TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐๏ธ ์ ํต means tradition, but not every tradition is automatically wise, harmless, or worth preserving unchanged.
- ๐ชจ ์ ํต์ ๊ด์ฑ means the inertia of tradition: the tendency for old customs, institutions, or assumptions to keep moving simply because they are familiar.
- ๐ช ๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ means resistance/refusal to change, while ๊ตฌ์ต means old/outdated customs that may need reform.
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Use Korean Helper Widgets to hear phrases like ์ ํต์ ๊ด์ฑ์ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๋ค (to overcome the inertia of tradition) or ๊ตฌ์ต์ ํํํ๋ค (to break down outdated customs).
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๐ The Big Picture
In Korean social commentary, ์ ํต (tradition) is often treated with respect โ but advanced writing also asks when tradition becomes a brake. The phrase ์ ํต์ ๊ด์ฑ (the inertia of tradition) captures that slow, heavy pull of โwe have always done it this way.โ ๐งฒ
๋ณด์์ ๊ฒฝํฅ (conservative tendency) does not always mean a political party. It can describe a cautious habit of preserving existing systems, customs, or values. Sometimes that caution protects stability; sometimes it blocks necessary change.
๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ (refusal/resistance to change) is stronger. It suggests an active unwillingness to adapt. ๊ตฌ์ต (old custom/outdated practice) is usually negative, pointing to habits that remain even after they have lost their usefulness. Dusty traditions: charming in museums, less charming in HR policy. ๐๏ธ
๐จ The Core Tradition-Inertia Family
๐๏ธ ์ ํต โ tradition
- ์ ํต์ ๊ณ์นํ๋ค = to inherit/carry on tradition
- ์ ํต์ ๋ณด์กดํ๋ค = to preserve tradition
- ์ ํต์ ๊ฐ์น = traditional values
- ์ ํต๊ณผ ํ๋์ ์กฐํ = harmony between tradition and modernity
๐ชจ ๊ด์ฑ โ inertia / tendency to continue
- ์ ํต์ ๊ด์ฑ = inertia of tradition
- ์ ๋์ ๊ด์ฑ = institutional inertia
- ๊ด์ฑ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๋ค = to break away from inertia
- ๊ด์ฑ์ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๋ค = to overcome inertia
๐งญ ๋ณด์์ ๊ฒฝํฅ โ conservative tendency
- ๋ณด์์ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ค = to show a conservative tendency
- ๋ณํ์ ์ ์คํ๋ค = to be cautious about change
- ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ์งํ๋ค = to maintain the existing method
- ์์ ์ ์ค์ํ๋ค = to value stability
๐ช ๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ and ๊ตฌ์ต โ refusal to change and outdated custom
- ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๋ค = to refuse change
- ๋ณํ์ ์ ํญํ๋ค = to resist change
- ๊ตฌ์ต์ ํํํ๋ค = to break down outdated customs
- ๋ก์ ๊ดํ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ค = to abandon old practices
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ๐๏ธ ์ ํต์ ๊ณ์นํ๋, ์๋์ ๋ง์ง ์๋ ๊ตฌ์ต์ ๊ณผ๊ฐํ ๋ฒ๋ ค์ผ ํ๋ค. (We should carry on tradition, but boldly abandon outdated customs that do not fit the times.)
๊ณ์นํ๋ค = to inherit/carry on, ์๋์ ๋ง์ง ์๋ค = not fit the times, ๊ณผ๊ฐํ = boldly.
- ๐ชจ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ ๋์ ๊ด์ฑ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์๋ก์ด ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. (The organization could not accept a new evaluation method because of institutional inertia.)
์ ๋ = system/institution, ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ = evaluation method, ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ค = to accept.
- ๐ช ๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ๊ฐ ๊ณ์๋๋ฉด ์ ํต์ ์์ฐ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๋ถ๋ด์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ค. (If refusal to change continues, tradition can become a burden rather than an asset.)
์์ฐ = asset, ๋ถ๋ด = burden, ๊ณ์๋๋ค = to continue.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
This is a vocabulary lesson, so the key is choosing the right evaluation tone. ๐๏ธ
- Use ์ ํต neutrally or positively when discussing inherited culture, values, or practices.
- Use ๊ด์ฑ when something keeps going because of habit, structure, or momentum.
- Use ๋ณด์์ ๊ฒฝํฅ when describing caution, preference for stability, or reluctance toward change.
- Use ๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ when the refusal is active and explicit.
- Use ๊ตฌ์ต or ๋ก์ ๊ดํ when criticizing outdated practices.
๐ Cross-check note
Key vocabulary and usage patterns were cross-checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์ / korean.go.kr, including usage of ์ ํต, ๊ด์ฑ, ๊ฒฝํฅ, ๊ฑฐ๋ถ, ๊ตฌ์ต, and related public-language examples. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์ ํต (tradition) vs. ๊ตฌ์ต (outdated custom): ์ ํต can be respected; ๊ตฌ์ต is usually negative.
- ๊ด์ฑ (inertia) vs. ์ต๊ด (habit): ๊ด์ฑ sounds more structural or analytical; ์ต๊ด sounds personal and everyday.
- ๋ณด์์ (conservative/cautious) vs. ์๊ตฌ์ (reactionary/rigidly old-guard): ์๊ตฌ์ is more critical and harsher.
- ๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ (refusal to change) vs. ๋ณํ์ ์ ์คํจ (caution about change): refusal is stronger; caution can be reasonable.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ Calling every tradition ๊ตฌ์ต โ โ use ๊ตฌ์ต only for outdated practices with a negative tone. ๐งน
- โ Translating ๊ด์ฑ only as physics โinertiaโ โ โ in social analysis, it means institutional or habitual momentum. ๐ชจ
- โ Treating ๋ณด์์ ๊ฒฝํฅ as always bad โ โ it can imply caution, stability, or resistance depending on context. โ๏ธ
- โ Using ๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ for mild hesitation โ โ use it when the resistance is active or firm. ๐ช
- โ Saying ์ ํต์ ํํํ๋ค when you mean outdated customs โ โ ๊ตฌ์ต์ ํํํ๋ค or ๋ก์ ๊ดํ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ค. ๐จ
๐ This vocabulary lets you write with balance: respect what deserves preservation, question what survives only by inertia, and name the difference between living tradition and dusty old baggage. ๐งณ
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Try this exercise
Read each sentence and fill the blank with the best Korean word or phrase. Then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance. Watch whether the sentence is respectful, analytical, or critical. ๐งญ
1. ๊ทธ ๋ง์์ ์ค๋๋ ์ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ณ์นํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
That village is carrying on the tradition of an old festival. ๐
Answer
์ ํต โ ์ ํต์ ๊ณ์นํ๋ค means to carry on tradition.
2. ์กฐ์ง์ ์ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
The organization could not accept the new method because of institutional inertia. ๐ชจ
Answer
๊ด์ฑ โ ์ ๋์ ๊ด์ฑ means institutional inertia.
3. ์ผ๋ถ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ๋ณํ์ ๋ํด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
Some members showed a conservative tendency toward rapid change. ๐ข
Answer
๋ณด์์ โ ๋ณด์์ ๊ฒฝํฅ can mean cautious or change-averse.
4. ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ์ธ ๊ดํ์ ๋ ์ด์ ์ ํต์ด ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ๋ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Discriminatory practices should no longer be seen as tradition but as outdated customs. ๐งน
Answer
๊ตฌ์ต โ This is a negative word for outdated customs.
5. ๊ฐํ์์ ๋ด๋ถ์ ๊ฐํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ถ๋ชํ๋ค.
The reform proposal ran into strong refusal to change. ๐ช
Answer
๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ โ The sentence emphasizes active resistance to change.
6. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ก์ ๊ดํ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
Experts said people must abandon old practices and break away from inertia. ๐
Answer
๊ด์ฑ โ ๊ด์ฑ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๋ค is the key collocation.
7. ๊ทธ ์์์ ์ง์ญ์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ฃผ๋ ์์คํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
That ceremony is a precious tradition showing the regionโs identity. ๐ฎ
Answer
์ ํต โ The sentence is respectful and positive.
8. ์ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ง๋ ํ๋๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ๋นํ๋ฐ์๋ค.
The attitude of blocking the new system unconditionally was criticized as refusal to change. ๐งฑ
Answer
๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ โ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ง๋ค suggests active refusal.
9. ๊ทธ ํ์ฌ๋ ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ค์ํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
The company has a conservative culture that values stability. ๐ข
Answer
๋ณด์์ โ This is descriptive, not necessarily insulting.
10. ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋์๋๋ฐ๋ ๋จ์ ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ํค์ธ ์ ์๋ค.
Outdated customs that remain even after society has changed can intensify conflict. โก
Answer
๊ตฌ์ต โ The sentence criticizes old practices that no longer fit.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ํต โ tradition
- ๊ด์ฑ โ inertia; momentum
- ๋ณด์์ โ conservative; cautious
- ๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ โ refusal to change
- ๊ตฌ์ต โ outdated custom
- ๊ณ์นํ๋ค โ to carry on/inherit
- ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ค โ to accept
- ๋ก์ ๊ดํ โ old practice
- ์ ์ฒด์ฑ โ identity
Tip ๐ก Respectful tone: ์ ํต. Critical tone: ๊ตฌ์ต. Analytical tone: ๊ด์ฑ.
Want more reps? Continue into the Practice Hub below and sort living traditions from dusty old habits. ๐งน
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ The Inertia of Tradition
Welcome to your tradition-and-change workout. ๐ชจ Youโll practice how Korean distinguishes ์ ํต (tradition), ์ ํต์ ๊ด์ฑ (inertia of tradition), ๋ณด์์ ๊ฒฝํฅ (conservative tendency), ๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ (refusal to change), and ๊ตฌ์ต (outdated custom).
๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence.
๐ Instructions: Fill each blank with the best Korean word or phrase. Read the full sentence aloud, notice the tone, then open the Answer toggle.
Exercise 1 โ ์ ํต: Preserve or Reinterpret? ๐๏ธ
A. ํ๊ต๋ ์ง์ญ์ ์์
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ณด์กดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค.
The school created a club to preserve the regionโs musical tradition. ๐ถ
Answer
์ ํต โ ์ ํต์ ๋ณด์กดํ๋ค is respectful and natural.
B. ์ ์ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌํด์ํ๋ค.
Young artists reinterpreted tradition in a modern way. ๐จ
Answer
์ ํต โ ์ฌํด์ํ๋ค means to reinterpret.
C. ๊ทธ ์๋ก๋ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ค๋ค.
That ritual shows the communityโs traditional values. ๐ฏ๏ธ
Answer
์ ํต์ โ ์ ํต์ ๊ฐ์น means traditional values.
D. ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ฌ๋ผ์ ธ ๊ฐ๋ ์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
The museum recorded disappearing living traditions. ๐บ
Answer
์ ํต โ Here the tone is preservation, not criticism.
E. ์ถ์ ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ํ๋ ๊ณต์ฐ์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ๋ค.
The festival combined tradition and modern performance. ๐ญ
Answer
์ ํต โ ์ ํต๊ณผ ํ๋ is a common contrast.
F. ๊ฐ์กฑ ์ค์ฌ ๋ฌธํ๋ ํ๊ตญ ์ฌํ์ ์ค์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์๋ค.
Family-centered culture has been considered an important tradition in Korean society. ๐ช
Answer
์ ํต โ The sentence describes a long-standing cultural pattern.
G. ๊ทธ ์ฅ์ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ค์ ์ธ๋์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
The craftsperson passed down traditional techniques to the next generation. ๐งต
Answer
์ ํต์ โ ์ ํต์ ๊ธฐ์ means traditional technique.
H. ์๋ก์ด ๋์์ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์๋ฆ๋ค์์ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์๋ ์ค์ฉ์ฑ์ ๋์๋ค.
The new design preserved the beauty of tradition while increasing practicality. ๐ชญ
Answer
์ ํต โ Tradition is presented as a valuable resource.
I. ๊ทธ ๋์๋ ๊ฑด์ถ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ด๊ด ์์์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉํ๋ค.
The city used its architectural tradition as a tourism resource. ๐ฏ
Answer
์ ํต โ ๊ฑด์ถ ์ ํต is natural.
J. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ์๋์ ๋ง๊ฒ ๋ฐ๊พธ์๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The expert suggested adapting tradition to the times rather than abandoning it unconditionally. โณ
Answer
์ ํต โ The sentence argues for adaptation, not rejection.
Reference Hub
- ์์ ์ ํต โ musical tradition
- ๋ณด์กดํ๋ค โ to preserve
- ์ฌํด์ํ๋ค โ to reinterpret
- ์๋ก โ ritual
- ๊ณต๋์ฒด โ community
- ์ํ ์ ํต โ living tradition
- ์ฅ์ธ โ craftsperson
- ์ ์ํ๋ค โ to pass down
- ์ค์ฉ์ฑ โ practicality
- ๊ด๊ด ์์ โ tourism resource
Tip ๐ก ์ ํต is often positive when paired with preservation, reinterpretation, or inheritance.
Exercise 2 โ ๊ด์ฑ: Why Old Systems Keep Moving ๐ชจ
A. ์ค๋๋ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ์ฐจ๋ ์กฐ์ง์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ค๋ค.
The old reporting procedure shows the organizationโs inertia. ๐
Answer
๊ด์ฑ โ A system keeps moving by habit.
B. ๊ทธ ํ์ฌ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฑ๊ณต ๋ฐฉ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
The company could not break away from the inertia of its existing success formula. ๐ข
Answer
๊ด์ฑ โ ๊ด์ฑ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๋ค is the collocation.
C. ๊ต์ก ์ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์๋ก์ด ์์
๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ฆ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
The inertia of the education system made it accept new teaching methods slowly. ๐ซ
Answer
๊ด์ฑ โ Institutional inertia slows change.
D. ์ ์ฑ
๋ด๋น์๋ค์ ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ทน๋ณตํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
Policy officials said administrative inertia must be overcome. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ด์ฑ โ ๊ด์ฑ์ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๋ค means to overcome inertia.
E. ๊ด๋ฃ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ ์ฐจ ์ค์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ ์งํ๋ค.
The bureaucratic organization maintained procedure-centered inertia. ๐งพ
Answer
๊ด์ฑ โ The structure keeps repeating itself.
F. ๊ธฐ์กด ํ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฐฝ์์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ๊ฒ ํ๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
Creativity was undervalued because of the inertia of existing evaluation standards. ๐ก
Answer
๊ด์ฑ โ Old standards keep shaping judgment.
G. ์ฐ์
๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋์
์ ๋ฆ์ท๋ค.
The inertia of the industrial structure delayed the adoption of new technology. ๐ญ
Answer
๊ด์ฑ โ This is structural momentum.
H. ์ง์ญ ์ฌํ๋ ์ต์ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ธฐ๋์ด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ค๋ค.
The local community leaned on the inertia of familiar ways and postponed the problem. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ด์ฑ โ Familiarity keeps the old approach alive.
I. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ ์ ํต์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋นํํ๋ ์ ํต ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ ํ์ง๋ ์์๋ค.
The expert criticized the inertia of tradition but did not deny tradition itself. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ด์ฑ โ Nice nuance: criticizing inertia is not rejecting all tradition.
J. ๊ฐํ์ด ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋จผ์ ์ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค.
For reform to succeed, institutional inertia must first be reduced. ๐ง
Answer
๊ด์ฑ โ ์ ๋์ ๊ด์ฑ is an analytical phrase.
Reference Hub
- ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ์ฐจ โ reporting procedure
- ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฑ๊ณต ๋ฐฉ์ โ existing success formula
- ๊ต์ก ์ ๋ โ education system
- ํ์ โ administration
- ๊ด๋ฃ ์กฐ์ง โ bureaucratic organization
- ํ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค โ evaluation standard
- ์ฐฝ์์ฑ โ creativity
- ์ฐ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ industrial structure
- ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋์ โ adoption of new technology
- ์ ๋์ โ institutional
Tip ๐ก ๊ด์ฑ often explains why reasonable change still moves slowly.
Exercise 3 โ ๋ณด์์ ๊ฒฝํฅ and ๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ ๐ช
A. ์์ํ๋ ์ํ์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ๊ทผ์ ํํ๋ค.
The committee chose a conservative approach to reduce risk. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์์ โ Here it means cautious, not necessarily negative.
B. ์ ๊ต์ก ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ ๋ฉด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ ํ๋๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ํด์๋์๋ค.
The attitude of completely blocking the new curriculum was interpreted as refusal to change. ๐
Answer
๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ โ Complete blocking is stronger than caution.
C. ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ค์ํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
The company showed a conservative tendency that values stability. ๐ฆ
Answer
๋ณด์์ โ ๋ณด์์ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ค is natural.
D. ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ฌํด์ง์ ๊ฐํ ๋
ผ์๊ฐ ์ค๋จ๋์๋ค.
As membersโ refusal to change intensified, reform discussions stopped. ๐
Answer
๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ โ The resistance is active and strong.
E. ๋ณด๊ฑด ์ ์ฑ
์ ์๋ช
๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ ์๋ฐ์ ์๋ค.
Health policy is directly tied to life, so it inevitably has to be somewhat conservative/cautious. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ณด์์ โ Context makes the caution reasonable.
F. ๋์งํธ ์ ํ์ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋จ์ํ ์ ์คํจ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ค.
Unconditionally delaying digital transformation is not simple caution but refusal to change. ๐ป
Answer
๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ โ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด makes the refusal stronger.
G. ๊ทธ ์ ๋น์ ์ ํต ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ฑ๊ฐ ๊ฐํ๋ค.
That party has a strong conservative color that values traditional order. ๐ณ๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์์ โ This can describe ideological tendency.
H. ์๋ก์ด ๊ทผ๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋
ผ์์กฐ์ฐจ ํ์ง ์๋ ํ๋๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
An attitude of not even discussing new work methods is close to refusal to change. ๐ข
Answer
๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ โ Refusing discussion signals active resistance.
I. ๋ฒ์์ ํ๋ก์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ค์ํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋จ์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค.
The court made a conservative judgment emphasizing the stability of precedent. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์์ โ In legal contexts, it can mean cautious and precedent-focused.
J. ์ฒญ๋
๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์ฑ์ธ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ฌํ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋ฆ์ถ๋ค๊ณ ๋นํํ๋ค.
Young people criticized the older generationโs refusal to change for slowing social change. ๐งโ๐คโ๐ง
Answer
๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ โ The sentence criticizes active resistance.
Reference Hub
- ์์ํ โ committee
- ์ ๊ทผ โ approach
- ๊ต์ก ๊ณผ์ โ curriculum
- ์์ ์ฑ โ stability
- ๊ฐํ ๋ ผ์ โ reform discussion
- ๋ณด๊ฑด ์ ์ฑ โ health policy
- ๋์งํธ ์ ํ โ digital transformation
- ์ ํต ์ง์ โ traditional order
- ํ๋ก โ precedent
- ๊ธฐ์ฑ์ธ๋ โ older/established generation
Tip ๐ก ๋ณด์์ can be careful; ๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ is stronger and more critical.
Exercise 4 โ ๊ตฌ์ต and Outdated Practices ๐งน
A. ์ฑ๋ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ญํ ์ ์ ํํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฌ๋ผ์ ธ์ผ ํ๋ค.
Outdated customs that limit roles by gender should disappear. ๐ป
Answer
๊ตฌ์ต โ The sentence criticizes an outdated practice.
B. ํ์ฌ๋ ๋ถํ์ํ ์ผ๊ทผ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ๊ท์ ํ๋ค.
The company defined unnecessary overtime culture as an outdated custom. ๐
Answer
๊ตฌ์ต โ It is a negative label.
C. ๊ฐํํ๋ ํ์์ ์ธ ์์ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํํํ๋ ค ํ๋ค.
Reformers tried to break down the outdated custom of closed decision-making. ๐จ
Answer
๊ตฌ์ต โ ๊ตฌ์ต์ ํํํ๋ค is the core phrase.
D. ๋์ด๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ธ๊ถ์ ์ ํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ํ ๋ก ์ ๋ฐฉํดํ๋ค.
The outdated custom of deciding speaking rights only by age hinders democratic discussion. ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
๊ตฌ์ต โ The practice no longer fits fair discussion.
E. ํ๊ต๋ ์ฒด๋ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์์ ๊ณ ์๋ด ์ ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ค.
The school eliminated the outdated practice of corporal punishment and strengthened counseling. ๐ซ
Answer
๊ตฌ์ต โ The tone is clearly critical.
F. ๊ทธ ๋จ์ฒด๋ ๊ถ์์ฃผ์์ ํ์ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ๋นํํ๋ค.
The group criticized authoritarian meeting culture as an outdated custom. ๐ช
Answer
๊ตฌ์ต โ It marks the practice as outdated and harmful.
G. ๋ถํฌ๋ช
ํ ์ฑ์ฉ ๊ดํ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ๋ฒ๋ ค์ผ ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Opaque hiring practices are outdated customs that must be abandoned. ๐
Answer
๊ตฌ์ต โ ๋ฒ๋ ค์ผ ํ ๊ตฌ์ต is natural.
H. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ ์๋ก ์์ฒด๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ผ์๋ค.
The expert took issue not with the ritual itself but with discriminatory outdated customs. ๐ฏ๏ธ
Answer
๊ตฌ์ต โ Good nuance: tradition itself is not the target.
I. ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ ํ์ ์ ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ณ ์น๋ ๋ฐ์ ์์๋๋ค.
Innovation in organizational culture begins with fixing small outdated customs. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
๊ตฌ์ต โ Small old practices can still block change.
J. ์ฌํ์ ์ฝ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ ํต์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋นํ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Outdated customs that exclude vulnerable people cannot be justified in the name of tradition. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ตฌ์ต โ This is exactly the critical contrast with ์ ํต.
Reference Hub
- ์ฑ๋ณ โ gender
- ์ญํ โ role
- ์ผ๊ทผ ๋ฌธํ โ overtime culture
- ์์ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ โ decision-making
- ๋ฐ์ธ๊ถ โ right to speak
- ์ฒด๋ฒ โ corporal punishment
- ๊ถ์์ฃผ์์ โ authoritarian
- ์ฑ์ฉ ๊ดํ โ hiring practice
- ์ฌํ์ ์ฝ์ โ socially vulnerable people
- ์ ๋นํ๋๋ค โ to be justified
Tip ๐ก ๊ตฌ์ต is not a neutral โold thing.โ It means an outdated practice that deserves criticism.
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ๋ชจ๋ ์ค๋๋ ๊ด์ต์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ณด์กดํ ๊ฐ์น๊น์ง ๋์น ์ ์๋ค.
If every old custom is called an outdated custom, even what is worth preserving may be missed. ๐บ
Answer
๊ตฌ์ต โ โ Do not call every tradition ๊ตฌ์ต; use it for outdated harmful practices.
B. ์ ํต์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ธ๋์ ์๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ฐ์๋์ง ์์๋ค.
Because of the inertia of tradition, the new generationโs opinions were not reflected. ๐งโ๐คโ๐ง
Answer
๊ด์ฑ โ โ
์ ํต์ ๊ด์ฑ is the lessonโs key analytical phrase.
C. ์์ ์ ์ด์ ๋ก ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ฒ์ฒํ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
Reviewing change slowly for safety reasons can be a conservative/cautious attitude. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์์ โ โ
Not always bad; context decides.
D. ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์์ ๋
ผ์ํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์คํจ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ค.
Not discussing the new standard at all is not caution but refusal to change. ๐ซ
Answer
๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ โ โ
Stronger than hesitation.
E. ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ์ง๋ง ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๊ดํ์ ๋ฒ๋ ค์ผ ํ๋ค.
Cultural heritage should be preserved, but discriminatory practices should be abandoned. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์กด โ ์ ํต์ ๋ณด์กดํ๋ค / ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐ์ ๋ณด์กดํ๋ค means to preserve.
F. ๊ทธ ๋นํ์ ์ ํต ์์ฒด๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ๋ก์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฒจ๋ฅํ๋ค.
The criticism targeted not tradition itself but old practices. ๐ฏ
Answer
๊ดํ โ ๋ก์ ๊ดํ is close to ๊ตฌ์ต but slightly less formal.
G. ์กฐ์ง์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๋ ค๋ฉด ์ธ๋ถ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค.
To break away from organizational inertia, outside opinions must be accepted. ๐ฌ๏ธ
Answer
๊ด์ฑ โ โ
๊ด์ฑ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๋ค is natural.
H. ์ธ๋ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๋ณํ ์๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋ํ ๋ ์ปค์ง๋ค.
Generational conflict grows when conservative tendencies and demands for change collide. โก
Answer
๋ณด์์ ๊ฒฝํฅ โ โ
This names the tendency, not an individual habit.
I. ๋ถํฉ๋ฆฌํ ์์ด ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๊ณต์ ํ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
If unreasonable hierarchy culture is not broken down, a fair organization is difficult. ๐จ
Answer
ํํ โ ๊ตฌ์ต์ ํํํ๋ค means to break down outdated customs.
J. ์ด์ ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์๋์ ๋ํํ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ์ ๋ณํ๋ค.
Living tradition continues to change while conversing with the times. ๐ฑ
Answer
์ ํต โ โ
This is the positive, living sense of tradition.
Reference Hub
- ๊ด์ต โ custom
- ๋ณด์กดํ ๊ฐ์น โ value worth preserving
- ์ ์ธ๋ โ new generation
- ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค โ to review
- ์ ๊ธฐ์ค โ new standard
- ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐ โ cultural heritage
- ๊ฒจ๋ฅํ๋ค โ to target
- ์ธ๋ถ ์๊ฒฌ โ outside opinion
- ์์ด ๋ฌธํ โ hierarchy culture
- ์๋์ ๋ํํ๋ค โ to converse with the times
Tip ๐ก Final audit: preserve ์ ํต, overcome ๊ด์ฑ, distinguish ๋ณด์์ ๊ฒฝํฅ from ๋ณํ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ, and criticize ๊ตฌ์ต precisely.
๐ Excellent work. You can now discuss tradition with nuance: not everything old is wisdom, not everything new is better, and the best analysis knows when to preserve, adapt, or sweep away the cobwebs. ๐งน