ์†Œ์™ธ, you can write about discrimination with much sharper Korean. Tiny vocabulary scalpel, big analytical surgery. ๐Ÿฉบ
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Try this exercise

Practice identifying the best analytical word for each sentence. Read the Korean sentence, choose the missing term, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance. ๐Ÿง 
1. ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค.
Prejudice against a particular group interferes with fair judgment. โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํŽธ๊ฒฌ โ€” It means biased pre-judgment, not just a casual opinion.
2. ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ฐ๋Š”๋‹ค.
Society sometimes stigmatizes minorities with a negative label. ๐Ÿท๏ธ
Answer
๋‚™์ธ โ€” ๋‚™์ธ์„ ์ฐ๋‹ค means โ€œto stigmatize.โ€
3. ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ๋‹จํŽธ์  ๋ณด๋„๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋‚ณ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Fragmentary media coverage can produce a distortion of reality. ๐Ÿ“ฐ
Answer
์™œ๊ณก โ€” The issue is a bent or distorted view, not a simple typo-level mistake.
4. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์€ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Repeated discrimination can lead to the victimโ€™s alienation. ๐Ÿšช
Answer
์†Œ์™ธ โ€” This points to being pushed away from belonging or participation.
5. ๋‚™์ธ์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
We must analyze the mechanism by which stigma operates. โš™๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ œ โ€” In academic Korean, ๊ธฐ์ œ means โ€œmechanism.โ€
6. ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The stereotype that views one group as lazy oversimplifies reality. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋… โ€” A fixed stereotype; it may fuel ํŽธ๊ฒฌ.
7. ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ์ž๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
The process in which a victim accepts societyโ€™s gaze as self-evaluation is internalization. ๐Ÿชž
Answer
๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™” โ€” An external label becomes part of the inner self-view.
8. ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Institutions sometimes justify discrimination as if it were reasonable. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ •๋‹นํ™” โ€” It means making something seem legitimate or acceptable.
9. ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์–ธ๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
A negative image can be reproduced through education and media. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ โ€” The pattern repeats and preserves itself socially.
10. ๋‚™์ธ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์˜จ์ „ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Stigma reduces a person to a โ€œproblem groupโ€ rather than a whole individual. ๐Ÿ–ผ๏ธ
Answer
ํ™˜์› โ€” ํ™˜์›ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto reduce something toโ€ in this analytical sense.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ โ†’ particular group
  • ํŽธ๊ฒฌ โ†’ prejudice
  • ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ โ†’ fair judgment
  • ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž โ†’ minority
  • ๋‚™์ธ โ†’ stigma
  • ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด โ†’ media
  • ๋‹จํŽธ์  ๋ณด๋„ โ†’ fragmentary coverage
  • ์™œ๊ณก โ†’ distortion
  • ์ฐจ๋ณ„ โ†’ discrimination
  • ํ”ผํ•ด์ž โ†’ victim
  • ์†Œ์™ธ โ†’ alienation/exclusion
  • ๊ธฐ์ œ โ†’ mechanism
  • ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋… โ†’ stereotype
  • ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™” โ†’ internalization
  • ์ •๋‹นํ™” โ†’ justification
  • ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ โ†’ reproduction
  • ํ™˜์› โ†’ reduction
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก If the sentence sounds structural or academic, words like ๊ธฐ์ œ, ์™œ๊ณก, and ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ often fit better than everyday words.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns this vocabulary into full analytical muscle. ๐Ÿง 
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” The Mechanism of Social Stigma
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Welcome to your social-stigma vocabulary gym. ๐ŸŽญ Here, youโ€™ll practice the Korean words that explain how labels form, distort perception, and push people toward exclusion. By the end, terms like ๊ธฐ์ œ, ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™”, and ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ should feel less like fog and more like a well-labeled map. ๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a sentence aloud.
ย 
๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the most natural Korean term, then open the Answer toggle. Pay special attention to whether the sentence is about a label, a bias, a distorted view, exclusion, or a repeating social process.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Core Labels & Bias ๐ŸŽญ

A. ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Society sometimes leaves an unfair stigma on people with illness experience. ๐Ÿฅ
Answer
๋‚™์ธ โ€” The sentence focuses on a negative social label.
B. ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์—†๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ์ด์›ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ํ‚ค์šด๋‹ค.
Groundless prejudice increases fear toward neighbors. ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
ํŽธ๊ฒฌ โ€” The phrase ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์—†๋Š” ํŽธ๊ฒฌ is a natural pairing.
C. ์ฒญ๋…„ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค.
The stereotype that sees young people as one image is dangerous. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋… โ€” A fixed image of a group is a stereotype.
D. ๋‚™์ธ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋จผ์ € ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.
Stigma makes people see a groupโ€™s image before an individualโ€™s behavior. ๐Ÿ–ผ๏ธ
Answer
์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ โ€” Here the label turns a person into a simplified image.
E. ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ๋ง์€ ์•ฝํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Discriminatory speech can turn weak prejudice into strong hostility. ๐Ÿ”ฅ
Answer
์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ โ€” This means hostility or hostile feeling.
F. ํŠน์ • ์ง์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
A negative perception of a particular occupation does not disappear easily. ๐Ÿงฐ
Answer
์ธ์‹ โ€” ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ธ์‹ means negative perception.
G. ์†Œ๋ฌธ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Rumors can spread stigma faster than facts. ๐Ÿ’ฌ
Answer
๋‚™์ธ โ€” The rumor attaches a damaging label.
H. ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค.
This expression reveals prejudice that looks down on a particular group. ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Answer
ํŽธ๊ฒฌ โ€” It is a biased attitude toward a group.
I. ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Repeated images in advertisements reinforce stereotypes about gender. ๐Ÿ“บ
Answer
๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋… โ€” Repeated fixed images strengthen stereotypes.
J. ๋‚™์ธ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The starting point of stigma is usually not a simple misunderstanding. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์˜คํ•ด โ€” The lesson contrasts simple misunderstanding with structural distortion.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ โ†’ society
  • ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž โ†’ person with illness experience
  • ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ โ†’ unfair
  • ๋‚™์ธ โ†’ stigma
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์—†๋Š” โ†’ groundless
  • ํŽธ๊ฒฌ โ†’ prejudice
  • ์ด์›ƒ โ†’ neighbor
  • ์ฒญ๋…„ ์„ธ๋Œ€ โ†’ young generation
  • ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋… โ†’ stereotype
  • ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ โ†’ image
  • ์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ โ†’ hostility
  • ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ธ์‹ โ†’ negative perception
  • ์†Œ๋ฌธ โ†’ rumor
  • ํ‘œํ˜„ โ†’ expression
  • ๊ด‘๊ณ  โ†’ advertisement
  • ์„ฑ๋ณ„ โ†’ gender
  • ์˜คํ•ด โ†’ misunderstanding
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ํŽธ๊ฒฌ judges; ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋… freezes an image; ๋‚™์ธ marks someone socially.
ย 

Exercise 2 โ€” Mechanisms & Processes โš™๏ธ

A. ๋‚™์ธ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ž.
Letโ€™s explain the mechanism by which stigma operates socially. โš™๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ œ โ€” This is the key word for โ€œmechanism.โ€
B. ๋ถ€์ •์  ์‹œ์„ ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ๋„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
A negative gaze is reproduced within institutions through repetition. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ โ€” The pattern keeps being repeated and preserved.
C. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ์งˆ์„œ ์œ ์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
People sometimes justify discrimination by calling it maintenance of order. ๐Ÿšฆ
Answer
์ •๋‹นํ™” โ€” It makes an unfair act appear acceptable.
D. ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋Š” ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ธ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
A victim may internalize othersโ€™ evaluations as self-perception. ๐Ÿชž
Answer
๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™” โ€” Outside judgment becomes internal self-view.
E. ๋‚™์ธ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Stigma reduces a complex individual to a single problem. ๐Ÿง
Answer
ํ™˜์› โ€” ํ™˜์›ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto reduce something to.โ€
F. ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Media reporting can generalize a particular incident as a trait of an entire group. ๐Ÿ“ฐ
Answer
์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” โ€” This means generalization.
G. ๋‚™์ธ์€ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.
Stigma creates a meaning structure that turns difference into threat. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ€” ์˜๋ฏธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means a structure of meaning.
H. ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์€ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Unequal rules can be packaged as neutral procedures. ๐Ÿ“‹
Answer
ํฌ์žฅ โ€” Here it means โ€œpackaging/framingโ€ something to look different.
I. ๋‚™์ธ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ฑ…์ž„๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ด ์ฐจ๋ณ„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Stigma combines with personal-responsibility discourse to strengthen the logic of discrimination. ๐Ÿงฎ
Answer
๋…ผ๋ฆฌ โ€” ์ฐจ๋ณ„์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ means the logic behind discrimination.
J. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ ๋†๋‹ด์€ ํ˜์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Repeated jokes normalize hatred as light culture. ๐ŸŽญ
Answer
์ •์ƒํ™” โ€” This means normalization; something problematic begins to seem normal.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ โ†’ socially
  • ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to operate
  • ๊ธฐ์ œ โ†’ mechanism
  • ๋ถ€์ •์  ์‹œ์„  โ†’ negative gaze
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ณต โ†’ repetition
  • ์ œ๋„ โ†’ institution/system
  • ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ โ†’ reproduction
  • ์ •๋‹นํ™” โ†’ justification
  • ์งˆ์„œ ์œ ์ง€ โ†’ maintenance of order
  • ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™” โ†’ internalization
  • ์ž๊ธฐ ์ธ์‹ โ†’ self-perception
  • ํ™˜์› โ†’ reduction
  • ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„ โ†’ media reporting
  • ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” โ†’ generalization
  • ์˜๋ฏธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ meaning structure
  • ํฌ์žฅ โ†’ packaging/framing
  • ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ โ†’ logic
  • ์ •์ƒํ™” โ†’ normalization
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Process nouns with -ํ™” often describe how a social meaning gets made, accepted, or repeated.
ย 

Exercise 3 โ€” Distortion, Exclusion & Alienation ๐Ÿชž

A. ๊ณตํฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A fear-centered narrative deepens the distortion of reality. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
์™œ๊ณก โ€” Reality is bent through a narrative frame.
B. ๋‚™์ธ์ฐํžŒ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๊ณต์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A stigmatized group experiences exclusion in public spaces. ๐Ÿ™๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐฐ์ œ โ€” This emphasizes being left out from participation.
C. ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊นŠ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธด๋‹ค.
Continuous rejection leaves deep alienation in an individual. ๐Ÿ•ณ๏ธ
Answer
์†Œ์™ธ โ€” This highlights alienation and separation from belonging.
D. ์ฐจ๋ณ„์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค.
Discrimination appears not as a simple feeling but as deprivation of rights. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐ•ํƒˆ โ€” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ means deprivation of rights.
E. ๋‚™์ธ์€ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
Stigma pushes the victimโ€™s voice to the margins. ๐Ÿ“ฃ
Answer
์ฃผ๋ณ€ํ™” โ€” Marginalization; making something peripheral.
F. ํƒ€์ธ์„ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
The process of making others into alien beings is called othering. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
ํƒ€์žํ™” โ€” It means othering: turning someone into โ€œthe other.โ€
G. ์™œ๊ณก๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Distorted information intensifies social distance. ๐Ÿ“ก
Answer
์‹ฌํ™” โ€” ์‹ฌํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to deepen or intensify.
H. ์†Œ์™ธ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์žƒ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค.
Alienated people can easily lose a sense of belonging within a community. ๐Ÿก
Answer
์†Œ์†๊ฐ โ€” This means a sense of belonging.
I. ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊นŒ์ง€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
Prejudice distorts even the standards for selecting facts. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์™œ๊ณก โ€” The standards themselves become bent.
J. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‚™์ธ์€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Social stigma transforms ordinary difference into dangerous difference. โš ๏ธ
Answer
์ „ํ™˜ โ€” ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋‹ค means to transform or shift.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ณตํฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ โ†’ fear-centered narrative
  • ํ˜„์‹ค โ†’ reality
  • ์™œ๊ณก โ†’ distortion
  • ๋‚™์ธ์ฐํžŒ ์ง‘๋‹จ โ†’ stigmatized group
  • ๊ณต์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ โ†’ public space
  • ๋ฐฐ์ œ โ†’ exclusion
  • ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™ โ†’ rejection
  • ์†Œ์™ธ โ†’ alienation
  • ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ โ†’ deprivation of rights
  • ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ โ†’ victimโ€™s voice
  • ์ฃผ๋ณ€ํ™” โ†’ marginalization
  • ํƒ€์žํ™” โ†’ othering
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ โ†’ social distance
  • ์‹ฌํ™” โ†’ deepening/intensification
  • ๊ณต๋™์ฒด โ†’ community
  • ์†Œ์†๊ฐ โ†’ sense of belonging
  • ์ „ํ™˜ โ†’ transformation/shift
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ๋ฐฐ์ œ is being left out; ์†Œ์™ธ is the alienated condition that often follows.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Academic Collocations ๐Ÿง 

A. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‚™์ธ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The researcher presented the formation process of social stigma by stage. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • โ€” This means formation process.
B. ๊ทธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The paper analyzes the reproduction of prejudice and the role of media. ๐Ÿ“„
Answer
์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ โ€” A natural collocation: ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ.
C. ์ฐจ๋ณ„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ํ”ํžˆ ์•ˆ์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
The justification of discrimination often happens under the pretext of safety. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
์ •๋‹นํ™” โ€” ์ฐจ๋ณ„์˜ ์ •๋‹นํ™” is a strong academic phrase.
D. ์ธ์‹์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ํ•ด์„์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค.
Distortion of perception affects even statistical interpretation. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์™œ๊ณก โ€” ์ธ์‹์˜ ์™œ๊ณก is the exact target phrase.
E. ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
Exclusion of minorities leads to institutional barriers. ๐Ÿšง
Answer
๋ฐฐ์ œ โ€” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ œ is natural and precise.
F. ๋‚™์ธ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž์กด๊ฐ์— ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค.
The stigma effect has a long-term impact on an individualโ€™s self-esteem. ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
ํšจ๊ณผ โ€” ๋‚™์ธํšจ๊ณผ is a key compound.
G. ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ธ์‹์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Conflict between groups accelerates the spread of negative perception. ๐Ÿƒ
Answer
ํ™•์‚ฐ โ€” This means spread or diffusion.
H. ํƒ€์žํ™”์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด ํ‘œํ˜„์—์„œ ๋จผ์ € ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค.
The logic of othering first appears in language expressions. ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Answer
๋…ผ๋ฆฌ โ€” Academic writing often uses -์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ for an underlying logic.
I. ๋‚™์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฒ€์—ด์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค.
A stigmatized person can easily internalize self-censorship. ๐Ÿค
Answer
๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™” โ€” The outside pressure becomes internal behavior.
J. ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋‚™์ธ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Policy should be designed to reduce the damage of stigma. ๐Ÿงฏ
Answer
ํ”ผํ•ด โ€” ๋‚™์ธ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด means the harm caused by stigma.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž โ†’ researcher
  • ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • โ†’ formation process
  • ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ โ†’ by stage
  • ๋…ผ๋ฌธ โ†’ academic paper
  • ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ โ†’ reproduction
  • ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ์—ญํ•  โ†’ role of media
  • ์ •๋‹นํ™” โ†’ justification
  • ์•ˆ์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ถ„ โ†’ pretext of safety
  • ์ธ์‹์˜ ์™œ๊ณก โ†’ distortion of perception
  • ํ†ต๊ณ„ ํ•ด์„ โ†’ statistical interpretation
  • ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž โ†’ minority
  • ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ๋ฒฝ โ†’ institutional barrier
  • ๋‚™์ธํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ stigma effect
  • ์ž์กด๊ฐ โ†’ self-esteem
  • ํ™•์‚ฐ โ†’ spread/diffusion
  • ํƒ€์žํ™”์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ โ†’ logic of othering
  • ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฒ€์—ด โ†’ self-censorship
  • ํ”ผํ•ด โ†’ harm/damage
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก In essays, noun chains like ๋‚™์ธ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • and ์ฐจ๋ณ„์˜ ์ •๋‹นํ™” sound compact and academic.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.
That argument explains a social mechanism, not a machine. โš™๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ œ โ€” โŒ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ (โ€œmachineโ€) โ†’ โœ… ๊ธฐ์ œ (โ€œmechanismโ€).
B. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์™ธ๋กœ์›€๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
We must look at structural alienation rather than personal loneliness. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
์†Œ์™ธ โ€” โŒ โ€œjust lonelinessโ€ โ†’ โœ… social alienation/exclusion.
C. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
It is not a simple mistake but a distortion of reality. ๐Ÿชž
Answer
์™œ๊ณก โ€” โŒ simple error โ†’ โœ… distorted framing or representation.
D. ๋‚™์ธ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ทจํ–ฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋‹ค.
Stigma is not personal taste but the result of social labeling. ๐Ÿท๏ธ
Answer
๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง โ€” This borrowed term means labeling; in Korean analysis, it often pairs with stigma.
E. ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ „์ฒด ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Seeing one case as the essence of an entire group is excessive generalization. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” โ€” This is a key pitfall behind prejudice.
F. ํ˜์˜ค ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ๋†๋‹ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Hate expression can normalize discrimination as if it were a joke. ๐ŸŽ™๏ธ
Answer
์ •์ƒํ™” โ€” It makes harmful speech seem ordinary.
G. ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚™์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ๋•Œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค.
When a victim accepts the stigma, internalization occurs. ๐Ÿชž
Answer
๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™” โ€” Outside social judgment moves inward.
H. ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Institutions sometimes justify inequality as a difference in ability. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ •๋‹นํ™” โ€” The unfair structure is made to look reasonable.
I. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
Repeated prejudice is reproduced again in the next generation. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ โ€” The social pattern repeats across time.
J. ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
The process of pushing minority voices to the margins is marginalization. ๐Ÿ“ฃ
Answer
์ฃผ๋ณ€ํ™” โ€” This names the movement from center to margin.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ธฐ์ œ โ†’ mechanism
  • ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ โ†’ machine
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์†Œ์™ธ โ†’ structural alienation
  • ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์™ธ๋กœ์›€ โ†’ personal loneliness
  • ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์™œ๊ณก โ†’ distortion of reality
  • ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง โ†’ labeling
  • ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ทจํ–ฅ โ†’ personal taste
  • ์ „์ฒด ์ง‘๋‹จ โ†’ entire group
  • ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” โ†’ excessive generalization
  • ํ˜์˜ค ํ‘œํ˜„ โ†’ hate expression
  • ์ •์ƒํ™” โ†’ normalization
  • ๋‚ด๋ฉดํ™” โ†’ internalization
  • ์ œ๋„ โ†’ institution/system
  • ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ inequality
  • ์ •๋‹นํ™” โ†’ justification
  • ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€ โ†’ next generation
  • ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ โ†’ reproduction
  • ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ โ†’ minority voice
  • ์ฃผ๋ณ€ํ™” โ†’ marginalization
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol: do not flatten ์†Œ์™ธ into loneliness, ์™œ๊ณก into mistake, or ๊ธฐ์ œ into machine.
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๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work. You now have the vocabulary to explain not only that stigma exists, but how it forms, spreads, hides inside โ€œcommon sense,โ€ and damages real people. That is advanced Korean with teeth โ€” the useful kind. ๐Ÿฆท