TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐ญ ์ฌํ์ ๋์ธ means โsocial stigmaโ: a negative label attached to a person or group until the label starts to feel โnatural.โ
- ๐ง The key mechanism is not just one bad opinion; it is a chain: ํธ๊ฒฌ (prejudice) โ ์ธ์์ ์๊ณก (distortion of perception) โ ์์ธ (alienation/exclusion).
- ๐งญ Advanced Korean writing often explains stigma with nouns ending in -ํ (โ-izationโ), -์ฑ (โ-ness/qualityโ), and analytical words like ๊ธฐ์ (โmechanismโ).
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ When you want to hear any Korean term or sentence aloud, type it into Korean Helper Widgets. Advanced vocabulary becomes much less spooky when your ears get a vote. ๐
ย
๐ The Big Picture
A ๋์ธ is a โstigmaโ or โbrandโ: a social mark that reduces a person to one negative image. Add ์ฌํ์ (โsocialโ), and ์ฌํ์ ๋์ธ becomes the kind of label that spreads through groups, institutions, media, and everyday speech. ๐ญ
The important word ๊ธฐ์ means โmechanism.โ So ์ฌํ์ ๋์ธ์ ๊ธฐ์ means โthe mechanism of social stigmaโ: how stigma forms, gains power, and reproduces itself.
Think of it as a fog machine for judgment: ํธ๊ฒฌ (โprejudiceโ) pumps out assumptions, ์ธ์์ ์๊ณก (โdistortion of perceptionโ) bends what people notice, and ์์ธ (โalienation/exclusionโ) pushes the targeted group farther from equal participation. ๐ซ๏ธ
๐จ The Core Social Stigma Vocabulary Family
- ์ฌํ์ ๋์ธ โ social stigma; a negative social label attached to a person/group.
- ๋์ธ์ ์ฐ๋ค โ to stigmatize; literally โto stamp a stigma.โ
- ๋์ธํจ๊ณผ โ stigma effect; the lasting social impact of being labeled.
- ๊ธฐ์ โ mechanism; the process or device by which something works.
- ํธ๊ฒฌ โ prejudice; a biased judgment formed before fair evaluation.
- ๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋ โ stereotype; a fixed, oversimplified image.
- ์ธ์์ ์๊ณก โ distortion of perception; seeing reality through a bent lens.
- ์์ธ โ alienation or exclusion; being pushed out from belonging or participation.
- ์ฐจ๋ณ โ discrimination; unfair treatment based on identity or category.
- ๋ด๋ฉดํ โ internalization; when an outside belief becomes part of oneโs self-view.
- ์ฌ์์ฐ โ reproduction; repeating and preserving a social pattern.
- ์ ๋นํ โ justification; making something seem acceptable or reasonable.
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ์ฌํ์ ๋์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์๋ชป์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ง๋จ์ ์ธ์์ ์ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. โ โSocial stigma is not an individual fault but a product of collective perception.โ ๐ญ
์ฐ๋ฌผ means โproduct/result,โ useful in analytical writing.
- ํธ๊ฒฌ์ ํน์ ์ง๋จ์ ๋จ์ํ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ก ํ์ํ๋ค. โ โPrejudice reduces a particular group to a simple image.โ ๐ผ๏ธ
ํ์ํ๋ค means โto reduce something to,โ often used critically.
- ๋์ธํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ง์๋๋ฉด ์์ธ์ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ด ์ฌ์์ฐ๋๋ค. โ โWhen the stigma effect continues, alienation and discrimination are reproduced.โ ๐
์ง์๋๋ค means โto continue,โ and ์ฌ์์ฐ๋๋ค means โto be reproduced.โ
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
Advanced social-analysis vocabulary often builds meaning through compact noun patterns:
- ์ฌํ์ + ๋ช ์ฌ โ โsocial + nounโ: ์ฌํ์ ๋์ธ (social stigma), ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐฐ์ (social exclusion).
- ๋ช ์ฌ + ์ + ๋ช ์ฌ โ โnounโs/of nounโ: ์ธ์์ ์๊ณก (distortion of perception), ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ์ ๋นํ (justification of discrimination).
- ๋ช ์ฌ + -ํ โ โturning into / process of becomingโ: ๋ด๋ฉดํ (internalization), ์ ๋นํ (justification), ํ์ํ (othering).
- ๋ช ์ฌ + ๋๋ค โ passive/intransitive โto be/becomeโ: ์ฌ์์ฐ๋๋ค (to be reproduced), ์์ธ๋๋ค (to be alienated), ์๊ณก๋๋ค (to be distorted).
๐ Cross-check note
Key vocabulary meanings and usage patterns were checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources, including ํธ๊ฒฌ, ์์ธ, ์๊ณก, ๋์ธ, and related discrimination-language materials at Korean.go.kr. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ํธ๊ฒฌ vs ๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋ : ํธ๊ฒฌ is biased judgment; ๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋ is a fixed stereotype. They overlap, but they are not identical. ๐ง
- ์์ธ vs ๋ฐฐ์ : ์์ธ emphasizes alienation or being pushed away; ๋ฐฐ์ emphasizes exclusion or being deliberately left out. ๐ช
- ์๊ณก vs ์คํด: ์๊ณก is distortion; ์คํด is misunderstanding. A distortion can cause a misunderstanding, but the tone is more structural and analytical. ๐ช
- ๋์ธ vs ์ค๋ช : ๋์ธ often focuses on labeling; ์ค๋ช means disgrace or bad name. ์ค๋ช can sound more reputation-focused. ๐ท๏ธ
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ํธ๊ฒฌ = โopinionโ โ โ ํธ๊ฒฌ = โprejudiceโ (a biased, unfair pre-judgment).
- โ ๊ธฐ๊ณ (โmachineโ) for ๊ธฐ์ (โmechanismโ) โ โ Use ๊ธฐ์ in analytical writing.
- โ ์์ธ = just โlonelinessโ โ โ It often means social alienation or exclusion, not only emotion.
- โ ์๊ณก = simple mistake โ โ It means distortion: reality is bent, framed, or misrepresented.
- โ Treating stigma as only personal dislike โ โ ์ฌํ์ ๋์ธ is social and systemic; it spreads through labels, norms, and institutions.
๐ Once you can connect ๋์ธ, ํธ๊ฒฌ, ์๊ณก, and ์์ธ, you can write about discrimination with much sharper Korean. Tiny vocabulary scalpel, big analytical surgery. ๐ฉบ
ย
Try this exercise
Practice identifying the best analytical word for each sentence. Read the Korean sentence, choose the missing term, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance. ๐ง
1. ํน์ ์ง๋จ์ ๋ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ณต์ ํ ํ๋จ์ ๋ฐฉํดํ๋ค.
Prejudice against a particular group interferes with fair judgment. โ๏ธ
Prejudice against a particular group interferes with fair judgment. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํธ๊ฒฌ โ It means biased pre-judgment, not just a casual opinion.
2. ์ฌํ๋ ๋๋๋ก ์์์์๊ฒ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฐ๋๋ค.
Society sometimes stigmatizes minorities with a negative label. ๐ท๏ธ
Society sometimes stigmatizes minorities with a negative label. ๐ท๏ธ
Answer
๋์ธ โ ๋์ธ์ ์ฐ๋ค means โto stigmatize.โ
3. ๋ฏธ๋์ด์ ๋จํธ์ ๋ณด๋๋ ํ์ค์ ๋ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ณ์ ์ ์๋ค.
Fragmentary media coverage can produce a distortion of reality. ๐ฐ
Fragmentary media coverage can produce a distortion of reality. ๐ฐ
Answer
์๊ณก โ The issue is a bent or distorted view, not a simple typo-level mistake.
4. ๋ฐ๋ณต๋ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ํผํด์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ์ ์๋ค.
Repeated discrimination can lead to the victimโs alienation. ๐ช
Repeated discrimination can lead to the victimโs alienation. ๐ช
Answer
์์ธ โ This points to being pushed away from belonging or participation.
5. ๋์ธ์ด ์๋ํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
We must analyze the mechanism by which stigma operates. โ๏ธ
We must analyze the mechanism by which stigma operates. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ โ In academic Korean, ๊ธฐ์ means โmechanism.โ
6. ํ ์ง๋จ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ฅด๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ์ค์ ๋จ์ํํ๋ค.
The stereotype that views one group as lazy oversimplifies reality. ๐งฑ
The stereotype that views one group as lazy oversimplifies reality. ๐งฑ
Answer
๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋
โ A fixed stereotype; it may fuel ํธ๊ฒฌ.
7. ํผํด์๊ฐ ์ฌํ์ ์์ ์ ์๊ธฐ ํ๊ฐ๋ก ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The process in which a victim accepts societyโs gaze as self-evaluation is internalization. ๐ช
The process in which a victim accepts societyโs gaze as self-evaluation is internalization. ๐ช
Answer
๋ด๋ฉดํ โ An external label becomes part of the inner self-view.
8. ์ ๋๋ ๋๋ก ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Institutions sometimes justify discrimination as if it were reasonable. ๐๏ธ
Institutions sometimes justify discrimination as if it were reasonable. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋นํ โ It means making something seem legitimate or acceptable.
9. ๋ถ์ ์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ ๊ต์ก๊ณผ ์ธ๋ก ์ ํตํด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
A negative image can be reproduced through education and media. ๐
A negative image can be reproduced through education and media. ๐
Answer
์ฌ์์ฐ โ The pattern repeats and preserves itself socially.
10. ๋์ธ์ ์ฌ๋์ ์จ์ ํ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๋ฌธ์ ์ง๋จ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Stigma reduces a person to a โproblem groupโ rather than a whole individual. ๐ผ๏ธ
Stigma reduces a person to a โproblem groupโ rather than a whole individual. ๐ผ๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ โ ํ์ํ๋ค means โto reduce something toโ in this analytical sense.
Vocabulary Box
- ํน์ ์ง๋จ โ particular group
- ํธ๊ฒฌ โ prejudice
- ๊ณต์ ํ ํ๋จ โ fair judgment
- ์์์ โ minority
- ๋์ธ โ stigma
- ๋ฏธ๋์ด โ media
- ๋จํธ์ ๋ณด๋ โ fragmentary coverage
- ์๊ณก โ distortion
- ์ฐจ๋ณ โ discrimination
- ํผํด์ โ victim
- ์์ธ โ alienation/exclusion
- ๊ธฐ์ โ mechanism
- ๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋ โ stereotype
- ๋ด๋ฉดํ โ internalization
- ์ ๋นํ โ justification
- ์ฌ์์ฐ โ reproduction
- ํ์ โ reduction
Tip ๐ก If the sentence sounds structural or academic, words like ๊ธฐ์ , ์๊ณก, and ์ฌ์์ฐ often fit better than everyday words.
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns this vocabulary into full analytical muscle. ๐ง
ย
๐ฏ Practice Hub โ The Mechanism of Social Stigma
ย
Welcome to your social-stigma vocabulary gym. ๐ญ Here, youโll practice the Korean words that explain how labels form, distort perception, and push people toward exclusion. By the end, terms like ๊ธฐ์ , ๋ด๋ฉดํ, and ์ฌ์์ฐ should feel less like fog and more like a well-labeled map. ๐บ๏ธ
ย
๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence aloud.
ย
๐ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the most natural Korean term, then open the Answer toggle. Pay special attention to whether the sentence is about a label, a bias, a distorted view, exclusion, or a repeating social process.
ย
Exercise 1 โ Core Labels & Bias ๐ญ
A. ์ฌํ๋ ์ง๋ณ ๊ฒฝํ์์๊ฒ ๋ถ๋นํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋จ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
Society sometimes leaves an unfair stigma on people with illness experience. ๐ฅ
Society sometimes leaves an unfair stigma on people with illness experience. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋์ธ โ The sentence focuses on a negative social label.
B. ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ด์์ ๋ํ ๋๋ ค์์ ํค์ด๋ค.
Groundless prejudice increases fear toward neighbors. ๐๏ธ
Groundless prejudice increases fear toward neighbors. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํธ๊ฒฌ โ The phrase ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์๋ ํธ๊ฒฌ is a natural pairing.
C. ์ฒญ๋
์ธ๋๋ฅผ ํ๋์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ก ๋ณด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ํํ๋ค.
The stereotype that sees young people as one image is dangerous. ๐งโ๐ผ
The stereotype that sees young people as one image is dangerous. ๐งโ๐ผ
Answer
๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋
โ A fixed image of a group is a stereotype.
D. ๋์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํ๋๋ณด๋ค ์ง๋จ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋จผ์ ๋ณด๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค.
Stigma makes people see a groupโs image before an individualโs behavior. ๐ผ๏ธ
Stigma makes people see a groupโs image before an individualโs behavior. ๐ผ๏ธ
Answer
์ด๋ฏธ์ง โ Here the label turns a person into a simplified image.
E. ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๋ง์ ์ฝํ ํธ๊ฒฌ์ ๊ฐํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฟ ์ ์๋ค.
Discriminatory speech can turn weak prejudice into strong hostility. ๐ฅ
Discriminatory speech can turn weak prejudice into strong hostility. ๐ฅ
Answer
์ ๋๊ฐ โ This means hostility or hostile feeling.
F. ํน์ ์ง์
์ ๋ํ ๋ถ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง์ง ์๋๋ค.
A negative perception of a particular occupation does not disappear easily. ๐งฐ
A negative perception of a particular occupation does not disappear easily. ๐งฐ
Answer
์ธ์ โ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ์ means negative perception.
G. ์๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ์ค๋ณด๋ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํผ๋จ๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค.
Rumors can spread stigma faster than facts. ๐ฌ
Rumors can spread stigma faster than facts. ๐ฌ
Answer
๋์ธ โ The rumor attaches a damaging label.
H. ์ด ํํ์ ํน์ ์ง๋จ์ ๋ฎ๊ฒ ๋ณด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ธ๋ค.
This expression reveals prejudice that looks down on a particular group. ๐ฃ๏ธ
This expression reveals prejudice that looks down on a particular group. ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
ํธ๊ฒฌ โ It is a biased attitude toward a group.
I. ๊ด๊ณ ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ ์ฑ๋ณ์ ๋ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐํํ๋ค.
Repeated images in advertisements reinforce stereotypes about gender. ๐บ
Repeated images in advertisements reinforce stereotypes about gender. ๐บ
Answer
๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋
โ Repeated fixed images strengthen stereotypes.
J. ๋์ธ์ ์ถ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๋จ์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๋๋ค.
The starting point of stigma is usually not a simple misunderstanding. ๐งฉ
The starting point of stigma is usually not a simple misunderstanding. ๐งฉ
Answer
์คํด โ The lesson contrasts simple misunderstanding with structural distortion.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฌํ โ society
- ์ง๋ณ ๊ฒฝํ์ โ person with illness experience
- ๋ถ๋นํ โ unfair
- ๋์ธ โ stigma
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์๋ โ groundless
- ํธ๊ฒฌ โ prejudice
- ์ด์ โ neighbor
- ์ฒญ๋ ์ธ๋ โ young generation
- ๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋ โ stereotype
- ์ด๋ฏธ์ง โ image
- ์ ๋๊ฐ โ hostility
- ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ์ โ negative perception
- ์๋ฌธ โ rumor
- ํํ โ expression
- ๊ด๊ณ โ advertisement
- ์ฑ๋ณ โ gender
- ์คํด โ misunderstanding
Tip ๐ก ํธ๊ฒฌ judges; ๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋
freezes an image; ๋์ธ marks someone socially.
ย
Exercise 2 โ Mechanisms & Processes โ๏ธ
A. ๋์ธ์ด ์ฌํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํด ๋ณด์.
Letโs explain the mechanism by which stigma operates socially. โ๏ธ
Letโs explain the mechanism by which stigma operates socially. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ โ This is the key word for โmechanism.โ
B. ๋ถ์ ์ ์์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ํตํด ์ ๋ ์์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
A negative gaze is reproduced within institutions through repetition. ๐๏ธ
A negative gaze is reproduced within institutions through repetition. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ฌ์์ฐ โ The pattern keeps being repeated and preserved.
C. ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ง๋ผ๋ ๋ง๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
People sometimes justify discrimination by calling it maintenance of order. ๐ฆ
People sometimes justify discrimination by calling it maintenance of order. ๐ฆ
Answer
์ ๋นํ โ It makes an unfair act appear acceptable.
D. ํผํด์๋ ํ์ธ์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์๊ธฐ ์ธ์์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
A victim may internalize othersโ evaluations as self-perception. ๐ช
A victim may internalize othersโ evaluations as self-perception. ๐ช
Answer
๋ด๋ฉดํ โ Outside judgment becomes internal self-view.
E. ๋์ธ์ ๋ณต์กํ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํ๋์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Stigma reduces a complex individual to a single problem. ๐ง
Stigma reduces a complex individual to a single problem. ๐ง
Answer
ํ์ โ ํ์ํ๋ค means โto reduce something to.โ
F. ์ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋๋ ํน์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์ง๋จ ์ ์ฒด์ ํน์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
Media reporting can generalize a particular incident as a trait of an entire group. ๐ฐ
Media reporting can generalize a particular incident as a trait of an entire group. ๐ฐ
Answer
์ผ๋ฐํ โ This means generalization.
G. ๋์ธ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋๋ ์๋ฏธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ง๋ ๋ค.
Stigma creates a meaning structure that turns difference into threat. ๐งฑ
Stigma creates a meaning structure that turns difference into threat. ๐งฑ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ ์๋ฏธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means a structure of meaning.
H. ๋ถํ๋ฑํ ๊ท์น์ ์ค๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ ์ฐจ์ฒ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Unequal rules can be packaged as neutral procedures. ๐
Unequal rules can be packaged as neutral procedures. ๐
Answer
ํฌ์ฅ โ Here it means โpackaging/framingโ something to look different.
I. ๋์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ฑ
์๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉํด ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ค.
Stigma combines with personal-responsibility discourse to strengthen the logic of discrimination. ๐งฎ
Stigma combines with personal-responsibility discourse to strengthen the logic of discrimination. ๐งฎ
Answer
๋
ผ๋ฆฌ โ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ means the logic behind discrimination.
J. ๋ฐ๋ณต๋ ๋๋ด์ ํ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฒผ์ด ๋ฌธํ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Repeated jokes normalize hatred as light culture. ๐ญ
Repeated jokes normalize hatred as light culture. ๐ญ
Answer
์ ์ํ โ This means normalization; something problematic begins to seem normal.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฌํ์ ์ผ๋ก โ socially
- ์๋ํ๋ค โ to operate
- ๊ธฐ์ โ mechanism
- ๋ถ์ ์ ์์ โ negative gaze
- ๋ฐ๋ณต โ repetition
- ์ ๋ โ institution/system
- ์ฌ์์ฐ โ reproduction
- ์ ๋นํ โ justification
- ์ง์ ์ ์ง โ maintenance of order
- ๋ด๋ฉดํ โ internalization
- ์๊ธฐ ์ธ์ โ self-perception
- ํ์ โ reduction
- ์ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋ โ media reporting
- ์ผ๋ฐํ โ generalization
- ์๋ฏธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ meaning structure
- ํฌ์ฅ โ packaging/framing
- ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ โ logic
- ์ ์ํ โ normalization
Tip ๐ก Process nouns with -ํ often describe how a social meaning gets made, accepted, or repeated.
ย
Exercise 3 โ Distortion, Exclusion & Alienation ๐ช
A. ๊ณตํฌ ์ค์ฌ์ ์์ฌ๋ ํ์ค์ ๋ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฌํํ๋ค.
A fear-centered narrative deepens the distortion of reality. ๐ซ๏ธ
A fear-centered narrative deepens the distortion of reality. ๐ซ๏ธ
Answer
์๊ณก โ Reality is bent through a narrative frame.
B. ๋์ธ์ฐํ ์ง๋จ์ ๊ณต์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํํ๋ค.
A stigmatized group experiences exclusion in public spaces. ๐๏ธ
A stigmatized group experiences exclusion in public spaces. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐฐ์ โ This emphasizes being left out from participation.
C. ์ง์์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ๊น์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋จ๊ธด๋ค.
Continuous rejection leaves deep alienation in an individual. ๐ณ๏ธ
Continuous rejection leaves deep alienation in an individual. ๐ณ๏ธ
Answer
์์ธ โ This highlights alienation and separation from belonging.
D. ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๋จ์ํ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ๋ํ๋๋ค.
Discrimination appears not as a simple feeling but as deprivation of rights. โ๏ธ
Discrimination appears not as a simple feeling but as deprivation of rights. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐํ โ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐํ means deprivation of rights.
E. ๋์ธ์ ํผํด์์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ณ๋ถ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ํจ๋ค.
Stigma pushes the victimโs voice to the margins. ๐ฃ
Stigma pushes the victimโs voice to the margins. ๐ฃ
Answer
์ฃผ๋ณํ โ Marginalization; making something peripheral.
F. ํ์ธ์ ๋ฏ์ ์กด์ฌ๋ก ๋ง๋๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค.
The process of making others into alien beings is called othering. ๐ฅ
The process of making others into alien beings is called othering. ๐ฅ
Answer
ํ์ํ โ It means othering: turning someone into โthe other.โ
G. ์๊ณก๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ ์ฌํ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Distorted information intensifies social distance. ๐ก
Distorted information intensifies social distance. ๐ก
Answer
์ฌํ โ ์ฌํํ๋ค means to deepen or intensify.
H. ์์ธ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ณต๋์ฒด ์์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์๊ธฐ ์ฝ๋ค.
Alienated people can easily lose a sense of belonging within a community. ๐ก
Alienated people can easily lose a sense of belonging within a community. ๐ก
Answer
์์๊ฐ โ This means a sense of belonging.
I. ํธ๊ฒฌ์ ์ฌ์ค ์ ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ค๊น์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ํจ๋ค.
Prejudice distorts even the standards for selecting facts. ๐
Prejudice distorts even the standards for selecting facts. ๐
Answer
์๊ณก โ The standards themselves become bent.
J. ์ฌํ์ ๋์ธ์ ํ๋ฒํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Social stigma transforms ordinary difference into dangerous difference. โ ๏ธ
Social stigma transforms ordinary difference into dangerous difference. โ ๏ธ
Answer
์ ํ โ ์ ํํ๋ค means to transform or shift.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ณตํฌ ์ค์ฌ์ ์์ฌ โ fear-centered narrative
- ํ์ค โ reality
- ์๊ณก โ distortion
- ๋์ธ์ฐํ ์ง๋จ โ stigmatized group
- ๊ณต์ ๊ณต๊ฐ โ public space
- ๋ฐฐ์ โ exclusion
- ๋ฐฐ์ฒ โ rejection
- ์์ธ โ alienation
- ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐํ โ deprivation of rights
- ํผํด์์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ โ victimโs voice
- ์ฃผ๋ณํ โ marginalization
- ํ์ํ โ othering
- ์ฌํ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ โ social distance
- ์ฌํ โ deepening/intensification
- ๊ณต๋์ฒด โ community
- ์์๊ฐ โ sense of belonging
- ์ ํ โ transformation/shift
Tip ๐ก ๋ฐฐ์ is being left out; ์์ธ is the alienated condition that often follows.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Academic Collocations ๐ง
A. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ์ฌํ์ ๋์ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋จ๊ณ๋ณ๋ก ์ ์ํ๋ค.
The researcher presented the formation process of social stigma by stage. ๐งช
The researcher presented the formation process of social stigma by stage. ๐งช
Answer
ํ์ฑ ๊ณผ์ โ This means formation process.
B. ๊ทธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ํธ๊ฒฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด์ ์ญํ ์ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค.
The paper analyzes the reproduction of prejudice and the role of media. ๐
The paper analyzes the reproduction of prejudice and the role of media. ๐
Answer
์ฌ์์ฐ โ A natural collocation: ํธ๊ฒฌ์ ์ฌ์์ฐ.
C. ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ํํ ์์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ช
๋ถ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ค.
The justification of discrimination often happens under the pretext of safety. ๐ก๏ธ
The justification of discrimination often happens under the pretext of safety. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋นํ โ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ์ ๋นํ is a strong academic phrase.
D. ์ธ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํต๊ณ ํด์์๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค.
Distortion of perception affects even statistical interpretation. ๐
Distortion of perception affects even statistical interpretation. ๐
Answer
์๊ณก โ ์ธ์์ ์๊ณก is the exact target phrase.
E. ์์์์ ๋ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ๋์ ์ฅ๋ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ค.
Exclusion of minorities leads to institutional barriers. ๐ง
Exclusion of minorities leads to institutional barriers. ๐ง
Answer
๋ฐฐ์ โ ์์์์ ๋ํ ๋ฐฐ์ is natural and precise.
F. ๋์ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์์กด๊ฐ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค๋ค.
The stigma effect has a long-term impact on an individualโs self-esteem. ๐ฑ
The stigma effect has a long-term impact on an individualโs self-esteem. ๐ฑ
Answer
ํจ๊ณผ โ ๋์ธํจ๊ณผ is a key compound.
G. ์ง๋จ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค.
Conflict between groups accelerates the spread of negative perception. ๐
Conflict between groups accelerates the spread of negative perception. ๐
Answer
ํ์ฐ โ This means spread or diffusion.
H. ํ์ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ธ์ด ํํ์์ ๋จผ์ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค.
The logic of othering first appears in language expressions. ๐ฃ๏ธ
The logic of othering first appears in language expressions. ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
๋
ผ๋ฆฌ โ Academic writing often uses -์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ for an underlying logic.
I. ๋์ธ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋์ ์๊ธฐ ๊ฒ์ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ฝ๋ค.
A stigmatized person can easily internalize self-censorship. ๐ค
A stigmatized person can easily internalize self-censorship. ๐ค
Answer
๋ด๋ฉดํ โ The outside pressure becomes internal behavior.
J. ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋์ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ณ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Policy should be designed to reduce the damage of stigma. ๐งฏ
Policy should be designed to reduce the damage of stigma. ๐งฏ
Answer
ํผํด โ ๋์ธ์ ํผํด means the harm caused by stigma.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ โ researcher
- ํ์ฑ ๊ณผ์ โ formation process
- ๋จ๊ณ๋ณ๋ก โ by stage
- ๋ ผ๋ฌธ โ academic paper
- ์ฌ์์ฐ โ reproduction
- ๋ฏธ๋์ด์ ์ญํ โ role of media
- ์ ๋นํ โ justification
- ์์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ช ๋ถ โ pretext of safety
- ์ธ์์ ์๊ณก โ distortion of perception
- ํต๊ณ ํด์ โ statistical interpretation
- ์์์ โ minority
- ์ ๋์ ์ฅ๋ฒฝ โ institutional barrier
- ๋์ธํจ๊ณผ โ stigma effect
- ์์กด๊ฐ โ self-esteem
- ํ์ฐ โ spread/diffusion
- ํ์ํ์ ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ โ logic of othering
- ์๊ธฐ ๊ฒ์ด โ self-censorship
- ํผํด โ harm/damage
Tip ๐ก In essays, noun chains like ๋์ธ์ ํ์ฑ ๊ณผ์ and ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ์ ๋นํ sound compact and academic.
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ฌํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค.
That argument explains a social mechanism, not a machine. โ๏ธ
That argument explains a social mechanism, not a machine. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ โ โ ๊ธฐ๊ณ (โmachineโ) โ โ
๊ธฐ์ (โmechanismโ).
B. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ธ๋ก์๋ณด๋ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์์ผ ํ๋ค.
We must look at structural alienation rather than personal loneliness. ๐งฑ
We must look at structural alienation rather than personal loneliness. ๐งฑ
Answer
์์ธ โ โ โjust lonelinessโ โ โ
social alienation/exclusion.
C. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋จ์ํ ์ค์๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ํ์ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
It is not a simple mistake but a distortion of reality. ๐ช
It is not a simple mistake but a distortion of reality. ๐ช
Answer
์๊ณก โ โ simple error โ โ
distorted framing or representation.
D. ๋์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ทจํฅ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ฌํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ค.
Stigma is not personal taste but the result of social labeling. ๐ท๏ธ
Stigma is not personal taste but the result of social labeling. ๐ท๏ธ
Answer
๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง โ This borrowed term means labeling; in Korean analysis, it often pairs with stigma.
E. ํ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ ์ฒด ์ง๋จ์ ๋ณธ์ง๋ก ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณผ๋ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Seeing one case as the essence of an entire group is excessive generalization. ๐
Seeing one case as the essence of an entire group is excessive generalization. ๐
Answer
์ผ๋ฐํ โ This is a key pitfall behind prejudice.
F. ํ์ค ํํ์ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๋๋ด์ฒ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
Hate expression can normalize discrimination as if it were a joke. ๐๏ธ
Hate expression can normalize discrimination as if it were a joke. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ํ โ It makes harmful speech seem ordinary.
G. ํผํด์๊ฐ ๋์ธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ผ ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋๋ค.
When a victim accepts the stigma, internalization occurs. ๐ช
When a victim accepts the stigma, internalization occurs. ๐ช
Answer
๋ด๋ฉดํ โ Outside social judgment moves inward.
H. ์ ๋๋ ๋๋ก ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์ด๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Institutions sometimes justify inequality as a difference in ability. ๐๏ธ
Institutions sometimes justify inequality as a difference in ability. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋นํ โ The unfair structure is made to look reasonable.
I. ๋ฐ๋ณต๋ ํธ๊ฒฌ์ ๋ค์ ์ธ๋์ ๋ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
Repeated prejudice is reproduced again in the next generation. ๐
Repeated prejudice is reproduced again in the next generation. ๐
Answer
์ฌ์์ฐ โ The social pattern repeats across time.
J. ์์์์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ด๋ด๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The process of pushing minority voices to the margins is marginalization. ๐ฃ
The process of pushing minority voices to the margins is marginalization. ๐ฃ
Answer
์ฃผ๋ณํ โ This names the movement from center to margin.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ธฐ์ โ mechanism
- ๊ธฐ๊ณ โ machine
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์์ธ โ structural alienation
- ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ธ๋ก์ โ personal loneliness
- ํ์ค์ ์๊ณก โ distortion of reality
- ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง โ labeling
- ๊ฐ์ธ ์ทจํฅ โ personal taste
- ์ ์ฒด ์ง๋จ โ entire group
- ๊ณผ๋ํ ์ผ๋ฐํ โ excessive generalization
- ํ์ค ํํ โ hate expression
- ์ ์ํ โ normalization
- ๋ด๋ฉดํ โ internalization
- ์ ๋ โ institution/system
- ๋ถํ๋ฑ โ inequality
- ์ ๋นํ โ justification
- ๋ค์ ์ธ๋ โ next generation
- ์ฌ์์ฐ โ reproduction
- ์์์์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ โ minority voice
- ์ฃผ๋ณํ โ marginalization
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol: do not flatten ์์ธ into loneliness, ์๊ณก into mistake, or ๊ธฐ์ into machine.
ย
๐ Excellent work. You now have the vocabulary to explain not only that stigma exists, but how it forms, spreads, hides inside โcommon sense,โ and damages real people. That is advanced Korean with teeth โ the useful kind. ๐ฆท