๐Ÿงญ

The Evolution of Social Norms

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ์ง„ํ™” / ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™” / ์ˆ˜์šฉ / ์ •์ฐฉ
Lesson #
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Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐ŸŽฏ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿงญ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” (social norms) are shared expectations about what people should or should not do in a group or society.
  • ๐ŸŒฑ ์ง„ํ™” (evolution) here means gradual change over time, not only biological evolution.
  • ๐Ÿค A norm becomes stable when ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™” (change in values), ์ˆ˜์šฉ (acceptance), and ์ •์ฐฉ (settlement/establishment) happen together.
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear terms like ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” (social norm), ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™” (change in values), and ์ •์ฐฉ (settlement/establishment). Social change vocabulary deserves a clear sound check. ๐ŸŽง
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

A ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” is not simply a written law. It is a shared rule, expectation, or standard that tells people what behavior feels โ€œnormal,โ€ โ€œproper,โ€ or โ€œacceptableโ€ in a society. Some norms are explicit, like workplace etiquette; others are invisible until someone breaks them. Very sneaky, very sociology. ๐Ÿ•ต๏ธ
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When we say ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ์ง„ํ™” (the evolution of social norms), we mean that norms gradually change as peopleโ€™s ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ (values), institutions, technology, and lived experiences change. For example, ideas about work-life balance, family roles, public manners, and online behavior have shifted as society has changed. ๐Ÿ“ฑ
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The key sequence is often: a new behavior appears, people debate it, some groups begin to ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค (accept it), institutions adjust, and eventually the new pattern ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค (settles/takes root). Norms do not just flip like a light switch; they migrate like a very opinionated flock of birds. ๐Ÿฆ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Social Norms Family

  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” = social norm; shared social standard.
  • ๊ทœ๋ฒ” = norm, standard, or rule that guides behavior.
  • ์ง„ํ™” = evolution; gradual development or change.
  • ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ = values; view of what is important or right.
  • ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™” = change in values.
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉ = acceptance; receiving and accepting something.
  • ์ •์ฐฉ = settlement; taking root; becoming established.
  • ๊ด€์Šต = custom; long-established social practice.
  • ์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™” = change in perception/awareness.
  • ์ œ๋„ํ™” = institutionalization; becoming part of formal systems.
  • ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด = generational difference.
  • ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ = forming a shared consensus/sense of agreement.
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Useful advanced frames:
  • A๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค = A becomes established as a social norm.
  • A์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค = perception of A changes.
  • A๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค = to socially accept A.

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ์›๊ฒฉ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. (Remote work is becoming established as a new social norm in some industries.) ๐Ÿ’ป
    • ์›๊ฒฉ ๊ทผ๋ฌด means โ€œremote work,โ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฐ์—… means โ€œsome industries,โ€ and ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto become established.โ€
  • ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์†๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. (Differences in values between generations affect the speed of norm change.) ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
    • ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ means โ€œbetween generations,โ€ ์†๋„ means โ€œspeed,โ€ and ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค means โ€œto affect.โ€
  • ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์Šต์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด ์ œ๋„ํ™”๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (When a new custom is widely accepted, it can lead to institutionalization.) ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
    • ๋„๋ฆฌ means โ€œwidely,โ€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค means โ€œto lead to,โ€ and ์ œ๋„ํ™” means โ€œinstitutionalization.โ€

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

This topic uses many Sino-Korean abstract nouns:
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ (society) + ๊ทœ๋ฒ” (norm) โ†’ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” (social norm)
  • ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ (values) + ๋ณ€ํ™” (change) โ†’ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™” (change in values)
  • ์ธ์‹ (perception/awareness) + ๋ณ€ํ™” (change) โ†’ ์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™” (change in perception)
  • ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€ (shared consensus) + ํ˜•์„ฑ (formation) โ†’ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ (forming shared consensus)
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The suffix -ํ™” often means โ€œbecoming / making intoโ€: ์ œ๋„ (institution/system) โ†’ ์ œ๋„ํ™” (institutionalization), ์ผ๋ฐ˜ (general) โ†’ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” (generalization). It is a tiny suffix with a big sociology clipboard. ๐Ÿ“‹

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

Core terms such as ๊ทœ๋ฒ” (norm), ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ (values), ์ˆ˜์šฉ (acceptance), and ์ •์ฐฉ (settlement/establishment) were checked against standard Korean dictionary usage on ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์–ด์› / Korean.go.kr resources. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” (social norm) โ†’ formal/analytical; useful in sociology, policy, and essays.
  • ๊ด€์Šต (custom) โ†’ long-established practice; often tradition-like.
  • ๊ด€ํ–‰ (practice/convention) โ†’ repeated practice, often in institutions or industries.
  • ํ’์Šต (custom/folk practice) โ†’ cultural or regional tradition.
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉ (acceptance) โ†’ accepting something into society or oneโ€™s thinking.
  • ์ •์ฐฉ (settlement/establishment) โ†’ becoming stable and rooted over time.
  • ํ™•์‚ฐ (spread/diffusion) โ†’ spreading widely; not yet necessarily stable.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” = written law only โ†’ โœ… Norms can be unwritten social expectations.
  • โŒ ์ง„ํ™” always means biological evolution โ†’ โœ… In social analysis, it often means gradual development/change.
  • โŒ ์ˆ˜์šฉ and ์ •์ฐฉ are identical โ†’ โœ… ์ˆ˜์šฉ is acceptance; ์ •์ฐฉ is becoming stable and established.
  • โŒ ๊ด€์Šต and ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” always match โ†’ โœ… A custom can be a norm, but a norm can also be newer, institutional, or informal.
  • โŒ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™” happens overnight โ†’ โœ… Values usually shift through debate, experience, generational change, and institutional support.

You can now discuss social change without sounding vague: identify the norm ๐Ÿงญ, track the values ๐ŸŒฑ, measure acceptance ๐Ÿค, and see whether the new pattern has taken root. Sociologist hat unlocked. ๐ŸŽฉ
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Try this exercise

Practice choosing the precise social-change term. Fill each blank with the best Korean word or phrase, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance.
1. ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ค„์„ ์„œ๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(Standing in line in public places is a representative social norm.) ๐Ÿšถ
Answer
์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” โ€” It is a shared expectation for public behavior.
2. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค.
(Over time, values about family changed.) ๐Ÿ‘ช
Answer
๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ โ€” It means values or value system.
3. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ Š์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋จผ์ € ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(A new way of expression was first accepted by the younger generation.) ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์šฉ โ€” It means acceptance.
4. ์žฌํƒ๊ทผ๋ฌด ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
(Remote-work culture became fully established in some companies.) ๐Ÿ 
Answer
์ •์ฐฉ โ€” The practice has taken root.
5. ๋ช…์ ˆ์— ์นœ์ฒ™์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Visiting relatives on holidays can be seen as an old custom.) ๐ŸŽ
Answer
๊ด€์Šต โ€” It refers to a long-standing custom.
6. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์†Œ๋น„ ์Šต๊ด€๋„ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(As awareness of environmental issues increased, consumption habits also changed.) ๐ŸŒฟ
Answer
์ธ์‹ โ€” ์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™” is change in awareness/perception.
7. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค.
(When a new standard is reflected in law and policy, institutionalization proceeds.) โš–๏ธ
Answer
์ œ๋„ํ™” โ€” It means becoming part of formal institutions.
8. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ ˆ์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Online etiquette is rapidly spreading in digital society.) ๐Ÿ’ฌ
Answer
ํ™•์‚ฐ โ€” It means spread or diffusion.
9. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋™์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค.
(When several groups begin to agree, a social consensus forms.) ๐Ÿค
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€ โ€” ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ means forming shared agreement.
10. ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(The phenomenon of different thinking by age group is called generational difference.) ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด โ€” It means difference between generations.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” โ†’ social norm
  • ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ โ†’ values
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to accept
  • ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to become established
  • ๊ด€์Šต โ†’ custom
  • ์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™” โ†’ change in perception
  • ์ œ๋„ํ™” โ†’ institutionalization
  • ํ™•์‚ฐ โ†’ spread; diffusion
  • ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ โ†’ forming consensus
  • ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด โ†’ generational difference
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Spread is ํ™•์‚ฐ; stable establishment is ์ •์ฐฉ. Donโ€™t crown a trend too early. ๐Ÿ‘‘

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Continue into the Practice Hub below and watch norms evolve like tiny social Pokรฉmon. ๐Ÿฃ
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” The Evolution of Social Norms
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Welcome to your social-norms observation deck. ๐Ÿ”ญ Youโ€™ll practice vocabulary for norms, values, acceptance, institutionalization, and long-term settlement so you can discuss social change with precision and style.
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever a sentence needs an audio check.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Fill each blank with the best Korean term, read the completed sentence aloud, and check the Answer toggle for the nuance.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Norms, Customs, and Practices ๐Ÿงญ

A. ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ ๋…ธ์•ฝ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–‘๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค.
(Giving up a seat to older or vulnerable passengers on a bus is considered a social norm.) ๐ŸšŒ
Answer
์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” โ€” It is an expected behavior in public life.
B. ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
(Long-standing wedding procedures are closer to custom.) ๐Ÿ’
Answer
๊ด€์Šต โ€” It emphasizes long-established practice.
C. ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(A method repeatedly used in an industry can be called an established practice.) ๐Ÿญ
Answer
๊ด€ํ–‰ โ€” It often refers to repeated practices in institutions or industries.
D. ์ง€์—ญ ์ถ•์ œ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต ์˜์ƒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋‹ค.
(A traditional costume event at a local festival is part of folk custom.) ๐ŸŽŽ
Answer
ํ’์Šต โ€” It has a cultural/regional tradition nuance.
E. ํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Šฆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง์žฅ ๋‚ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
(Not being late to meetings functions as a workplace norm.) โฐ
Answer
๊ทœ๋ฒ” โ€” It guides expected behavior.
F. ๋ช…์ ˆ ์Œ์‹ ์ค€๋น„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Holiday food-preparation methods remain as customs that differ by family.) ๐Ÿฒ
Answer
๊ด€์Šต โ€” It points to repeated traditional practice.
G. ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์ „ ๋น„๊ณต์‹ ์ ‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‹น์—ฐ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(The practice of treating informal entertainment before contracts as natural is being criticized.) ๐Ÿฝ๏ธ
Answer
๊ด€ํ–‰ โ€” It often appears in critiques of institutional habits.
H. ๋งˆ์„ ์ œ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ก€๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ๊นŠ๋‹ค.
(Rituals like village ancestral rites are closely related to local customs.) ๐Ÿ•ฏ๏ธ
Answer
ํ’์Šต โ€” The local/cultural tradition clue matters.
I. ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ†ตํ™”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค.
(Not speaking loudly on the phone in public has taken place as a new norm.) ๐Ÿ“ต
Answer
์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” โ€” It is a shared public expectation.
J. ๊ทœ์น™์ด ๊ธ€๋กœ ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(A standard that guides behavior even when not written down is a norm.) ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๊ทœ๋ฒ” โ€” Norms can be unwritten.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” โ†’ social norm
  • ๊ด€์Šต โ†’ custom
  • ๊ด€ํ–‰ โ†’ repeated practice; convention
  • ํ’์Šต โ†’ folk/regional custom
  • ๊ทœ๋ฒ” โ†’ norm; standard
  • ๋…ธ์•ฝ์ž โ†’ older or vulnerable people
  • ์–‘๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to yield; give up
  • ์—…๊ณ„ โ†’ industry
  • ์˜๋ก€ โ†’ ritual
  • ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ โ†’ public place
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ๊ด€์Šต feels traditional; ๊ด€ํ–‰ feels institutional; ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” feels analytical.
ย 

Exercise 2 โ€” Change, Acceptance, Settlement ๐ŸŒฑ

A. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(A change in values that emphasizes individual life is spreading.) ๐ŸŒฟ
Answer
๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™” โ€” The clue is changing what people value.
B. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€์กฑ ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค.
(Social acceptance of new family forms has increased.) ๐Ÿก
Answer
์ˆ˜์šฉ โ€” It means acceptance.
C. ์ „์ž ์„œ๋ช…์€ ํ–‰์ • ์ ˆ์ฐจ์—์„œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
(Electronic signatures quickly became established in administrative procedures.) โœ๏ธ
Answer
์ •์ฐฉ โ€” It became stable and regular.
D. ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
(Social norms slowly evolve according to the times.) ๐Ÿ•ฐ๏ธ
Answer
์ง„ํ™” โ€” Here it means gradual social development.
E. ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉฐ ์ฑ„์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋„ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
(As perceptions of fairness changed, hiring methods also changed.) โš–๏ธ
Answer
์ธ์‹ โ€” ์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™” is change in perception.
F. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜ˆ์ ˆ์ด ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
(As new etiquette was included in school education, institutionalization occurred.) ๐Ÿซ
Answer
์ œ๋„ํ™” โ€” It entered a formal system.
G. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํšŒ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน ์ดํ›„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(Online meeting culture spread worldwide after the pandemic.) ๐ŸŒ
Answer
ํ™•์‚ฐ โ€” It means diffusion/spread.
H. ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค.
(Sufficient discussion is needed for social consensus to form.) ๐Ÿ’ฌ
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€ โ€” Shared understanding/agreement is the key.
I. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†Œ๋น„ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์œผ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.
(When a new consumption culture has settled stably, we say it has become established.) ๐Ÿ›’
Answer
์ •์ฐฉ โ€” Stable โ€œtaking rootโ€ is the clue.
J. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(The process of society accepting diversity can be called a process of acceptance.) ๐ŸŒˆ
Answer
์ˆ˜์šฉ โ€” It describes accepting a new value or group.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™” โ†’ change in values
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉ โ†’ acceptance
  • ์ •์ฐฉ โ†’ establishment; taking root
  • ์ง„ํ™” โ†’ evolution
  • ์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™” โ†’ change in perception
  • ์ œ๋„ํ™” โ†’ institutionalization
  • ํ™•์‚ฐ โ†’ diffusion; spread
  • ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ โ†’ consensus formation
  • ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ โ†’ fairness
  • ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ โ†’ diversity
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ํ™•์‚ฐ can happen fast; ์ •์ฐฉ means the pattern has become stable.
ย 

Exercise 3 โ€” Generations, Institutions, Perception ๐Ÿ‘ฅ

A. ์ Š์€ ์ธต๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(The difference in thinking between younger and older groups can be explained as a generational difference.) ๐Ÿ‘ต
Answer
์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด โ€” It means differences between generations.
B. ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ณด๋„๋Š” ํŠน์ • ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Media coverage can change perception of a certain behavior.) ๐Ÿ“ฐ
Answer
์ธ์‹ โ€” Perception/awareness is the focus.
C. ์ƒˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ทœ์ •์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค.
(When a new standard enters company rules, institutionalization begins.) ๐Ÿ“‘
Answer
์ œ๋„ํ™” โ€” It becomes part of a formal system.
D. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒˆ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
(If social agreement is weak, settlement of a new norm is difficult.) ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
์ •์ฐฉ โ€” A norm must stabilize to settle.
E. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ”๋“ ๋‹ค.
(Technological change quickly shakes values about privacy.) ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ โ€” It concerns what people consider important/right.
F. ๊ณต์ต ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
(A public-interest campaign contributed to forming consensus among citizens.) ๐Ÿ“ฃ
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€ โ€” Shared agreement forms among people.
G. ๋‚ฏ์„ค์—ˆ๋˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(A once-unfamiliar expression was repeatedly used and socially accepted.) ๐Ÿ—จ๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์šฉ โ€” The society came to accept it.
H. ํ•™๊ต์™€ ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์›€์ง์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค.
(When schools and law move together, institutionalization of a norm speeds up.) ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ œ๋„ํ™” โ€” Schools and law are formal systems.
I. ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ ˆ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋‹ค.
(Viewing online etiquette differently by age is a case of generational difference.) ๐Ÿ“ฑ
Answer
์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด โ€” Different generations interpret the norm differently.
J. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋„“์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(A consensus that considers environmental protection natural is widening.) ๐ŸŒณ
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€ โ€” It means shared recognition/agreement.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด โ†’ generational difference
  • ์ธ์‹ โ†’ perception; awareness
  • ์ œ๋„ํ™” โ†’ institutionalization
  • ์ •์ฐฉ โ†’ settlement; establishment
  • ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ โ†’ values
  • ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€ โ†’ shared consensus
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be accepted
  • ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ โ†’ privacy
  • ๊ณต์ต ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ โ†’ public-interest campaign
  • ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ ˆ โ†’ online etiquette
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Social norms change through people, perception, and institutions โ€” not just vocabulary floating in the air.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Social Change Sentence Frames ๐Ÿงฐ

A. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ทผ๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(A new work style is becoming established as a social norm.) ๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
์ •์ฐฉ โ€” The frame is ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค.
B. ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
(Perception of personal-information protection changed.) ๐Ÿชช
Answer
๋ณ€ํ™” โ€” ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค is natural.
C. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
(It takes time for a new value to be socially accepted.) โณ
Answer
์ˆ˜์šฉ โ€” The frame is ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค.
D. ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Norm change can trigger conflict and debate.) ๐Ÿ’ฅ
Answer
์ด‰๋ฐœ โ€” ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค means to trigger.
E. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
(Repeated experience establishes a new practice.) ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์ •์ฐฉ โ€” Here ์ •์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค means to make it settle.
F. ๊ณต๋ก ์žฅ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค.
(The public sphere is a space that forms social consensus.) ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Answer
ํ˜•์„ฑ โ€” ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋‹ค is the set phrase.
G. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์€ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(A new norm can be institutionalized through systems.) ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ œ๋„ํ™” โ€” Formal systems are the clue.
H. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„ํŒ์€ ๋‚ก์€ ๊ด€์Šต์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.
(Social criticism makes old customs weaken.) ๐Ÿงจ
Answer
์•ฝํ™” โ€” ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means to weaken.
I. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜ˆ์ ˆ์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(New etiquette spread quickly through online spaces.) ๐ŸŒ
Answer
ํ™•์‚ฐ โ€” It means spread/diffusion.
J. ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(Policy change affects citizensโ€™ behavioral standards.) ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค โ€” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค means to affect.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to become established
  • ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to change
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be accepted
  • ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to trigger
  • ์ •์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค โ†’ to establish
  • ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to form
  • ์ œ๋„ํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be institutionalized
  • ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to weaken
  • ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to spread
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ to affect
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Memorize frames, not isolated nouns: ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋‹ค, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค, ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. โŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. โœ… ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(Incorrect: Social norms are always laws. Correct: Social norms are standards shared by society.) โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค€ โ€” Norms can be unwritten standards.
B. โŒ ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๋งŒ ์“ด๋‹ค. โœ… ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Incorrect: Evolution is used only for living things. Correct: The word evolution can also be used for social change.) ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
์ง„ํ™” โ€” In social analysis, it means gradual development.
C. โŒ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ •์ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. โœ… ์ˆ˜์šฉ์€ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ž„, ์ •์ฐฉ์€ ์•ˆ์ •์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(Incorrect: Acceptance is the same as complete settlement. Correct: Acceptance is receiving; settlement is stable establishment.) ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์Œ โ€” This explains ์ •์ฐฉ in everyday wording.
D. โŒ ๊ด€์Šต์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๋‹ค. โœ… ๊ด€์Šต์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(Incorrect: Customs are always new. Correct: A custom is a long-continued practice.) ๐Ÿฎ
Answer
์Šต๊ด€์  ํ–‰๋™ โ€” ๊ด€์Šต is a long-established social practice.
E. โŒ ํ™•์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ •์ฐฉ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. โœ… ํ™•์‚ฐ์€ ํผ์ง, ์ •์ฐฉ์€ ์•ˆ์ •์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค.
(Incorrect: Spread always means establishment. Correct: Spread is diffusion; settlement means stable establishment.) ๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ
Answer
ํ™•๋ฆฝ โ€” ํ™•๋ฆฝ means establishment; close to the stable side of ์ •์ฐฉ.
F. โŒ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ด๋‹ค. โœ… ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค.
(Incorrect: Changes in values are always immediate. Correct: Changes in values usually proceed gradually.) ๐Ÿ•ฐ๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ง„์  โ€” Social values often change step by step.
G. โŒ ์ œ๋„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์† ๋ณ€ํ™”๋งŒ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. โœ… ์ œ๋„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
(Incorrect: Institutionalization means only a change inside an individual mind. Correct: It means being reflected in rules or policy.) ๐Ÿ“œ
Answer
๋ฐ˜์˜ โ€” The norm becomes part of formal systems.
H. โŒ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‹ค. โœ… ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(Incorrect: Consensus is one personโ€™s opinion. Correct: Consensus is an agreement shared by many people.) ๐Ÿค
Answer
ํ•ฉ์˜ โ€” Shared agreement is the core meaning.
I. โŒ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. โœ… ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Incorrect: Generational difference is always conflict. Correct: It can be a difference in perception from different experiences.) ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
์ธ์‹ ์ฐจ์ด โ€” Difference does not automatically mean conflict.
J. โŒ ๋‚ก์€ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. โœ… ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ์€ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Incorrect: Old norms never change. Correct: Social criticism and debate can trigger norm change.) ๐Ÿ’ฌ
Answer
์ด‰๋ฐœ โ€” Debate can set change in motion.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ standard
  • ์ง„ํ™” โ†’ evolution
  • ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์Œ โ†’ taking root; settling
  • ์Šต๊ด€์  ํ–‰๋™ โ†’ habitual behavior
  • ํ™•๋ฆฝ โ†’ establishment
  • ์ ์ง„์  โ†’ gradual
  • ๋ฐ˜์˜ โ†’ reflection; being reflected
  • ํ•ฉ์˜ โ†’ agreement
  • ์ธ์‹ ์ฐจ์ด โ†’ difference in perception
  • ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to trigger
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol rule: acceptance, spread, and settlement are related stages โ€” but they are not the same stage.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ You tracked the whole life cycle of a norm: ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”, ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ˆ˜์šฉ, ํ™•์‚ฐ, and ์ •์ฐฉ. Your Korean can now analyze society without waving vaguely at โ€œchange.โ€ ๐Ÿงญ๐ŸŒฑ