TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์์ฅ์ ์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ means the fragility or vulnerability of global markets โ weak points that become visible when trade, finance, supply chains, or confidence are shaken.
- ๐ ๋ณ๋์ฑ means volatility; it describes rapid, unstable movement in prices, exchange rates, demand, or investor sentiment.
- ๐ ์ํธ ์์กด means interdependence; in global markets, one countryโs shock can spread across borders through trade, capital, energy, logistics, and expectations.
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ To hear any Korean term or sentence from this lesson, open Korean Helper Widgets and paste it in. Global-market vocabulary sounds much less scary when it stops behaving like a spreadsheet thunderstorm. โ๏ธ
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๐ The Big Picture
This lesson teaches advanced Korean vocabulary for discussing the fragility of global markets: volatility, risk, interdependence, contagion, supply-chain disruption, external shocks, and investor confidence. It is adjacent to earlier vocabulary about structural vulnerabilities, but the focus here is specifically global markets โ how connected systems shake together. ๐
๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์์ฅ means global market(s). ์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ means vulnerability or fragility, while ๋ณ๋์ฑ means volatility. When global markets are highly connected, a shock in one region can affect exchange rates, commodity prices, supply chains, investment flows, and consumer prices elsewhere. Very international, very dramatic. ๐ข
์ํธ ์์กด is the key idea: markets do not move alone. Trade partners, investors, energy suppliers, logistics networks, and financial institutions affect one another. This interdependence can increase efficiency in calm times, but it can also spread risk quickly during crises. Efficient until it sneezes. ๐คง
๐จ The Core Global Market Fragility Family
- ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์์ฅ โ global market(s); international markets for goods, services, capital, currencies, commodities, and investment. ๐
- ์์ฅ ์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ โ market vulnerability / market fragility; weak points exposed by stress.
- ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์์ฅ์ ์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ โ fragility of global markets; vulnerability caused by cross-border links and shared risks.
- ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ โ risk; a possible danger, loss, or instability. โ ๏ธ
- ๋ณ๋์ฑ โ volatility; rapid or unstable movement in prices, exchange rates, demand, or markets. ๐
- ์ํธ ์์กด โ interdependence; a condition where actors depend on and affect one another. ๐
- ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง โ supply chain; the network that moves materials, parts, products, and logistics. ๐
- ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ์ฐจ์ง โ supply-chain disruption; interruption in production, transport, or delivery.
- ์ธ๋ถ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ โ external shock; a shock from outside a market, economy, or organization. ๐ช๏ธ
- ๊ธ์ต ๋ถ์ โ financial instability / financial anxiety.
- ์์ฅ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ โ market sentiment; investor or participant mood and expectation. ๐ง
- ํฌ์์ ์ ๋ขฐ โ investor confidence.
- ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ โ spillover effect; impact spreading from one area to another.
- ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ โ chain reaction; a connected series of consequences. โ๏ธ
- ์ํ ์ ์ด โ risk transmission; risk moving from one market or region to another.
Useful nearby verbs:
- ํ์ฐ๋๋ค โ to spread.
- ์ฆํญ๋๋ค โ to be amplified.
- ํ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ค โ to be shaken.
- ๊ธ๋ฑํ๋ค โ to surge.
- ๊ธ๋ฝํ๋ค โ to plunge.
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to ease / mitigate.
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ๐ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์์ฅ์ ์ํธ ์์กด์ด ์ปค์ง์๋ก ํ ์ง์ญ์ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ์ฐ๋ ์ ์์ด์.
As interdependence in global markets grows, a crisis in one region can spread quickly to other markets.
Notes: ์ง์ญ = region; ์๊ธฐ = crisis; ํ์ฐ๋๋ค = to spread.
- ๐ ํ์จ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง๋ฉด ์์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋น์ฉ ๋ถ๋ด๋ ์ฆ๊ฐํด์.
When exchange-rate volatility grows, the cost burden of importing companies also increases.
Notes: ํ์จ = exchange rate; ์์
๊ธฐ์
= importing company; ๋น์ฉ ๋ถ๋ด = cost burden.
- ๐ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ์ฐจ์ง์ ์์์ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ์์น๊ณผ ์์ฐ ์ง์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ์ ์์ด์.
Supply-chain disruption can lead to rising raw-material prices and production delays.
Notes: ์์์ฌ = raw materials; ์์ฐ ์ง์ฐ = production delay; ์ด์ด์ง๋ค = to lead to.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
This lesson is vocabulary-centered, so the main skill is recognizing natural market-analysis collocations:
- ์์ฅ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง๋ค โ market volatility grows.
- ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ๊ฐ ํ๋๋๋ค โ risk expands.
- ์ธ๋ถ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ ธ์ถ๋๋ค โ to be exposed to external shocks.
- ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ์ฐจ์ง์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค โ supply-chain disruption occurs.
- ํฌ์์ ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ์ฝํ๋๋ค โ investor confidence weakens.
- ์์ฅ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์ถ๋๋ค โ market sentiment shrinks / weakens.
- ์ํ์ด ์ ์ด๋๋ค โ risk is transmitted.
- ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ํ๋๋ค โ spillover effects appear.
- ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ค โ to trigger a chain reaction.
- ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ์ํํ๋ค โ to ease volatility.
- ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฐํ๋ค โ to diversify / spread risk.
Grammar note: Market-analysis Korean often uses -์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ค (to lead to), -์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋๋ค (to be exposed to), -์/๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค (to cause), and -์ ์ทจ์ฝํ๋ค (to be vulnerable to). These phrases let you connect cause, transmission, and consequence clearly. ๐งญ
๐ Cross-check note
Core vocabulary such as ์์ฅ, ์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ, ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ, ๋ณ๋์ฑ, ์ํธ ์์กด, ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง, ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ, and ์ ๋ขฐ was checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์ / korean.go.kr lexical resources and standard usage materials. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ โ vulnerability / fragility; analytical and formal.
- ๋ถ์์ ์ฑ โ instability; emphasizes unstable condition rather than a specific weak point.
- ๋ณ๋์ฑ โ volatility; emphasizes rapid movement or fluctuation.
- ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ โ risk; common loanword in finance and business.
- ์ํ โ danger / risk; broader Korean word.
- ์ํธ ์์กด โ interdependence; neutral analytical term.
- ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ฑ โ connectivity; emphasizes connection, not necessarily dependence.
- ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ โ spillover effect; impact spreading outward.
- ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ โ chain reaction; a connected sequence of effects.
Use ๋ณ๋์ฑ when the market is moving sharply, ์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ when the weak point is exposed, and ์ํธ ์์กด when the focus is cross-border connection. ๐
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ Treating ๋ณ๋์ฑ as always negative โ โ Volatility means movement/instability; it can create danger, opportunity, or uncertainty depending on context. ๐
- โ Using ์ํธ ์์กด as if it only means friendship โ โ It means mutual dependence; it can create cooperation and shared vulnerability. ๐
- โ Translating ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ as damage that already happened โ โ Risk is potential danger or loss; actual damage is ํผํด. โ ๏ธ
- โ Saying every global problem is ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ์ฐจ์ง โ โ Use it only when production, transport, parts, materials, or delivery are disrupted. ๐
- โ Confusing ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ and ์์ธ โ โ ์์ธ is the cause; ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ is the impact spreading from that cause. ๐
Global-market vocabulary helps you describe why a price jump in one region can become a shipping delay, a currency swing, a confidence crisis, and a very nervous analyst with too many tabs open. Precise Korean makes the chaos behave. ๐โจ
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Try this exercise
Practice choosing the best global-market vocabulary word. Fill each blank, read the full sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance. ๐
1. ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์์ฅ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋์์ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ํผ์ง ์ ์์ด์.
Global markets have high interdependence between countries, so shocks can spread quickly. ๐
Answer
์ํธ ์์กด โ This means mutual dependence among connected actors.
2. ํ์จ์ด ํฌ๊ฒ ์ค๋ฅด๋ด๋ฆฌ๋ ํ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํด์.
The phenomenon of exchange rates moving sharply up and down is called volatility. ๐ฑ
Answer
๋ณ๋์ฑ โ This describes rapid or unstable movement.
3. ํญ๋ง ํ์๋ ๊ตญ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฐจ์ง๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ์ ์์ด์.
Port closures can lead to international supply-chain disruption. โ
Answer
๊ณต๊ธ๋ง โ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ์ฐจ์ง means supply-chain disruption.
4. ํ ์์ฅ์ ๋ถ์์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ง๋ ํ์์ ์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์.
The phenomenon of instability in one market spreading to another market is risk transmission. ๐
Answer
์ ์ด โ ์ํ ์ ์ด means risk transmission.
5. ํฌ์์๋ค์ด ์์ฅ์ ๋ฏฟ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ฉด ํฌ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ฝํ๋ผ์.
When investors cannot trust the market, investor confidence weakens. ๐ง
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ โ ํฌ์์ ์ ๋ขฐ means investor confidence.
6. ์์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ๊ธ๋ฑ์ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ก๋น์ ํฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณ์ ์ ์์ด์.
A surge in oil prices can create a major spillover effect on prices and transport costs. ๐ข๏ธ
Answer
ํ๊ธ โ ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ means spillover effect.
7. ์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์์ด๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ค ์ ์์ด์.
An unexpected war or disaster can give an external shock to the market. ๐ช๏ธ
Answer
์ธ๋ถ โ ์ธ๋ถ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ means external shock.
8. ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ ์ปค์ง๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์์ถ๋ผ์.
When fear grows, market sentiment quickly weakens. ๐ฐ
Answer
์์ฅ โ ์์ฅ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ means market sentiment.
9. ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ง์ญ์ ํฌ์๋ฅผ ๋๋๋ฉด ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์์ด์.
By spreading investment across several regions, one can diversify risk. ๐งบ
Answer
๋ถ์ฐ โ ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฐํ๋ค means to spread/diversify risk.
10. ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ๊ธ๋ฝ์ ๊ธ์ต ์์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ผ ์ ์์ด์.
A price plunge can reveal the vulnerability of financial markets. ๐
Answer
์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ โ This means vulnerability or fragility exposed under stress.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์์ฅ โ global market
- ์ํธ ์์กด โ interdependence
- ๋ณ๋์ฑ โ volatility
- ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ์ฐจ์ง โ supply-chain disruption
- ์ํ ์ ์ด โ risk transmission
- ํฌ์์ ์ ๋ขฐ โ investor confidence
- ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ โ spillover effect
- ์ธ๋ถ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ โ external shock
- ์์ฅ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ โ market sentiment
- ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฐํ๋ค โ to diversify risk
- ์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ โ vulnerability
- ํ์จ โ exchange rate
- ํญ๋ง ํ์ โ port closure
- ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ๊ธ๋ฝ โ price plunge
Tip ๐ก First identify the mechanism: movement = ๋ณ๋์ฑ, connection = ์ํธ ์์กด, spread = ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ or ์ ์ด.
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below gives you a full workout in global-market risk, volatility, interdependence, and spillover chaos. ๐
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ The Fragility of Global Markets
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Welcome to the Practice Hub for The Fragility of Global Markets. ๐ You will practice vocabulary for volatility, risk transmission, supply-chain disruption, investor confidence, external shocks, interdependence, and spillover effects. The goal is to describe global-market turbulence with calm, precise Korean โ like an economist who remembered to breathe. ๐
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence from this practice set.
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๐ Instructions: Fill each blank with the best Korean word or phrase. Focus on whether the sentence describes market movement, cross-border dependence, a supply-chain problem, risk spread, investor psychology, or crisis response.
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Exercise 1 โ Volatility and Market Movement ๐
A. ํ์จ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์ง๋ฉด ์์
๊ธฐ์
์ ๋น์ฉ ๋ถ๋ด๋ ์ปค์ ธ์.
When exchange-rate volatility grows, the cost burden of importing firms also grows. ๐ฑ
Answer
๋ณ๋์ฑ โ This describes unstable movement in exchange rates.
B. ์ฃผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ๋ฃจ ๋ง์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋จ์ด์ง๋ ํ์์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์์ด์.
A stock price falling sharply in one day can be called a price plunge. ๐
Answer
๊ธ๋ฝ โ ๊ธ๋ฝ means a sharp fall or plunge.
C. ์์์ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฅด๋ฉด ์์ฐ ๋น์ฉ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์์ด์.
If raw-material prices suddenly rise, production costs can surge. ๐ข๏ธ
Answer
๊ธ๋ฑ โ ๊ธ๋ฑํ๋ค means to surge sharply.
D. ๊ธ์ต ์์ฅ์ ๋ถ์์ ํฌ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฏธ์ณ์.
Financial-market instability has a direct impact on investment decisions. ๐ฆ
Answer
์ํฅ โ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค means to affect / have an impact.
E. ์์ฅ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด ์์ฃผ ํ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์ฅ๊ธฐ ๊ณํ์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์.
When market prices shake often, it is difficult to make long-term plans. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ด๋ ค โ ์ด๋ ต๋ค means to be difficult.
F. ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ค์์ํ์ ์์ฅ์ ์ ํธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ผ ์ ์์ด์.
To ease volatility, a central bank may send signals to the market. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํํ๋ค means to ease or mitigate.
G. ๋ถํ์ค์ฑ์ด ๋์์ง๋ฉด ์์ ์์ฐ์ ๋ํ ์์๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์์ด์.
When uncertainty rises, demand for safe assets can increase. ๐ช
Answer
์ฆ๊ฐ โ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค means to increase.
H. ์์ฅ์ด ์์ ๋๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ์์ง์์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์์ด์.
When the market stabilizes, price movement can gradually calm down. ๐ค๏ธ
Answer
์์ โ ์์ ๋๋ค means to stabilize.
I. ์์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ์ฑ๊ถ ์์ฅ์ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์ผฐ์ด์.
An unexpected announcement amplified volatility in the bond market. ๐ข
Answer
์ฆํญ โ ์ฆํญ์ํค๋ค means to amplify.
J. ์์ฅ ๋ณ๋์ ์ํ์ด์ ๋๋ก๋ ํฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํด์.
Market fluctuation is risk and sometimes also an investment opportunity. ๐ฏ
Answer
๊ธฐํ โ Volatility is not always only negative; it can create opportunity.
Vocabulary Box
- ํ์จ โ exchange rate
- ๋ณ๋์ฑ โ volatility
- ์ฃผ๊ฐ โ stock price
- ๊ธ๋ฝํ๋ค โ to plunge sharply
- ์์์ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ โ raw-material price
- ๊ธ๋ฑํ๋ค โ to surge sharply
- ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค โ to affect
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ ๊ณํ โ long-term plan
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to ease / mitigate
- ์์ ์์ฐ โ safe asset
- ์์ ๋๋ค โ to stabilize
- ์ฆํญ์ํค๋ค โ to amplify
- ํฌ์ ๊ธฐํ โ investment opportunity
Tip ๐ก ๋ณ๋์ฑ is movement; use ๊ธ๋ฑ for a sharp rise and ๊ธ๋ฝ for a sharp fall.
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Exercise 2 โ Interdependence and Risk Transmission ๐
A. ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๊น์ด์ง์๋ก ํ ์ง์ญ์ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ํผ์ง ์ ์์ด์.
As interdependence between countries deepens, a crisis in one region can spread far. ๐
Answer
์ํธ ์์กด โ This means mutual dependence.
B. ๊ธ์ต ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ ๊ฐ๋ ํ์์ ์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ํด์.
The movement of financial risk into another market is called risk transmission. ๐
Answer
์ ์ด โ ์ํ ์ ์ด means risk transmission.
C. ํ ์ํ์ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๊ธ์ต๊ถ ์ ์ฒด๋ก ๋ฒ์ง๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ปค์ ธ์.
When one bankโs crisis spreads to the whole financial sector, spillover effects grow. ๐ฆ
Answer
ํ๊ธ โ ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ means spillover effect.
D. ์๋์ง ์์ฅ์ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ด์ก๋น์ ์ํ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์์ด์.
A shock in the energy market can be transmitted to transport costs and food prices. โฝ
Answer
์ ์ด โ The risk or cost pressure moves into other areas.
E. ๋ฌด์ญ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ณต์กํ ์๋ก ์๊ธฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ ๋ณต์กํด์ ธ์.
The more complex trade relations are, the more complex the transmission routes of crisis become. ๐ข
Answer
์ ํ โ ์ ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ก means route of spread/transmission.
F. ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ ์๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์์ด์ ์์ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ์์ ์ผ์ผํฌ ์ ์์ด์.
The world economy is connected, so even a small shock can trigger a chain reaction. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ฐ์ โ ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ means chain reaction.
G. ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์๋ณธ ์ด๋์ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ง๋ง ๊ธ์ต ๋ถ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ํค๊ธฐ๋ ํด์.
Global capital movement creates opportunity, but it can also amplify financial instability. ๐ธ
Answer
์ฆํญ โ ์ฆํญ์ํค๋ค means to amplify.
H. ํ ๋๋ผ์ ์ ์ฑ
๋ณํ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ผ์ ์์ฅ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ค ์ ์์ด์.
One countryโs policy change can affect another countryโs market sentiment. ๐ง
Answer
์ํฅ โ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ค means to affect.
I. ์ํธ ์์กด์ ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ๋์ด์ง๋ง ๊ณต๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ํค์์.
Interdependence raises efficiency, but it also increases shared vulnerability. ๐ค
Answer
์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ โ Connected systems can share weak points.
J. ์ํ ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ํฌ์์ ๊ณต๊ธ์ฒ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํด์.
To reduce risk transmission, investment and supply sources should be diversified. ๐งบ
Answer
๋ถ์ฐ โ ๋ถ์ฐํ๋ค means to spread out or diversify.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๊ฐ โ between countries
- ์ํธ ์์กด โ interdependence
- ๊ธ์ต ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ โ financial risk
- ์ํ ์ ์ด โ risk transmission
- ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ โ spillover effect
- ์ด์ก๋น โ transport cost
- ์ ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ก โ route of spread
- ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ โ chain reaction
- ์๋ณธ ์ด๋ โ capital movement
- ์ฆํญ์ํค๋ค โ to amplify
- ์์ฅ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ โ market sentiment
- ๊ณต๋์ ์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ โ shared vulnerability
- ๋ถ์ฐํ๋ค โ to diversify / spread out
Tip ๐ก ์ํธ ์์กด explains why risk can travel; ์ํ ์ ์ด names that travel.
ย
Exercise 3 โ Supply Chains and External Shocks ๐
A. ๋ถํ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์๋์ฐจ ์์ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฐจ์ง์ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์์ด์.
A shortage of parts can create supply-chain disruption in car production. ๐
Answer
๊ณต๊ธ๋ง โ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ์ฐจ์ง means supply-chain disruption.
B. ์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋์ ์์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ค์.
An unexpected disaster gives an external shock to the market. ๐ช๏ธ
Answer
์ธ๋ถ โ ์ธ๋ถ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ means external shock.
C. ํญ๋ง ํผ์ก์ ์ํ ๋ฐฐ์ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ์ ์์ด์.
Port congestion can lead to product delivery delays. โ
Answer
์ง์ฐ โ ๋ฐฐ์ก ์ง์ฐ means delivery delay.
D. ์์์ฌ ์๊ธ์ด ๋ถ์ํ๋ฉด ์ ์กฐ์
์ ์์ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์ ธ์.
When raw-material supply and demand are unstable, production disruption in manufacturing grows. ๐ญ
Answer
์ฐจ์ง โ ์์ฐ ์ฐจ์ง means production disruption.
E. ์์
์์กด๋๊ฐ ๋์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ํด์ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์.
Firms with high import dependence are more vulnerable to overseas logistics problems. ๐ฆ
Answer
์ทจ์ฝ โ -์ ์ทจ์ฝํ๋ค means to be vulnerable to something.
F. ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ณต๊ธ์ฒ๋ฅผ ํ๋ณดํ๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์์ด์.
If multiple supply sources are secured, supply-chain risk can be reduced. ๐งญ
Answer
์ค์ผ โ ์ค์ด๋ค means to reduce.
G. ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์๋์ง ๊ณต๊ธ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ ์์น์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์์ด์.
Energy-supply instability caused by war can bring about price increases. ๐ข๏ธ
Answer
์ด๋ โ ์ด๋ํ๋ค means to cause, often a negative result.
H. ๊ธฐํ ์ฌ๋์ ๋์ฐ๋ฌผ ์์ฅ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํค์ธ ์ ์์ด์.
Climate disasters can increase price volatility in agricultural markets. ๐พ
Answer
๋ณ๋์ฑ โ Prices can move sharply when supply is disrupted.
I. ํต์ฌ ๋ถํ์ ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ง ์กฐ๋ฌํ๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ์ปค์ ธ์.
If key parts are sourced from only one country, supply-chain vulnerability grows. ๐ฉ
Answer
์ทจ์ฝ โ ์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ means vulnerability.
J. ์ธ๋ถ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ๋๋นํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฌ๊ณ ์ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํด์.
To prepare for external shocks, inventory and logistics routes must be managed. ๐บ๏ธ
Answer
๊ด๋ฆฌ โ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ค means to manage.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ถํ ๋ถ์กฑ โ parts shortage
- ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ์ฐจ์ง โ supply-chain disruption
- ์ธ๋ถ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ โ external shock
- ํญ๋ง ํผ์ก โ port congestion
- ๋ฐฐ์ก ์ง์ฐ โ delivery delay
- ์์์ฌ ์๊ธ โ raw-material supply and demand
- ์์ฐ ์ฐจ์ง โ production disruption
- ์์ ์์กด๋ โ import dependence
- -์ ์ทจ์ฝํ๋ค โ to be vulnerable to
- ๊ณต๊ธ์ฒ โ supply source
- ์ด๋ํ๋ค โ to bring about / cause
- ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ๋ณ๋์ฑ โ price volatility
- ํต์ฌ ๋ถํ โ key part
- ๋ฌผ๋ฅ ๊ฒฝ๋ก โ logistics route
Tip ๐ก Use ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ์ฐจ์ง only when materials, parts, production, transport, or delivery are interrupted.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Confidence, Sentiment, and Response ๐ง
A. ์ ์ฑ
๋ถํ์ค์ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง๋ฉด ํฌ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ฝํ๋ ์ ์์ด์.
When policy uncertainty grows, investor confidence can weaken. ๐ง
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ โ ํฌ์์ ์ ๋ขฐ means investor confidence.
B. ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ ํ์ฐ๋๋ฉด ์์ฅ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์์ถ๋ผ์.
When fear spreads, market sentiment quickly weakens. ๐ฐ
Answer
์ฌ๋ฆฌ โ ์์ฅ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ means market sentiment.
C. ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ช
ํํ ์ค๋ช
์ ๋ถํ์ค์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋ผ์.
The governmentโs clear explanation helps ease uncertainty. ๐ฃ
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํํ๋ค means to ease or mitigate.
D. ์ค์์ํ์ ์ ํธ๋ ๊ธ์ต ์์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ํค๋ ์ญํ ์ ํ ์ ์์ด์.
A central bankโs signal can play a role in stabilizing financial markets. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์์ โ ์์ ์ํค๋ค means to stabilize.
E. ํฌ๋ช
ํ ์ ๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ์์ฅ ์ฐธ์ฌ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ๋ณต์์ผ์.
Transparent information disclosure restores the trust of market participants. ๐
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ โ Trust is central to market stability.
F. ์๋ฌธ์ด ํผ์ง๋ฉด ์ค์ ์ํ๋ณด๋ค ๋ถ์์ด ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์์ด์.
When rumors spread, anxiety can be amplified beyond the actual risk. ๐ข
Answer
์ฆํญ โ ์ฆํญ๋๋ค means to be amplified.
G. ์๊ธฐ ๋์์ด ๋ฆ์ด์ง๋ฉด ๊ธ์ต ๋ถ์์ด ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์์ด์.
If crisis response is delayed, financial instability can spread further. โณ
Answer
ํ์ฐ โ ํ์ฐ๋๋ค means to spread.
H. ์์ฅ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ผ๊ด์ฑ์ ์ค์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ๋ด์.
Market participants see policy consistency as an important signal. ๐ฆ
Answer
์ ํธ โ In markets, a policy signal affects expectations.
I. ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ํ๋ณต๋๋ฉด ํฌ์ ํ๋ฆ๋ ๋ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์์ด์.
When trust recovers, investment flows can also become active again. ๐ธ
Answer
ํ์ฑํ โ ํ์ฑํ๋๋ค means to become active / revitalized.
J. ๋ถํ์คํ ์ํฉ์์๋ ์ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ค๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐํด์ ธ์.
In uncertain situations, the tendency to avoid risk becomes stronger. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
ํํผ โ ์ํ์ ํํผํ๋ค means to avoid risk.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ์ฑ ๋ถํ์ค์ฑ โ policy uncertainty
- ํฌ์์ ์ ๋ขฐ โ investor confidence
- ์์ฅ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ โ market sentiment
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to ease / mitigate
- ์ค์์ํ โ central bank
- ์์ ์ํค๋ค โ to stabilize
- ์ ๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐ โ information disclosure
- ์์ฅ ์ฐธ์ฌ์ โ market participant
- ์ฆํญ๋๋ค โ to be amplified
- ๊ธ์ต ๋ถ์ โ financial instability
- ํ์ฐ๋๋ค โ to spread
- ์ ์ฑ ์ ์ผ๊ด์ฑ โ policy consistency
- ํ์ฑํ๋๋ค โ to become active
- ์ํ์ ํํผํ๋ค โ to avoid risk
Tip ๐ก Market sentiment can move faster than fundamentals, so ์ ๋ขฐ, ์ฌ๋ฆฌ, and ์ ํธ matter.
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. โ ๋ณ๋์ฑ = ํญ์ ์์ค โ โ
๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ ์์ฅ ์์ง์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ ๋ปํด์.
Volatility does not always mean loss; it means instability in prices or market movement. ๐
Answer
๋ถ์์ โ Pitfall patrol: volatility means unstable movement, not guaranteed damage.
B. โ ์ํธ ์์กด = ์ข์ ํ๋ ฅ๋ง โ โ
์ํธ ์์กด์ ๊ณต๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์์ด์.
Interdependence is not only good cooperation; it can also create shared vulnerability. ๐
Answer
์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ โ Interdependence can spread both benefits and risks.
C. โ ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ = ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐ์ํ ํผํด โ โ
๋ฆฌ์คํฌ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
Risk is not damage that already happened; it is possible danger. โ ๏ธ
Answer
์ํ โ Actual damage is ํผํด, not ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ.
D. โ ๋ชจ๋ ์๊ธฐ = ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ์ฐจ์ง โ โ
๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ์ฐจ์ง์ ์์ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์ก์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๋ ์จ์.
Not every crisis is a supply-chain disruption; use it when production and delivery are disrupted. ๐
Answer
๋ฐฉํด โ ๋ฐฉํด๋๋ค means to be disrupted or hindered.
E. โ ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ = ์์ธ โ โ
ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ์์ธ์์ ํผ์ ธ ๋๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
A spillover effect is not the cause; it is the impact spreading outward from the cause. ๐
Answer
์ํฅ โ ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ is the spreading impact.
F. ํ ์์ฅ์ ๋ถ์์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์.
The process of instability in one market moving to another market is risk transmission. ๐
Answer
์ ์ด โ ์ํ ์ ์ด means risk transmission.
G. ํฌ์์ ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ์ฝํ๋๋ฉด ์์ฅ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์์ถ๋ ์ ์์ด์.
When investor confidence weakens, market sentiment can also shrink. ๐ง
Answer
์ฌ๋ฆฌ โ ์์ฅ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ means market sentiment.
H. ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ๋ฅผ ํ ๊ณณ์ ๋ชจ์ผ์ง ์๊ณ ๋๋๋ ์ ๋ต์ ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
A strategy of not concentrating risk in one place but spreading it is risk diversification. ๐งบ
Answer
๋ถ์ฐ โ ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๋ถ์ฐ means risk diversification.
I. ์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์์ฅ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ค์ด์ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์์ด์.
When an unexpected event comes from outside the market, it can be called an external shock. ๐ช๏ธ
Answer
์ธ๋ถ โ ์ธ๋ถ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ means external shock.
J. ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์์ฅ์ ์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ์ ์ค์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ธ์ฒ์ ํฌ์ ๋์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํด์.
To reduce global-market fragility, supply sources and investment targets should be diversified. ๐
Answer
๋ถ์ฐ โ Diversification reduces exposure to one concentrated shock.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ณ๋์ฑ โ volatility
- ๋ถ์์ ์ฑ โ instability
- ์ํธ ์์กด โ interdependence
- ๊ณต๋์ ์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ โ shared vulnerability
- ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ โ risk
- ์ํ โ danger / risk
- ํผํด โ damage
- ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ์ฐจ์ง โ supply-chain disruption
- ๋ฐฉํด๋๋ค โ to be disrupted / hindered
- ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ โ spillover effect
- ์ํฅ โ impact
- ์ํ ์ ์ด โ risk transmission
- ์์ฅ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ โ market sentiment
- ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ๋ถ์ฐ โ risk diversification
- ์ธ๋ถ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ โ external shock
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol shortcut: movement is ๋ณ๋์ฑ, possible danger is ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ, spreading impact is ํ๊ธ ํจ๊ณผ, and cross-market movement is ์ํ ์ ์ด.
ย
๐ Excellent work โ you can now discuss global-market fragility, volatility, interdependence, supply-chain disruption, spillover effects, and investor confidence in polished Korean. May your vocabulary be stable even when the markets are not. ๐๐