๐Ÿ“ˆ

The Impact of Deregulation on Markets

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”์˜ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ / ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” / ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์œ ๋„
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿšง
Build note
This lesson appears to substantially overlap with
โš–๏ธ
The Dilemma of Deregulation
, which already covers ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™” (deregulation), ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” (market revitalization), safeguards, consumer protection, and the freedom-versus-protection dilemma. Iโ€™m marking this page blocked rather than duplicating that lesson until the intended distinction is clearer: for example, whether this page should focus only on market mechanisms such as entry barriers, competition, prices, innovation, and consumer welfare.
๐Ÿ“ˆ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿ“ˆ ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™” (deregulation) reduces restrictions so firms can enter, invest, and compete more freely.
  • ๐Ÿƒ Its market impact often follows a chain: ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ ์™„ํ™” (lowering barriers to entry) โ†’ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์œ ๋„ (encouraging competition) โ†’ ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” (market revitalization).
  • โš–๏ธ Advanced answers should also mention limits: ๋…๊ณผ์  (monopoly/oligopoly), ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ”ผํ•ด (consumer harm), and ๋ณด์™„ ์žฅ์น˜ (safeguards).
๐ŸŽง
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note
When you want to hear any phrase from this lesson, open
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
and type the Korean word or sentence into the widget. Long policy phrases become much easier when you listen by meaning chunks: ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™” โ†’ ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” โ†’ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์œ ๋„. ๐ŸŽ›๏ธ
ย 

๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

๐Ÿงญ
Main idea: ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”์˜ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ means โ€œthe ripple effects of deregulation.โ€ The lesson is not just โ€œrules go down.โ€ It is about how one policy change spreads through firms, consumers, prices, innovation, and oversight. ๐ŸŒŠ
In market discussions, ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™” (deregulation) is usually presented as a way to make economic activity smoother. If licensing, reporting, or entry requirements become lighter, new firms may enter the market more easily. That can increase competition, push existing firms to improve quality, and sometimes lower prices for consumers. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
But markets are not magic vending machines. If rules are removed too quickly or without oversight, weaker actors may be harmed, safety standards may decline, or large firms may dominate the market. A strong advanced answer explains mechanism + benefit + risk + safeguard. Tiny economist cape: optional. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿซ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Market Impact Family

1. ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™” โ€” deregulation ๐Ÿงพ

๊ทœ์ œ means regulation or restriction, and ์™„ํ™” means easing or loosening. Together, ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™” means reducing government restrictions or administrative burdens.
  • ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
    • (The government eased some regulations to support the growth of new industries.) ๐Ÿญ
  • Useful phrase: ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to ease unnecessary regulations.

2. ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ โ€” ripple effect ๐ŸŒŠ

ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ describes a wider impact that spreads beyond the first target. In this lesson, one policy change affects entry, competition, investment, prices, quality, and consumer choice.
  • ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”์˜ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—… ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • (The ripple effects of deregulation can appear across the whole industry.) ๐Ÿ—๏ธ
  • Useful phrase: ์‚ฐ์—… ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค โ€” to have ripple effects across an industry.

3. ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ ์™„ํ™” โ€” easing barriers to entry ๐Ÿšช

์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ means barriers that make it hard for new firms to enter a market. They may be legal, financial, technical, or administrative.
  • ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋ฉด ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ง„์ž…์ด ์‰ฌ์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค.
    • (When barriers to entry are lowered, market entry becomes easier for new firms.) ๐Ÿƒ
  • Useful phrase: ์‹ ๊ทœ ์—…์ฒด์˜ ์ง„์ž…์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to promote the entry of new businesses.

4. ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์œ ๋„ โ€” encouraging competition ๐Ÿ

๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์œ ๋„ means creating conditions that make firms compete. More competition can lead to lower prices, better service, and faster innovation.
  • ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • (The arrival of new operators encourages competition among existing firms.) ๐Ÿข
  • Useful phrase: ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ€” competition intensifies.

5. ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” โ€” market revitalization ๐Ÿ“ˆ

์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” means making market activity more dynamic: more transactions, investment, new services, and consumer participation.
  • ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž ํ™•๋Œ€์™€ ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • (Deregulation can contribute to expanded investment and market revitalization.) ๐Ÿ’ผ
  • Useful phrase: ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to seek or promote market revitalization.

6. ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ›„์ƒ โ€” consumer welfare ๐ŸŽ

์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ›„์ƒ means the overall benefit consumers receive: lower prices, more choices, better quality, safer services, or easier access.
  • ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ›„์ƒ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • (Fair competition can improve consumer welfare.) ๐Ÿ›’
  • Useful phrase: ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to expand consumer choice.

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

Pattern 1: A๋กœ ์ธํ•ด B๊ฐ€ ์ด‰์ง„๋˜๋‹ค

Use this to show a cause-and-effect relationship.
  • ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ง„์ž…์ด ์ด‰์ง„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • (Due to deregulation, new firmsโ€™ market entry can be promoted.) ๐Ÿšช
      Notes: -๋กœ ์ธํ•ด = due to; ์ด‰์ง„๋˜๋‹ค = to be promoted.

Pattern 2: A๋Š” B๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ C์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค

Use this when the impact spreads to multiple groups or areas.
  • ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์™€ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค.
    • (Deregulation affects not only firms but also consumers and workers.) ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
      Notes: ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ = not only; ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค = to affect.

Pattern 3: A์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, B๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค

Use this to balance a benefit with a risk.
  • ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • (Deregulation can contribute to market revitalization, but it can cause consumer harm.) โš–๏ธ
      Notes: ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋‹ค = to contribute; ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค = to cause, often something negative.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

This is a vocabulary-and-argument lesson, so the key skill is building a clear market-impact chain:
  1. Start with the policy: ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” (Deregulationโ€ฆ)
  1. Add the first market mechanism: ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์–ด (by lowering barriers to entryโ€ฆ)
  1. Add the market result: ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค (can encourage competition and contribute to market revitalizationโ€ฆ)
  1. Add the caution: ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฐ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค (however, an appropriate oversight system is necessary)
Model:
๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์–ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Deregulation can lower barriers to entry, encourage competition, and contribute to market revitalization, but an oversight system for consumer protection should also be prepared. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

๐Ÿšจ Exception Rule(s)

There are no irregular conjugation exceptions in this lesson. The โ€œexceptionโ€ is analytical: do not assume every deregulated market becomes healthier. If a market has natural monopoly features, information asymmetry, safety risks, or weak consumer protection, deregulation may need stronger safeguards rather than simple rule removal. ๐Ÿง 

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

Key Korean terms and usage in this lesson were cross-checked against Korean public-language and dictionary resources, including korean.go.kr, with special attention to policy and market vocabulary such as ๊ทœ์ œ, ์™„ํ™”, ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ, ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ, and ํ›„์ƒ. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™” โ€” deregulation; standard policy term.
  • ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” regulatory reform; broader, can include easing, redesigning, or improving rules.
  • ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™” โ€” simplification of procedures; narrower and administrative.
  • ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” โ€” market revitalization; common in policy writing.
  • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์–‘ โ€” economic stimulus; broader macroeconomic term, not identical to market revitalization.
  • ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ด‰์ง„ โ€” promotion of competition; close to ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์œ ๋„, often slightly more formal.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ข‹๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณด์™„ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. (Avoid one-sided claims.) โš–๏ธ
  • โŒ ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”์™€ ๊ทœ์ œ ์ฒ ํ๋Š” ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋А์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทœ์ œ ์ฒ ํ๋Š” ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. (Easing is not abolition.) โœ‚๏ธ
  • โŒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ›„์ƒ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์œ ์ง€๋  ๋•Œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ›„์ƒ์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (Competition needs fairness and quality.) ๐Ÿ›’
  • โŒ ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋งŒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ๋นผ๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™€ ๋…ธ๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. (Markets have people inside them. Sneaky but true.) ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
  • โŒ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ = only positive impact โ†’ โœ… ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ can be positive or negative depending on context. ๐ŸŒŠ

๐ŸŽ‰ If you can explain ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™” through entry, competition, activation, welfare, and safeguards, your Korean sounds analytical instead of slogan-shaped. That is advanced vocabulary doing its fancy paperwork. ๐Ÿ“‘โœจ
ย 

Try this exercise

Practice the market-impact chain. Fill each blank with the best Korean expression, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance. No romanization here โ€” this is advanced vocabulary, and your Hangul muscles are already wearing a tiny suit. ๐Ÿ’ผ
1. ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ทœ์ œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A policy that reduces unnecessary regulations is called deregulation. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์™„ํ™” โ€” ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™” means easing or loosening regulations. โœ‚๏ธ
2. ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์‚ฐ์—… ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋„“์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The broad impact a policy has across an industry is called a ripple effect. ๐ŸŒŠ
Answer
ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ โ€” ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ means ripple effect or wider impact. ๐ŸŒ€
3. ์ง„์ž… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋ฉด ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค.
If barriers to entry are lowered, new firms can enter the market more easily. ๐Ÿšช
Answer
์žฅ๋ฒฝ โ€” ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ means barrier to entry. ๐Ÿงฑ
4. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The arrival of new operators can encourage competition among existing firms. ๐Ÿ
Answer
๊ฒฝ์Ÿ โ€” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋‹ค means to encourage competition. ๐Ÿƒ
5. ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์™€ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ์‹œ์žฅ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
When transactions and investment increase, it helps market revitalization. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” โ€” ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” means market revitalization. ๐Ÿš€
6. ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ธํ•˜์™€ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ ํ™•๋Œ€๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Price reductions and expanded choice can improve consumer welfare. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
ํ›„์ƒ โ€” ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ›„์ƒ means consumer welfare. ๐ŸŽ
7. ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Deregulation can contribute to market revitalization, but it can also cause consumer harm. โš ๏ธ
Answer
์ดˆ๋ž˜ โ€” ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค often means to cause a negative result. ๐Ÿงฏ
8. ๊ณต์ • ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฐ๋… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
An appropriate oversight system is necessary to maintain fair competition. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์ฒด๊ณ„ โ€” ๊ฐ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„ means oversight system. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
9. ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด์™„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Safeguards should be prepared to reduce side effects. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
์žฅ์น˜ โ€” ๋ณด์™„ ์žฅ์น˜ means safeguard. ๐Ÿงฏ
10. ์ข‹์€ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
A good answer includes not only effects but also risks and solutions. ๐ŸŽฏ
Answer
ํฌํ•จ โ€” ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋‹ค means to include. Advanced answers include both upside and downside. โš–๏ธ
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™” โ†’ deregulation
  • ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ ripple effect
  • ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ โ†’ barrier to entry
  • ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ธฐ์—… โ†’ new firm
  • ์‚ฌ์—…์ž โ†’ business operator
  • ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to encourage competition
  • ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” โ†’ market revitalization
  • ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ›„์ƒ โ†’ consumer welfare
  • ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to cause, often negatively
  • ๊ฐ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ oversight system
  • ๋ณด์™„ ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ safeguard
  • ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to include
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Build the chain first, then add the safeguard: policy โ†’ market mechanism โ†’ benefit โ†’ risk โ†’ solution.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Head into the Practice Hub below and make this market-impact vocabulary feel automatic. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” The Impact of Deregulation on Markets
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Welcome to your market-impact workout. ๐Ÿ“ˆ This Practice Hub helps you explain how ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™” spreads through entry barriers, competition, prices, innovation, and consumer welfare. The goal is not to cheer for deregulation or boo it from the balcony; the goal is to analyze its mechanism like a calm policy detective. ๐Ÿ•ต๏ธ
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a Korean policy phrase or sentence aloud.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Complete each Korean sentence with the best expression. Say the full sentence aloud, identify whether it describes a cause, benefit, risk, or safeguard, then open the Answer toggle.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Deregulation and Ripple Effects ๐ŸŒŠ

A. ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์—… ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
When the government reduces unnecessary regulations, the autonomy of business activity can increase. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
์ž์œจ โ€” The full word is ์ž์œจ์„ฑ, meaning autonomy. ๐Ÿงญ
B. ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฐ์—…์—๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The ripple effects of deregulation can appear in related industries too. ๐Ÿ—๏ธ
Answer
ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ โ€” ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ means a wider impact that spreads outward. ๐ŸŒŠ
C. ํ–‰์ • ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค.
When administrative procedures become simpler, companiesโ€™ cost burden decreases. ๐Ÿ“„
Answer
๋ถ€๋‹ด โ€” ๋น„์šฉ ๋ถ€๋‹ด means cost burden. ๐Ÿ’ผ
D. ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”๋Š” ์‹ ๊ทœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ถœ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Simplification of procedures can promote the launch of new services. ๐Ÿš€
Answer
์ด‰์ง„ โ€” ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค means to promote or encourage. ๐ŸŒฑ
E. ๊ทœ์ œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ ์ฒ ํ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„“์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Regulatory reform can have a broader meaning than simply abolishing regulation. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ฐœํ˜ may include redesigning or improving rules, not only easing them. ๐Ÿ”ง
F. ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์œ ํ†ต ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
A regulatory change in one field can also affect the distribution structure. ๐Ÿšš
Answer
๋ฏธ์น  โ€” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค means to affect or have an impact. ๐ŸŽฏ
G. ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋А์Šจํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
When market regulation becomes looser, transaction volume can increase. ๐Ÿงบ
Answer
๊ทœ๋ชจ โ€” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ means transaction volume or scale. ๐Ÿ“Š
H. ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํˆฌ์ž ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Deregulation can stimulate companiesโ€™ investment incentives. ๐Ÿ’ฐ
Answer
์œ ์ธ โ€” ํˆฌ์ž ์œ ์ธ means investment incentive. ๐Ÿงฒ
I. ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
The phenomenon of a policy change spreading into multiple areas is called a ripple effect. ๐ŸŒ€
Answer
ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ โ€” This reinforces ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ, the headline concept of the lesson. ๐ŸŒŠ
J. ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When evaluating deregulationโ€™s effects, both direct and indirect effects should be considered. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ€” ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค means to consider. Balanced analysis checks multiple layers. โš–๏ธ
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ โ†’ unnecessary regulation
  • ๊ธฐ์—… ํ™œ๋™ โ†’ business activity
  • ์ž์œจ์„ฑ โ†’ autonomy
  • ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ ripple effect
  • ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฐ์—… โ†’ related industry
  • ํ–‰์ • ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ†’ administrative procedure
  • ๋น„์šฉ ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ cost burden
  • ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™” โ†’ simplification of procedures
  • ์ถœ์‹œ โ†’ launch
  • ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to promote
  • ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ฐœํ˜ โ†’ regulatory reform
  • ๊ทœ์ œ ์ฒ ํ โ†’ abolition of regulation
  • ์œ ํ†ต ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ distribution structure
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ to affect
  • ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ โ†’ transaction volume
  • ํˆฌ์ž ์œ ์ธ โ†’ investment incentive
  • ์ง์ ‘ ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ direct effect
  • ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ indirect effect
  • ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to consider
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ asks, โ€œWhere does the impact spread after the first change?โ€
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Exercise 2 โ€” Entry Barriers and New Firms ๐Ÿšช

A. ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ฑด์ด ์™„ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด ์‹œ์žฅ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์‰ฌ์›Œ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If licensing requirements are eased, market entry can become easier. ๐Ÿ”‘
Answer
์ง„์ž… โ€” ์‹œ์žฅ ์ง„์ž… means market entry. ๐Ÿšช
B. ๋†’์€ ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์€ ์‹ ๊ทœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
High barriers to entry can prevent new firms from growing. ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
๊ธฐ์—… โ€” ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ธฐ์—… means new firm. ๐Ÿข
C. ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด ์ฐฝ์—… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If regulation is reduced, the startup environment can improve. ๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
ํ™˜๊ฒฝ โ€” ์ฐฝ์—… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ means startup environment. ๐ŸŒฟ
D. ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Easing barriers to entry promotes the participation of new operators. ๐Ÿƒ
Answer
์ด‰์ง„ โ€” ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค means to promote participation. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
E. ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‹ ๊ณ  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…์— ํฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
Complicated reporting procedures act as a major burden for small and medium-sized firms. ๐Ÿ“‘
Answer
๋ถ€๋‹ด โ€” ๋ถ€๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค means to act as a burden. ๐Ÿงฑ
F. ์‹ ๊ทœ ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.
When new businesses increase, existing firms start thinking about service improvement. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฐœ์„  means service improvement. ๐Ÿ›Ž๏ธ
G. ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Deregulation can diversify the composition of market participants. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
๊ตฌ์„ฑ โ€” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ means the composition of participants. ๐Ÿงฉ
H. ์ž๋ณธ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์—์„œ๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฒช์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Companies lacking capital may still experience difficulty even with low entry barriers. ๐Ÿ’ธ
Answer
์–ด๋ ค์›€ โ€” ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๋‹ค means to experience difficulty. ๐Ÿชจ
I. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์œผ๋ฉด ํ˜์‹  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ง„์ž…์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If technical standards are excessively high, innovative firmsโ€™ entry can be restricted. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
์ œํ•œ โ€” ์ง„์ž…์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋‹ค means entry is restricted. ๐Ÿšง
J. ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
A policy that lowers barriers to entry can bring change to the competition structure. ๐Ÿ”„
Answer
๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ โ€” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋‹ค means to bring change. ๐ŸŒฌ๏ธ
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ฑด โ†’ licensing requirement
  • ์™„ํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be eased
  • ์‹œ์žฅ ์ง„์ž… โ†’ market entry
  • ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ โ†’ barrier to entry
  • ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ธฐ์—… โ†’ new firm
  • ์ฐฝ์—… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ โ†’ startup environment
  • ์‚ฌ์—…์ž โ†’ business operator
  • ์ฐธ์—ฌ โ†’ participation
  • ์‹ ๊ณ  ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ†’ reporting procedure
  • ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—… โ†’ small and medium-sized enterprise
  • ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ burden
  • ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ธฐ์—… โ†’ existing firm
  • ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฐœ์„  โ†’ service improvement
  • ์‹œ์žฅ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž โ†’ market participant
  • ๊ตฌ์„ฑ โ†’ composition
  • ์ž๋ณธ โ†’ capital
  • ์–ด๋ ค์›€ โ†’ difficulty
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ technical standard
  • ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be restricted
  • ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ competition structure
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Entry-barrier answers become stronger when you explain who can enter and what changes after entry.
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Exercise 3 โ€” Competition, Prices, and Innovation ๐Ÿ

A. ์‹ ๊ทœ ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
When new businesses appear, competition among firms can intensify. ๐Ÿƒ
Answer
์‹ฌํ™” โ€” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means competition intensifies. ๐Ÿ
B. ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
When competition becomes active, pressure for price reductions can grow. ๐Ÿท๏ธ
Answer
์ธํ•˜ โ€” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ธํ•˜ means price reduction. ๐Ÿ’ธ
C. ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ํž˜์“ด๋‹ค.
Companies work on quality improvement to attract consumers. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  means quality improvement. ๐Ÿ”ง
D. ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์œ ๋„๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Encouraging competition can promote technological innovation. ๐Ÿ’ก
Answer
ํ˜์‹  โ€” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹  means technological innovation. โš™๏ธ
E. ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์ด ๋„“์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
When consumer choice expands, market dynamism can increase. ๐ŸŽก
Answer
์—ญ๋™ โ€” The full word is ์—ญ๋™์„ฑ, meaning dynamism. ๐ŸŒŠ
F. ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋งŒ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ณ  ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ์†Œํ™€ํžˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ›„์ƒ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If firms only lower prices and neglect quality, consumer welfare can decrease. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
๊ฐ์†Œ โ€” ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ›„์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค means consumer welfare decreases. ๐Ÿ›’
G. ๊ณต์ • ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์œ ์ง€๋  ๋•Œ ์‹œ์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค.
When fair competition is maintained, market efficiency is likely to improve. โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํ–ฅ์ƒ โ€” ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋‹ค means efficiency improves. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
H. ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์••๋ ฅ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ด๋Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Competitive pressure can lead existing firms to improve management. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  means management improvement. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
I. ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค.
Consumers gain the opportunity to compare more goods and services. ๐Ÿงบ
Answer
๊ธฐํšŒ โ€” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋‹ค means to gain an opportunity. ๐Ÿ”
J. ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
For deregulation to promote innovation, competition must occur fairly. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๊ณต์ • โ€” ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ means fairly. This keeps competition healthy. โš–๏ธ
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์‹ ๊ทœ ์—…์ฒด โ†’ new business
  • ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ โ†’ competition among firms
  • ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to intensify
  • ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ธํ•˜ โ†’ price reduction
  • ์••๋ ฅ โ†’ pressure
  • ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ†’ quality improvement
  • ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋‹ค โ†’ to attract consumers
  • ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์œ ๋„ โ†’ encouragement of competition
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹  โ†’ technological innovation
  • ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ โ†’ consumer choice
  • ์—ญ๋™์„ฑ โ†’ dynamism
  • ์†Œํ™€ํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to neglect
  • ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to decrease
  • ๊ณต์ • ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ โ†’ fair competition
  • ์‹œ์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ โ†’ market efficiency
  • ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to improve
  • ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  โ†’ management improvement
  • ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค โ†’ goods and services
  • ๊ธฐํšŒ โ†’ opportunity
  • ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ โ†’ fairly
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Competition is useful when it improves price, quality, innovation, or choice โ€” not merely when firms fight loudly.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Risks, Oversight, and Safeguards ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ๊ฐ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the oversight system is weak, consumer harm can occur. ๐Ÿ›’
Answer
๋ฐœ์ƒ โ€” ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค often appears with problems, risks, and side effects. โš ๏ธ
B. ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์™„ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ณต ์•ˆ์ „์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If safety standards are excessively eased, public safety can be weakened. ๐Ÿšฆ
Answer
์•ฝํ™” โ€” ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means to be weakened. ๐Ÿงฏ
C. ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If a small number of firms dominate the market, monopoly or oligopoly problems can worsen. ๐Ÿข
Answer
๋…๊ณผ์  โ€” ๋…๊ณผ์  means monopoly or oligopoly. ๐Ÿงฑ
D. ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Excessive deregulation can lead to worsening labor conditions. ๐Ÿ‘ท
Answer
์•…ํ™” โ€” ๋…ธ๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•…ํ™” means deterioration of labor conditions. ๐Ÿ“‰
E. ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ • ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Consumers lacking information can be exposed to unfair contracts. ๐Ÿ“œ
Answer
๋…ธ์ถœ โ€” ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋‹ค means to be exposed to risk. ๐Ÿšจ
F. ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๊ฐ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To reduce side effects, a minimum oversight system should be maintained. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์œ ์ง€ โ€” ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค means to maintain. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
G. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณด์™„ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The government should prepare safeguards for consumer protection. ๐Ÿงฏ
Answer
๋งˆ๋ จ โ€” ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค means to prepare or establish. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
H. ์‹œ์žฅ ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต์ • ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
There is a need to strengthen fair competition rules to prevent market failure. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™” โ€” ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to strengthen rules. ๐Ÿ”ง
I. ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ด์ต๋งŒ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If only short-term profit is pursued, long-term social costs can increase. ๐Ÿ’ธ
Answer
์ฆ๊ฐ€ โ€” ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค means costs increase. ๐Ÿ“Š
J. ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Deregulation should be pursued, but protection for vulnerable groups should also be carried out in parallel. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿฆฝ
Answer
๋ณ‘ํ–‰ โ€” ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค means to carry out together or in parallel. โš–๏ธ
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฐ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ oversight system
  • ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ”ผํ•ด โ†’ consumer harm
  • ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to occur
  • ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ safety standard
  • ๊ณต๊ณต ์•ˆ์ „ โ†’ public safety
  • ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be weakened
  • ์‹œ์žฅ ์ง€๋ฐฐ โ†’ market dominance
  • ๋…๊ณผ์  โ†’ monopoly/oligopoly
  • ๋…ธ๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•…ํ™” โ†’ worsening labor conditions
  • ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž โ†’ consumer lacking information
  • ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ • ๊ณ„์•ฝ โ†’ unfair contract
  • ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be exposed
  • ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ โ†’ side effect
  • ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to maintain
  • ๋ณด์™„ ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ safeguard
  • ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to prepare
  • ์‹œ์žฅ ์‹คํŒจ โ†’ market failure
  • ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to strengthen
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋น„์šฉ โ†’ social cost
  • ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต ๋ณดํ˜ธ โ†’ protection for vulnerable groups
  • ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to carry out in parallel
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Risk answers sound mature when they include the affected group and the safeguard.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”๋Š” ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์–ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Deregulation can lower barriers to entry and encourage competition. ๐Ÿ
Answer
์œ ๋„ โ€” Pitfall reminder: โŒ saying only โ€œmarkets improveโ€ โ†’ โœ… explain the mechanism: barriers fall, competition is encouraged. ๐Ÿšช
B. ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ถ€์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Ripple effects include not only positive effects but also negative effects. ๐ŸŒŠ
Answer
ํฌํ•จ โ€” โŒ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ = only good impact โ†’ โœ… it can spread benefits or harms. โš–๏ธ
C. ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”์™€ ๊ทœ์ œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค.
Deregulation and abolition of regulation differ in intensity of meaning. โœ‚๏ธ
Answer
์ฒ ํ โ€” โŒ Do not treat ์™„ํ™” and ์ฒ ํ as the same. โœ… ์™„ํ™” eases; ์ฒ ํ removes. ๐Ÿงพ
D. ๊ณต์ • ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ›„์ƒ์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Without fair competition, consumer welfare may actually decrease. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
๊ฐ์†Œ โ€” โŒ โ€œMore competition always helpsโ€ โ†’ โœ… only fair, quality-preserving competition improves welfare. ๐Ÿ›’
E. ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋งŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค.
If only market revitalization is emphasized, it is easy to overlook consumer protection. ๐Ÿ‘€
Answer
๊ฐ„๊ณผ โ€” โŒ benefit-only answer โ†’ โœ… include consumer protection and oversight. ๐Ÿงฏ
F. ๋…๊ณผ์ ์ด ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ธํ•˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If monopoly or oligopoly worsens, the price-reduction effect can be weakened. ๐Ÿท๏ธ
Answer
์•ฝํ™” โ€” Market concentration can weaken the expected benefits of deregulation. ๐Ÿข
G. ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Regulations may be eased, but safety standards must be maintained. ๐Ÿšฆ
Answer
๋˜ โ€” ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋˜ means โ€œease them, but with a condition.โ€ Very useful for balanced policy writing. โš–๏ธ
H. ์ข‹์€ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๊ธฐ์—…, ์†Œ๋น„์ž, ๋…ธ๋™์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Good analysis considers the impact on firms, consumers, and workers. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ€” โŒ discussing only firms โ†’ โœ… include multiple affected groups. ๐Ÿงญ
I. ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ๋ณด์™„ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Oversight systems and safeguards should be prepared together to reduce side effects. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
๋งˆ๋ จ โ€” ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค pairs naturally with ์ฒด๊ณ„ and ์žฅ์น˜. ๐Ÿ”ง
J. ์™„์„ฑ๋„ ๋†’์€ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์€ ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
A well-developed answer explains the effects and limits of deregulation in a balanced way. ๐ŸŽฏ
Answer
์„ค๋ช… โ€” Final checklist: โœ… mechanism + benefit + risk + safeguard. That is the advanced answer shape. ๐Ÿ“‘
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์œ ๋„ โ†’ encouragement of competition
  • ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ ripple effect
  • ๊ธ์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ positive effect
  • ๋ถ€์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ negative effect
  • ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to include
  • ๊ทœ์ œ ์ฒ ํ โ†’ abolition of regulation
  • ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„ โ†’ intensity of meaning
  • ๊ณต์ • ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ โ†’ fair competition
  • ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ›„์ƒ โ†’ consumer welfare
  • ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to decrease
  • ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” โ†’ market revitalization
  • ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to overlook
  • ๋…๊ณผ์  โ†’ monopoly/oligopoly
  • ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ธํ•˜ ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ price-reduction effect
  • ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋˜ โ†’ ease, but with a condition
  • ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ safety standard
  • ๊ธฐ์—… โ†’ firm
  • ์†Œ๋น„์ž โ†’ consumer
  • ๋…ธ๋™์ž โ†’ worker
  • ๊ฐ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ oversight system
  • ๋ณด์™„ ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ safeguard
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limit
  • ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to explain
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol formula: โŒ one-sided slogan โ†’ โœ… market mechanism, affected groups, risk, and safeguard.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work โ€” you can now explain ๊ทœ์ œ ์™„ํ™”์˜ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ with market logic instead of vague optimism. Keep the chain handy: entry opens, competition grows, consumers may benefit, and safeguards keep the whole machine from wobbling. ๐Ÿ“ˆ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ