TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐งญ ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ (social norms) are shared expectations about what people should or should not do in a group or society.
- ๐ฑ ์งํ (evolution) here means gradual change over time, not only biological evolution.
- ๐ค A norm becomes stable when ๊ฐ์น๊ด ๋ณํ (change in values), ์์ฉ (acceptance), and ์ ์ฐฉ (settlement/establishment) happen together.
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Use Korean Helper Widgets to hear terms like ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ (social norm), ๊ฐ์น๊ด ๋ณํ (change in values), and ์ ์ฐฉ (settlement/establishment). Social change vocabulary deserves a clear sound check. ๐ง
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๐ The Big Picture
A ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ is not simply a written law. It is a shared rule, expectation, or standard that tells people what behavior feels โnormal,โ โproper,โ or โacceptableโ in a society. Some norms are explicit, like workplace etiquette; others are invisible until someone breaks them. Very sneaky, very sociology. ๐ต๏ธ
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When we say ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ์งํ (the evolution of social norms), we mean that norms gradually change as peopleโs ๊ฐ์น๊ด (values), institutions, technology, and lived experiences change. For example, ideas about work-life balance, family roles, public manners, and online behavior have shifted as society has changed. ๐ฑ
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The key sequence is often: a new behavior appears, people debate it, some groups begin to ์์ฉํ๋ค (accept it), institutions adjust, and eventually the new pattern ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ค (settles/takes root). Norms do not just flip like a light switch; they migrate like a very opinionated flock of birds. ๐ฆ
๐จ The Core Social Norms Family
- ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ = social norm; shared social standard.
- ๊ท๋ฒ = norm, standard, or rule that guides behavior.
- ์งํ = evolution; gradual development or change.
- ๊ฐ์น๊ด = values; view of what is important or right.
- ๊ฐ์น๊ด ๋ณํ = change in values.
- ์์ฉ = acceptance; receiving and accepting something.
- ์ ์ฐฉ = settlement; taking root; becoming established.
- ๊ด์ต = custom; long-established social practice.
- ์ธ์ ๋ณํ = change in perception/awareness.
- ์ ๋ํ = institutionalization; becoming part of formal systems.
- ์ธ๋ ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด = generational difference.
- ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ํ์ฑ = forming a shared consensus/sense of agreement.
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Useful advanced frames:
- A๊ฐ ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ค = A becomes established as a social norm.
- A์ ๋ํ ์ธ์์ด ๋ณํํ๋ค = perception of A changes.
- A๋ฅผ ์ฌํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ๋ค = to socially accept A.
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ์๊ฒฉ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ ์ผ๋ถ ์ฐ์ ์์ ์๋ก์ด ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฐฉํ๊ณ ์๋ค. (Remote work is becoming established as a new social norm in some industries.) ๐ป
์๊ฒฉ ๊ทผ๋ฌด means โremote work,โ ์ผ๋ถ ์ฐ์
means โsome industries,โ and ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ค means โto become established.โ
- ์ธ๋ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์น๊ด ์ฐจ์ด๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ณํ์ ์๋์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค. (Differences in values between generations affect the speed of norm change.) ๐ฅ
์ธ๋ ๊ฐ means โbetween generations,โ ์๋ means โspeed,โ and ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค means โto affect.โ
- ์๋ก์ด ๊ด์ต์ด ๋๋ฆฌ ์์ฉ๋๋ฉด ์ ๋ํ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ์ ์๋ค. (When a new custom is widely accepted, it can lead to institutionalization.) ๐๏ธ
๋๋ฆฌ means โwidely,โ ์ด์ด์ง๋ค means โto lead to,โ and ์ ๋ํ means โinstitutionalization.โ
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
This topic uses many Sino-Korean abstract nouns:
- ์ฌํ (society) + ๊ท๋ฒ (norm) โ ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ (social norm)
- ๊ฐ์น๊ด (values) + ๋ณํ (change) โ ๊ฐ์น๊ด ๋ณํ (change in values)
- ์ธ์ (perception/awareness) + ๋ณํ (change) โ ์ธ์ ๋ณํ (change in perception)
- ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ (shared consensus) + ํ์ฑ (formation) โ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ํ์ฑ (forming shared consensus)
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The suffix -ํ often means โbecoming / making intoโ: ์ ๋ (institution/system) โ ์ ๋ํ (institutionalization), ์ผ๋ฐ (general) โ ์ผ๋ฐํ (generalization). It is a tiny suffix with a big sociology clipboard. ๐
๐ Cross-check note
Core terms such as ๊ท๋ฒ (norm), ๊ฐ์น๊ด (values), ์์ฉ (acceptance), and ์ ์ฐฉ (settlement/establishment) were checked against standard Korean dictionary usage on ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์ / Korean.go.kr resources. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ (social norm) โ formal/analytical; useful in sociology, policy, and essays.
- ๊ด์ต (custom) โ long-established practice; often tradition-like.
- ๊ดํ (practice/convention) โ repeated practice, often in institutions or industries.
- ํ์ต (custom/folk practice) โ cultural or regional tradition.
- ์์ฉ (acceptance) โ accepting something into society or oneโs thinking.
- ์ ์ฐฉ (settlement/establishment) โ becoming stable and rooted over time.
- ํ์ฐ (spread/diffusion) โ spreading widely; not yet necessarily stable.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ = written law only โ โ Norms can be unwritten social expectations.
- โ ์งํ always means biological evolution โ โ In social analysis, it often means gradual development/change.
- โ ์์ฉ and ์ ์ฐฉ are identical โ โ ์์ฉ is acceptance; ์ ์ฐฉ is becoming stable and established.
- โ ๊ด์ต and ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ always match โ โ A custom can be a norm, but a norm can also be newer, institutional, or informal.
- โ ๊ฐ์น๊ด ๋ณํ happens overnight โ โ Values usually shift through debate, experience, generational change, and institutional support.
You can now discuss social change without sounding vague: identify the norm ๐งญ, track the values ๐ฑ, measure acceptance ๐ค, and see whether the new pattern has taken root. Sociologist hat unlocked. ๐ฉ
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Try this exercise
Practice choosing the precise social-change term. Fill each blank with the best Korean word or phrase, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance.
1. ๊ณต๊ณต์ฅ์์์ ์ค์ ์๋ ํ๋์ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
(Standing in line in public places is a representative social norm.) ๐ถ
Answer
์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ โ It is a shared expectation for public behavior.
2. ์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๋ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ก๋ค.
(Over time, values about family changed.) ๐ช
Answer
๊ฐ์น๊ด โ It means values or value system.
3. ์๋ก์ด ํํ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ์ ์ ์ธ๋์๊ฒ ๋จผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์๋ค.
(A new way of expression was first accepted by the younger generation.) ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
์์ฉ โ It means acceptance.
4. ์ฌํ๊ทผ๋ฌด ๋ฌธํ๋ ์ผ๋ถ ํ์ฌ์์ ์์ ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
(Remote-work culture became fully established in some companies.) ๐
Answer
์ ์ฐฉ โ The practice has taken root.
5. ๋ช
์ ์ ์น์ฒ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ ์ผ์ ์ค๋๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
(Visiting relatives on holidays can be seen as an old custom.) ๐
Answer
๊ด์ต โ It refers to a long-standing custom.
6. ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋์์ง๋ฉด์ ์๋น ์ต๊ด๋ ๋ฐ๋์๋ค.
(As awareness of environmental issues increased, consumption habits also changed.) ๐ฟ
Answer
์ธ์ โ ์ธ์ ๋ณํ is change in awareness/perception.
7. ์๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๋ฒ๊ณผ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ฐ์๋๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์งํ๋๋ค.
(When a new standard is reflected in law and policy, institutionalization proceeds.) โ๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋ํ โ It means becoming part of formal institutions.
8. ์จ๋ผ์ธ ์์ ์ ๋์งํธ ์ฌํ์์ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
(Online etiquette is rapidly spreading in digital society.) ๐ฌ
Answer
ํ์ฐ โ It means spread or diffusion.
9. ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ง๋จ์ด ๋์ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ฉด ์ฌํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋๋ค.
(When several groups begin to agree, a social consensus forms.) ๐ค
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐ๋ โ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ํ์ฑ means forming shared agreement.
10. ์ฐ๋ น๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
(The phenomenon of different thinking by age group is called generational difference.) ๐ฅ
Answer
์ธ๋ ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด โ It means difference between generations.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ โ social norm
- ๊ฐ์น๊ด โ values
- ์์ฉํ๋ค โ to accept
- ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ค โ to become established
- ๊ด์ต โ custom
- ์ธ์ ๋ณํ โ change in perception
- ์ ๋ํ โ institutionalization
- ํ์ฐ โ spread; diffusion
- ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ํ์ฑ โ forming consensus
- ์ธ๋ ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด โ generational difference
Tip ๐ก Spread is ํ์ฐ; stable establishment is ์ ์ฐฉ. Donโt crown a trend too early. ๐
Want more reps? Continue into the Practice Hub below and watch norms evolve like tiny social Pokรฉmon. ๐ฃ
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ The Evolution of Social Norms
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Welcome to your social-norms observation deck. ๐ญ Youโll practice vocabulary for norms, values, acceptance, institutionalization, and long-term settlement so you can discuss social change with precision and style.
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever a sentence needs an audio check.
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๐ Instructions: Fill each blank with the best Korean term, read the completed sentence aloud, and check the Answer toggle for the nuance.
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Exercise 1 โ Norms, Customs, and Practices ๐งญ
A. ๋ฒ์ค์์ ๋
ธ์ฝ์์๊ฒ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ณดํ๋ ํ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค.
(Giving up a seat to older or vulnerable passengers on a bus is considered a social norm.) ๐
Answer
์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ โ It is an expected behavior in public life.
B. ์ค๋์ ๋ถํฐ ์ด์ด์ง ๊ฒฐํผ์ ์ ์ฐจ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
(Long-standing wedding procedures are closer to custom.) ๐
Answer
๊ด์ต โ It emphasizes long-established practice.
C. ์
๊ณ์์ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ํด ์จ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ค.
(A method repeatedly used in an industry can be called an established practice.) ๐ญ
Answer
๊ดํ โ It often refers to repeated practices in institutions or industries.
D. ์ง์ญ ์ถ์ ์ ์ ํต ์์ ํ์ฌ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ค.
(A traditional costume event at a local festival is part of folk custom.) ๐
Answer
ํ์ต โ It has a cultural/regional tradition nuance.
E. ํ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฆ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ง์ฅ ๋ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ๋ค.
(Not being late to meetings functions as a workplace norm.) โฐ
Answer
๊ท๋ฒ โ It guides expected behavior.
F. ๋ช
์ ์์ ์ค๋น ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ง๋ค ๋ค๋ฅธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ ์๋ค.
(Holiday food-preparation methods remain as customs that differ by family.) ๐ฒ
Answer
๊ด์ต โ It points to repeated traditional practice.
G. ๊ณ์ฝ ์ ๋น๊ณต์ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ๋น์ฐ์ํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋นํ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
(The practice of treating informal entertainment before contracts as natural is being criticized.) ๐ฝ๏ธ
Answer
๊ดํ โ It often appears in critiques of institutional habits.
H. ๋ง์ ์ ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ก๋ ์ง์ญ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ๊น๋ค.
(Rituals like village ancestral rites are closely related to local customs.) ๐ฏ๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ต โ The local/cultural tradition clue matters.
I. ๊ณต๊ณต์ฅ์์์ ํฐ ์๋ฆฌ๋ก ํตํํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ก์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฆฌ ์ก์๋ค.
(Not speaking loudly on the phone in public has taken place as a new norm.) ๐ต
Answer
์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ โ It is a shared public expectation.
J. ๊ท์น์ด ๊ธ๋ก ์ ํ ์์ง ์์๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ํ๋์ ์ด๋๋ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
(A standard that guides behavior even when not written down is a norm.) ๐งญ
Answer
๊ท๋ฒ โ Norms can be unwritten.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ โ social norm
- ๊ด์ต โ custom
- ๊ดํ โ repeated practice; convention
- ํ์ต โ folk/regional custom
- ๊ท๋ฒ โ norm; standard
- ๋ ธ์ฝ์ โ older or vulnerable people
- ์๋ณดํ๋ค โ to yield; give up
- ์ ๊ณ โ industry
- ์๋ก โ ritual
- ๊ณต๊ณต์ฅ์ โ public place
Tip ๐ก ๊ด์ต feels traditional; ๊ดํ feels institutional; ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ feels analytical.
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Exercise 2 โ Change, Acceptance, Settlement ๐ฑ
A. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ถ์ ์ค์ํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ํ์ฐ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
(A change in values that emphasizes individual life is spreading.) ๐ฟ
Answer
๊ฐ์น๊ด ๋ณํ โ The clue is changing what people value.
B. ์๋ก์ด ๊ฐ์กฑ ํํ์ ๋ํ ์ฌํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋์์ก๋ค.
(Social acceptance of new family forms has increased.) ๐ก
Answer
์์ฉ โ It means acceptance.
C. ์ ์ ์๋ช
์ ํ์ ์ ์ฐจ์์ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
(Electronic signatures quickly became established in administrative procedures.) โ๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ฐฉ โ It became stable and regular.
D. ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ์๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฒ์ฒํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
(Social norms slowly evolve according to the times.) ๐ฐ๏ธ
Answer
์งํ โ Here it means gradual social development.
E. ๊ณต์ ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋๋ฉฐ ์ฑ์ฉ ๋ฐฉ์๋ ๋ณํ๋ค.
(As perceptions of fairness changed, hiring methods also changed.) โ๏ธ
Answer
์ธ์ โ ์ธ์ ๋ณํ is change in perception.
F. ์๋ก์ด ์์ ์ด ํ๊ต ๊ต์ก์ ํฌํจ๋๋ฉด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค.
(As new etiquette was included in school education, institutionalization occurred.) ๐ซ
Answer
์ ๋ํ โ It entered a formal system.
G. ์จ๋ผ์ธ ํ์ ๋ฌธํ๋ ํฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน ์ดํ ์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์๋ค.
(Online meeting culture spread worldwide after the pandemic.) ๐
Answer
ํ์ฐ โ It means diffusion/spread.
H. ์ถฉ๋ถํ ํ ๋ก ์ด ์์ด์ผ ์ฌํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋๋ค.
(Sufficient discussion is needed for social consensus to form.) ๐ฌ
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐ๋ โ Shared understanding/agreement is the key.
I. ์๋ก์ด ์๋น ๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฆฌ ์ก์ผ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
(When a new consumption culture has settled stably, we say it has become established.) ๐
Answer
์ ์ฐฉ โ Stable โtaking rootโ is the clue.
J. ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ค์์ฑ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
(The process of society accepting diversity can be called a process of acceptance.) ๐
Answer
์์ฉ โ It describes accepting a new value or group.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ฐ์น๊ด ๋ณํ โ change in values
- ์์ฉ โ acceptance
- ์ ์ฐฉ โ establishment; taking root
- ์งํ โ evolution
- ์ธ์ ๋ณํ โ change in perception
- ์ ๋ํ โ institutionalization
- ํ์ฐ โ diffusion; spread
- ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ํ์ฑ โ consensus formation
- ๊ณต์ ์ฑ โ fairness
- ๋ค์์ฑ โ diversity
Tip ๐ก ํ์ฐ can happen fast; ์ ์ฐฉ means the pattern has become stable.
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Exercise 3 โ Generations, Institutions, Perception ๐ฅ
A. ์ ์ ์ธต๊ณผ ๋
ธ๋
์ธต์ ์๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ์ค๋ช
ํ ์ ์๋ค.
(The difference in thinking between younger and older groups can be explained as a generational difference.) ๐ต
Answer
์ธ๋ ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด โ It means differences between generations.
B. ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ณด๋๋ ํน์ ํ๋์ ๋ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฟ ์ ์๋ค.
(Media coverage can change perception of a certain behavior.) ๐ฐ
Answer
์ธ์ โ Perception/awareness is the focus.
C. ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ํ์ฌ ๊ท์ ์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์์๋๋ค.
(When a new standard enters company rules, institutionalization begins.) ๐
Answer
์ ๋ํ โ It becomes part of a formal system.
D. ์ฌํ์ ํฉ์๊ฐ ์ฝํ๋ฉด ์ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
(If social agreement is weak, settlement of a new norm is difficult.) ๐งฑ
Answer
์ ์ฐฉ โ A norm must stabilize to settle.
E. ๊ธฐ์ ๋ณํ๋ ์ฌ์ํ์ ๋ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ๋ ๋ค.
(Technological change quickly shakes values about privacy.) ๐
Answer
๊ฐ์น๊ด โ It concerns what people consider important/right.
F. ๊ณต์ต ์บ ํ์ธ์ ์๋ฏผ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
(A public-interest campaign contributed to forming consensus among citizens.) ๐ฃ
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐ๋ โ Shared agreement forms among people.
G. ๋ฏ์ค์๋ ํํ์ด ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฌํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์๋ค.
(A once-unfamiliar expression was repeatedly used and socially accepted.) ๐จ๏ธ
Answer
์์ฉ โ The society came to accept it.
H. ํ๊ต์ ๋ฒ์ด ํจ๊ป ์์ง์ผ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง๋ค.
(When schools and law move together, institutionalization of a norm speeds up.) ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋ํ โ Schools and law are formal systems.
I. ๋์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ์์ ์ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฌ๋ก๋ค.
(Viewing online etiquette differently by age is a case of generational difference.) ๐ฑ
Answer
์ธ๋ ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด โ Different generations interpret the norm differently.
J. ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ๋น์ฐํ๊ฒ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
(A consensus that considers environmental protection natural is widening.) ๐ณ
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐ๋ โ It means shared recognition/agreement.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ธ๋ ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด โ generational difference
- ์ธ์ โ perception; awareness
- ์ ๋ํ โ institutionalization
- ์ ์ฐฉ โ settlement; establishment
- ๊ฐ์น๊ด โ values
- ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ โ shared consensus
- ์์ฉ๋๋ค โ to be accepted
- ์ฌ์ํ โ privacy
- ๊ณต์ต ์บ ํ์ธ โ public-interest campaign
- ์จ๋ผ์ธ ์์ โ online etiquette
Tip ๐ก Social norms change through people, perception, and institutions โ not just vocabulary floating in the air.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Social Change Sentence Frames ๐งฐ
A. ์๋ก์ด ๊ทผ๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ์์ด ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
(A new work style is becoming established as a social norm.) ๐ผ
Answer
์ ์ฐฉ โ The frame is ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ค.
B. ๊ฐ์ธ ์ ๋ณด ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ํ ์ธ์์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
(Perception of personal-information protection changed.) ๐ชช
Answer
๋ณํ โ ์ธ์์ด ๋ณํํ๋ค is natural.
C. ์๋ก์ด ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์ฌํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๊ธฐ๊น์ง ์๊ฐ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
(It takes time for a new value to be socially accepted.) โณ
Answer
์์ฉ โ The frame is ์ฌํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉ๋๋ค.
D. ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ณํ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฑ๊ณผ ํ ๋ก ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
(Norm change can trigger conflict and debate.) ๐ฅ
Answer
์ด๋ฐ โ ์ด๋ฐํ๋ค means to trigger.
E. ๋ฐ๋ณต๋ ๊ฒฝํ์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ดํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ํจ๋ค.
(Repeated experience establishes a new practice.) ๐
Answer
์ ์ฐฉ โ Here ์ ์ฐฉ์ํค๋ค means to make it settle.
F. ๊ณต๋ก ์ฅ์ ์ฌํ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด๋ค.
(The public sphere is a space that forms social consensus.) ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ฑ โ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ค is the set phrase.
G. ์๋ก์ด ๊ท๋ฒ์ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ํตํด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
(A new norm can be institutionalized through systems.) ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋ํ โ Formal systems are the clue.
H. ์ฌํ์ ๋นํ์ ๋ก์ ๊ด์ต์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค.
(Social criticism makes old customs weaken.) ๐งจ
Answer
์ฝํ โ ์ฝํ๋๋ค means to weaken.
I. ์๋ก์ด ์์ ์ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํตํด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์๋ค.
(New etiquette spread quickly through online spaces.) ๐
Answer
ํ์ฐ โ It means spread/diffusion.
J. ์ ์ฑ
๋ณํ๋ ์๋ฏผ์ ํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ํฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(Policy change affects citizensโ behavioral standards.) ๐งพ
Answer
๋ฏธ์น๋ค โ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค means to affect.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ค โ to become established
- ๋ณํํ๋ค โ to change
- ์์ฉ๋๋ค โ to be accepted
- ์ด๋ฐํ๋ค โ to trigger
- ์ ์ฐฉ์ํค๋ค โ to establish
- ํ์ฑํ๋ค โ to form
- ์ ๋ํ๋๋ค โ to be institutionalized
- ์ฝํ๋๋ค โ to weaken
- ํ์ฐ๋๋ค โ to spread
- ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค โ to affect
Tip ๐ก Memorize frames, not isolated nouns: ๊ณต๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ค, ์ฌํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉ๋๋ค, ๊ท๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ค.
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. โ ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ค. โ
์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
(Incorrect: Social norms are always laws. Correct: Social norms are standards shared by society.) โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค โ Norms can be unwritten standards.
B. โ ์งํ๋ ์๋ฌผ์๋ง ์ด๋ค. โ
์ฌํ ๋ณํ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ์ธ ์ ์๋ค.
(Incorrect: Evolution is used only for living things. Correct: The word evolution can also be used for social change.) ๐ฑ
Answer
์งํ โ In social analysis, it means gradual development.
C. โ ์์ฉ์ ์์ ํ ์ ์ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. โ
์์ฉ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์, ์ ์ฐฉ์ ์์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
(Incorrect: Acceptance is the same as complete settlement. Correct: Acceptance is receiving; settlement is stable establishment.) ๐งฑ
Answer
์๋ฆฌ ์ก์ โ This explains ์ ์ฐฉ in everyday wording.
D. โ ๊ด์ต์ ํญ์ ์๋กญ๋ค. โ
๊ด์ต์ ์ค๋ ์ด์ด์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
(Incorrect: Customs are always new. Correct: A custom is a long-continued practice.) ๐ฎ
Answer
์ต๊ด์ ํ๋ โ ๊ด์ต is a long-established social practice.
E. โ ํ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ ์ฐฉ์ ๋ปํ๋ค. โ
ํ์ฐ์ ํผ์ง, ์ ์ฐฉ์ ์์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ปํ๋ค.
(Incorrect: Spread always means establishment. Correct: Spread is diffusion; settlement means stable establishment.) ๐บ๏ธ
Answer
ํ๋ฆฝ โ ํ๋ฆฝ means establishment; close to the stable side of ์ ์ฐฉ.
F. โ ๊ฐ์น๊ด ๋ณํ๋ ํญ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ค. โ
๊ฐ์น๊ด ๋ณํ๋ ๋๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ์งํ๋๋ค.
(Incorrect: Changes in values are always immediate. Correct: Changes in values usually proceed gradually.) ๐ฐ๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ง์ โ Social values often change step by step.
G. โ ์ ๋ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ง์์ ๋ณํ๋ง ๋ปํ๋ค. โ
์ ๋ํ๋ ๊ท์น์ด๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
(Incorrect: Institutionalization means only a change inside an individual mind. Correct: It means being reflected in rules or policy.) ๐
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ The norm becomes part of formal systems.
H. โ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋๋ ํ ์ฌ๋์ ์๊ฒฌ์ด๋ค. โ
๊ณต๊ฐ๋๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฌ๋์ด ๊ณต์ ํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
(Incorrect: Consensus is one personโs opinion. Correct: Consensus is an agreement shared by many people.) ๐ค
Answer
ํฉ์ โ Shared agreement is the core meaning.
I. โ ์ธ๋ ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด๋ค. โ
์ธ๋ ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝํ์์ ๋์จ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
(Incorrect: Generational difference is always conflict. Correct: It can be a difference in perception from different experiences.) ๐ฅ
Answer
์ธ์ ์ฐจ์ด โ Difference does not automatically mean conflict.
J. โ ๋ก์ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ์ ๋ ๋ณํ์ง ์๋๋ค. โ
์ฌํ์ ๋นํ๊ณผ ํ ๋ก ์ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
(Incorrect: Old norms never change. Correct: Social criticism and debate can trigger norm change.) ๐ฌ
Answer
์ด๋ฐ โ Debate can set change in motion.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ธฐ์ค โ standard
- ์งํ โ evolution
- ์๋ฆฌ ์ก์ โ taking root; settling
- ์ต๊ด์ ํ๋ โ habitual behavior
- ํ๋ฆฝ โ establishment
- ์ ์ง์ โ gradual
- ๋ฐ์ โ reflection; being reflected
- ํฉ์ โ agreement
- ์ธ์ ์ฐจ์ด โ difference in perception
- ์ด๋ฐํ๋ค โ to trigger
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol rule: acceptance, spread, and settlement are related stages โ but they are not the same stage.
ย
๐ You tracked the whole life cycle of a norm: ์ฌํ ๊ท๋ฒ, ๊ฐ์น๊ด ๋ณํ, ์์ฉ, ํ์ฐ, and ์ ์ฐฉ. Your Korean can now analyze society without waving vaguely at โchange.โ ๐งญ๐ฑ