๐Ÿงช

The Ethics of Clinical Trials

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ / ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ / ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ / ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿงช
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿงฌ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ means clinical trial: a formal research process that tests safety and effectiveness in people.
  • ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ means participant protection, and it is the ethical center of this topic.
  • โœ… Advanced Korean sounds natural when you pair nouns with formal verbs: ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค (verify safety), ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋‹ค (obtain informed consent), ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋‹ค (fulfill research responsibility).
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear expressions like ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ (clinical trial), ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ (participant protection), ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ (safety verification), and ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ (ethics review). Ethics vocabulary becomes much easier when the noun chunks feel familiar in your ear. ๐Ÿง 
ย 

๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

A clinical trial is not just โ€œa medical test.โ€ It is a research process involving human participants, so the vocabulary naturally combines science, law, ethics, and responsibility. The key question is: Can medical progress be pursued without violating participantsโ€™ rights and safety? โš–๏ธ
In Korean, clinical-trial ethics is often expressed through formal noun phrases: ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ (ethics of clinical trials), ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ (participant protection), ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ (safety verification), ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„ (research responsibility), ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜ (informed consent), and ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ (ethics review). ๐Ÿงช
This lesson focuses on advanced vocabulary for explaining why clinical trials are necessary, what risks participants may face, what protections must exist, and how researchers should fulfill ethical responsibility. The goal is not to debate medicine in general; the goal is precise ethical language. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Clinical-Trial Ethics Family

  • ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ โ†’ clinical trial. A formal study that tests the safety or effectiveness of a medicine, treatment, or medical device in people. Natural phrase: ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค (to conduct a clinical trial). ๐Ÿงช
  • ํ”ผํ—˜์ž โ†’ research participant / subject. A person who participates in a study. Natural phrase: ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค (to protect participantsโ€™ rights). ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
  • ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ โ†’ participant protection. Ethical safeguards for participantsโ€™ safety, rights, privacy, and ability to withdraw. Natural phrase: ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค (to prioritize participant protection). โœ…
  • ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ†’ safety verification. The process of checking whether a treatment or product is safe enough. Natural phrase: ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค (to sufficiently verify safety). ๐Ÿ”
  • ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜ โ†’ informed consent. Consent given after receiving enough explanation about purpose, risks, benefits, and rights. Natural phrase: ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋‹ค (to obtain informed consent). โœ๏ธ
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„ โ†’ research responsibility. The researcherโ€™s duty to design, explain, monitor, report, and protect ethically. Natural phrase: ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋‹ค (to fulfill research responsibility). ๐Ÿงญ
  • ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ โ†’ ethics review. A review process that checks whether a study is ethically acceptable before or during research. Natural phrase: ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋‹ค (to undergo ethics review). ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์€ ์‹ ์•ฝ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์ด๋‹ค.
    • (A clinical trial is a procedure for verifying the effectiveness and safety of a new drug.) ๐Ÿ’Š
      Notes: ์‹ ์•ฝ = new drug, ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ = effectiveness/efficacy, ์ ˆ์ฐจ = procedure.
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์ด์ต์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋’ค ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • (Researchers must obtain informed consent after sufficiently explaining expected risks and benefits to participants.) โœ๏ธ
      Notes: ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ = expected risk, ์ด์ต = benefit, ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค = to explain sufficiently.
  • ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • (If ethics review is conducted only formally, participant protection may be weakened.) โš ๏ธ
      Notes: ํ˜•์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ = superficially/formally only, ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค = to be weakened.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

For this topic, the useful formation is ethical noun + responsibility verb:
  • ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค = to verify safety
    • Example: ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค (to verify the safety of a new treatment). ๐Ÿ”
  • ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋‹ค = to obtain informed consent
    • Example: ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋’ค ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋‹ค (to obtain informed consent after sufficiently explaining to the participant). โœ๏ธ
  • ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๋‹ค/๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค = to violate / guarantee rights
    • Example: ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค (to guarantee participantsโ€™ right to self-determination). ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
  • ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋‹ค = to undergo ethics review
    • Example: ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋‹ค (the research plan undergoes ethics review). ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋‹ค = to fulfill research responsibility
    • Example: ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋‹ค (to fulfill research responsibility by immediately reporting side effects). ๐Ÿงญ
No irregular conjugation is the main issue here. The challenge is choosing verbs that match formal ethics vocabulary: ์šฐ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค (prioritize), ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค (guarantee), ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๋‹ค (violate), ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค (review), ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค (report).

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

Key terms and usage patterns were cross-checked against korean.go.kr resources and standard public/medical usage, including ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ (clinical trial), ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ (safety as a quality), ๊ฒ€์ฆ (verification), ๋ณดํ˜ธ (protection), ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„ (research responsibility), and public-language guidance around clear specialist terminology. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ (clinical trial) vs. ์‹คํ—˜ (experiment): ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ is specifically tied to human health-related research; ์‹คํ—˜ is broader. ๐Ÿงช
  • ํ”ผํ—˜์ž (research participant/subject) vs. ํ™˜์ž (patient): ํ”ผํ—˜์ž is research-focused; ํ™˜์ž is care-focused. A person can be both, but the words highlight different roles. ๐Ÿฅ
  • ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ (safety quality) vs. ์•ˆ์ „ (general safety): ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ is often used when evaluating drugs, treatments, systems, or products. ๐Ÿ”
  • ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜ (informed consent) vs. ํ—ˆ๋ฝ (permission): ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜ implies enough explanation before agreement; ํ—ˆ๋ฝ is more general. โœ๏ธ

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ Using ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ for any science experiment โ†’ โœ… Use it for human health-related testing or research.
  • โŒ Treating ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜ as just a signature โ†’ โœ… It should include explanation of purpose, risk, benefit, privacy, and the right to withdraw.
  • โŒ Saying ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค in a neutral description โ†’ โœ… Prefer ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค (to conduct research with participants as subjects) unless you truly mean exploitation.
  • โŒ Only saying โ€œdangerousโ€ โ†’ โœ… Name specific risks: ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ (side effects), ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์œ ์ถœ (personal information leakage), ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์นจํ•ด (rights violation), ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด (economic burden).
  • โŒ Praising medical progress without safeguards โ†’ โœ… Add ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ, ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜, ์ค‘๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ณด์ƒ, and ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ฒด๊ณ„.

Ethical clinical trials are built on a careful balance: medical progress matters, but participants are not tools. In advanced Korean, that balance lives in words like ๋ณดํ˜ธ, ์ฑ…์ž„, ๋™์˜, and ๊ฒ€์ฆ. ๐Ÿงฌโœจ
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Try this exercise

Complete each sentence with the most natural word or phrase from this lesson. Say the completed sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle. ๐Ÿงญ
1. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์•ฝ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ž„์ƒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The procedure that checks a new drugโ€™s effectiveness and safety in people is called a clinical trial. ๐Ÿ’Š
Answer
์‹œํ—˜ โ€” ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ means clinical trial.
2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Researchers must protect participantsโ€™ rights and safety. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
๋ณดํ˜ธ โ€” ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค means to protect.
3. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Agreement after receiving enough explanation is called informed consent. โœ๏ธ
Answer
๋™์˜ โ€” ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜ means informed consent.
4. ์‹ ์•ฝ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the safety of a new drug is not sufficiently verified, risk may increase. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค means to verify safety.
5. ์œค๋ฆฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
Research that has not undergone ethics review is unlikely to gain legitimacy. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์‹ฌ์‚ฌ โ€” ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ means ethics review.
6. ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
If an unexpected side effect occurs, it must be reported immediately. โš ๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด๊ณ  โ€” ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค means to report.
7. ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ๋” ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Research involving vulnerable groups needs stricter safeguards. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์žฅ์น˜ โ€” ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์žฅ์น˜ means safeguard.
8. ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Participants have the right to withdraw from research midway. ๐Ÿšช
Answer
์ฒ ํšŒ โ€” ์ฒ ํšŒํ•˜๋‹ค means to withdraw.
9. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์›์น™์ด๋‹ค.
Personal information protection is a core principle of managing clinical data. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๋ณดํ˜ธ โ€” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ means personal information protection.
10. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To fulfill research responsibility, risks and benefits must be reviewed in a balanced way. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ฒ€ํ†  โ€” ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค means to review.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ โ†’ clinical trial
  • ์‹ ์•ฝ โ†’ new drug
  • ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ effect
  • ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ โ†’ safety quality
  • ํ”ผํ—˜์ž โ†’ research participant
  • ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ โ†’ right
  • ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜ โ†’ informed consent
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to verify
  • ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ โ†’ ethics review
  • ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ โ†’ side effect
  • ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to report
  • ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต โ†’ vulnerable group
  • ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ safeguard
  • ์ฒ ํšŒํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to withdraw
  • ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ โ†’ personal information protection
  • ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to review
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก For this topic, memorize โ€œethics pairsโ€: ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜ + ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…, ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ + ๊ฒ€์ฆ, ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ + ๋ณด๊ณ .

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready! Your clinical-trial ethics vocabulary is officially out of the waiting room. ๐Ÿงช
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” The Ethics of Clinical Trials
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Welcome to the ethics review room, where vocabulary wears a lab coat and every sentence asks, โ€œDid we protect the participant?โ€ ๐Ÿฅผ Youโ€™ll practice clinical-trial terms, participant rights, safety verification, informed consent, researcher responsibility, and balanced ethical judgment. โš–๏ธ
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever phrases like ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค, ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค, or ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋‹ค need a pronunciation check.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best Korean word or phrase. Decide whether the sentence is about research process, participant protection, safety, consent, responsibility, or ethical balance. Say the completed sentence aloud, then check the Answer toggle. ๐Ÿงญ
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Exercise 1 โ€” Core Clinical-Trial Terms ๐Ÿงช

A. ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค.
A clinical trial is research that checks a treatmentโ€™s effect and safety in people. ๐Ÿฅ
Answer
์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ โ€” ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ is a natural pair in clinical-trial contexts.
B. ์‹ ์•ฝ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The effectiveness of a new drug must be proven before the approval process can proceed. ๐Ÿ’Š
Answer
์œ ํšจ์„ฑ โ€” ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ means effectiveness or efficacy.
C. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
A person who participates in research is formally called a research participant. ๐Ÿ‘ค
Answer
ํ”ผํ—˜์ž โ€” ํ”ผํ—˜์ž is formal research vocabulary.
D. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค.
The treatment effect is judged by comparing the control group and the experimental group. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ โ€” ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ means experimental group.
E. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ „์— ์œค๋ฆฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The research plan must receive approval from an ethics committee before starting. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์Šน์ธ โ€” ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›๋‹ค means to receive approval.
F. ์•ฝ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
If an unexpected side effect of a medicine appears, it must be addressed immediately. โš ๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ โ€” ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ means side effect.
G. ์ž„์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์›์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Clinical data must be managed according to personal information protection principles. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๊ด€๋ฆฌ โ€” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๋‹ค means to be managed.
H. ์‹œํ—˜ ์ค‘๋‹จ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ด์•ผ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์‹ ์†ํžˆ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Stopping criteria must be clear so that risk situations can be handled quickly. ๐Ÿ›‘
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค€ โ€” ์ค‘๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€ means stopping criteria.
I. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณต์ต์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋”๋ผ๋„ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.
Even if research has great public value, participantsโ€™ rights must not be violated. ๐Ÿšซ
Answer
์นจํ•ด โ€” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๋‹ค means to violate rights.
J. ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A compensation procedure for harm must also be prepared in advance. ๐Ÿ’ต
Answer
๋ณด์ƒ โ€” ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ณด์ƒ means compensation for harm.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ โ†’ clinical trial
  • ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• โ†’ treatment method
  • ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ โ†’ safety quality
  • ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ โ†’ effectiveness/efficacy
  • ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ†’ approval process
  • ํ”ผํ—˜์ž โ†’ research participant
  • ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ โ†’ control group
  • ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ โ†’ experimental group
  • ์œค๋ฆฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ โ†’ ethics committee
  • ์Šน์ธ โ†’ approval
  • ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ โ†’ side effect
  • ์ž„์ƒ ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ clinical data
  • ์ค‘๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ stopping criteria
  • ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to violate rights
  • ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ณด์ƒ โ†’ compensation for harm
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Clinical-trial vocabulary often comes in pairs: ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ/์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ, ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ/์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ, ์œ„ํ—˜/์ด์ต.
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Exercise 2 โ€” Participant Protection and Consent ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์„œ๋ช…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Informed consent must be based on sufficient explanation, not just a signature. โœ๏ธ
Answer
์„ค๋ช… โ€” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… is essential to informed consent.
B. ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Participants have the right to withdraw from research at any time. ๐Ÿšช
Answer
๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ โ€” ์ฒ ํšŒํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ means the right to withdraw.
C. ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ๋” ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค.
Research involving vulnerable groups requires stricter safeguards. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์žฅ์น˜ โ€” ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์žฅ์น˜ means safeguard.
D. ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค.
Guaranteeing participantsโ€™ right to self-determination is central to research ethics. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๋ณด์žฅ โ€” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค means to guarantee rights.
E. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Researchers must explain expected risks and benefits in a balanced way. โš–๏ธ
Answer
์„ค๋ช… โ€” ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์ด์ต์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค is a natural ethics phrase.
F. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If personal information leaks, participantsโ€™ trust can be greatly damaged. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
ํ›ผ์† โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ํ›ผ์†๋˜๋‹ค means trust is damaged.
G. ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Participant protection must be prioritized over research outcomes. โœ…
Answer
์šฐ์„  โ€” ์šฐ์„ ๋˜๋‹ค means to be prioritized.
H. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋™์˜๋Š” ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค.
Consent obtained when the participant does not understand the content has weak ethical legitimacy. โš ๏ธ
Answer
์ •๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ means ethical legitimacy.
I. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฌธ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A research explanation document should reduce technical terms and be written in clear language. ๐Ÿ“„
Answer
๋ฌธ์žฅ โ€” ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ฌธ์žฅ means easy-to-understand sentences.
J. ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์••๋ฐ•์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๋™์˜๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
If there is pressure to participate, voluntary consent is difficult to secure. ๐Ÿšซ
Answer
ํ™•๋ณด โ€” ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค means to secure consent.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜ โ†’ informed consent
  • ์„œ๋ช… โ†’ signature
  • ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… โ†’ sufficient explanation
  • ์ฒ ํšŒํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ โ†’ right to withdraw
  • ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต โ†’ vulnerable group
  • ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ safeguard
  • ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ โ†’ right to self-determination
  • ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to guarantee
  • ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ โ†’ expected risk
  • ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์œ ์ถœ โ†’ personal information leakage
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ํ›ผ์†๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ trust is damaged
  • ์šฐ์„ ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be prioritized
  • ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ ethical legitimacy
  • ์ „๋ฌธ์šฉ์–ด โ†’ technical term
  • ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๋™์˜ โ†’ voluntary consent
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก A strong consent sentence includes who explains, what is explained, and whether the participant can freely decide.
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Exercise 3 โ€” Safety, Risk, and Reporting ๐Ÿ”

A. ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
If safety verification is insufficient, expanding the clinical trial is difficult. ๐Ÿšง
Answer
์–ด๋ ต โ€” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค means to be difficult.
B. ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ„ํš์„œ์— ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Foreseeable side effects must be stated in advance in the research plan. ๐Ÿ“„
Answer
๋ช…์‹œ โ€” ๋ช…์‹œ๋˜๋‹ค means to be clearly stated.
C. ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
If a serious adverse reaction appears, criteria for stopping the trial are necessary. ๐Ÿ›‘
Answer
์ค‘๋‹จ โ€” ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค means to stop the trial.
D. ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Without a side-effect reporting system, risk management may become weak. โš ๏ธ
Answer
์ทจ์•ฝ โ€” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๋‹ค means to become vulnerable or weak.
E. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Researchers must disclose risks accurately without minimizing them. ๐Ÿ”Ž
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐœ โ€” ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค means to disclose or make public.
F. ์•ˆ์ „ ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Safeguards are necessary to reduce possible harm to participants. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
์ค„์ด โ€” ์ค„์ด๋‹ค means to reduce.
G. ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
If the risk burden is too great, it is difficult to secure the researchโ€™s legitimacy. โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํ™•๋ณด โ€” ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค means to secure legitimacy.
H. ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
Long-term effects are difficult to judge only from short-term results. โณ
Answer
ํŒ๋‹จ โ€” ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค means to judge.
I. ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ๋’ค์—๋„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Safety data must be systematically preserved even after the study ends. ๐Ÿ—‚๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์กด โ€” ๋ณด์กด๋˜๋‹ค means to be preserved.
J. ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์ด์ต์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ—˜-์ด์ต ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The process of weighing risks and benefits can be called risk-benefit evaluation. โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ€” ์œ„ํ—˜-์ด์ต ํ‰๊ฐ€ means risk-benefit evaluation.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ†’ safety verification
  • ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to expand
  • ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ โ†’ foreseeable side effect
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ„ํš์„œ โ†’ research plan
  • ๋ช…์‹œ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be clearly stated
  • ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ โ†’ adverse reaction
  • ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to stop a trial
  • ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ reporting system
  • ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ โ†’ risk management
  • ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to disclose
  • ์•ˆ์ „ ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ safety measure/safeguard
  • ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ risk burden
  • ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to secure legitimacy
  • ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ โ†’ long-term effect
  • ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ safety data
  • ์œ„ํ—˜-์ด์ต ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ†’ risk-benefit evaluation
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Safety writing becomes more advanced when you replace vague danger with concrete terms: side effects, reporting, stopping criteria, data, and risk-benefit evaluation.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Research Responsibility and Ethics Review ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

A. ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”์ง€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค.
Ethics review is a process of examining whether research violates participantsโ€™ rights. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๊ฒ€ํ†  โ€” ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค means to review or examine.
B. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
Research responsibility applies from research design to result reporting. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
์ ์šฉ โ€” ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค means to apply.
C. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
If researchers hide risk information, both reliability and ethicality are damaged. ๐Ÿšซ
Answer
ํ›ผ์† โ€” ํ›ผ์†๋˜๋‹ค means to be damaged.
D. ์œค๋ฆฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
The ethics committee reviews the necessity of the research and the risk burden together. โš–๏ธ
Answer
์‹ฌ์‚ฌ โ€” ์‹ฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค means to review/evaluate formally.
E. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Researchers have an obligation to report side effects immediately. ๐Ÿ“ฃ
Answer
์˜๋ฌด โ€” ๋ณด๊ณ  ์˜๋ฌด means reporting obligation.
F. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์กฐ์ž‘์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ด๋‹ค.
Data manipulation is an act that seriously violates research ethics. โŒ
Answer
์œ„๋ฐ˜ โ€” ์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค means to violate ethics.
G. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๊ณต์ต์ ์ด์–ด๋„ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Even if the research purpose serves the public interest, procedural legitimacy must be secured. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
ํ™•๋ณด โ€” ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋˜๋‹ค means legitimacy is secured.
H. ๊ฐ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ํ๋ ค์งˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the oversight system is weak, there is a possibility that research responsibility becomes unclear. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค means there is a possibility.
I. ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Ethics review is not for slowing research down but for preventing risk. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ โ€” ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค means to prevent risk.
J. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ณผ์žฅ ์—†์ด ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Research results must be disclosed transparently without exaggeration. ๐Ÿ“ข
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐœ โ€” ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜๋‹ค means to be disclosed transparently.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ โ†’ ethics review
  • ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to review
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„ โ†’ research responsibility
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ โ†’ research design
  • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ณ  โ†’ result reporting
  • ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to apply
  • ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ •๋ณด โ†’ risk information
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ†’ reliability
  • ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ โ†’ ethicality
  • ์œค๋ฆฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ โ†’ ethics committee
  • ๋ณด๊ณ  ์˜๋ฌด โ†’ reporting obligation
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ ์กฐ์ž‘ โ†’ data manipulation
  • ์ ˆ์ฐจ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ procedural legitimacy
  • ๊ฐ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ oversight system
  • ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be disclosed transparently
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Responsibility vocabulary often uses institutional verbs: review, approve, report, disclose, prevent, secure.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. โŒ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ = ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹คํ—˜ โ†’ โœ… ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ = ์ž„์ƒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Fix the idea: clinical trial is not every experiment; it is human health-related research. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
์‹œํ—˜ โ€” ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ is the precise term.
B. โŒ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜ = ์„œ๋ช… โ†’ โœ… ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
Fix the idea: informed consent is not just a signature; it is consent based on sufficient explanation. โœ๏ธ
Answer
๋™์˜ โ€” ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜ requires informed agreement.
C. ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค.
In neutral language, โ€œconduct research with participants as subjectsโ€ sounds better than โ€œuse participants.โ€ ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
์ง„ํ–‰ โ€” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค means to conduct research.
D. ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์€ ์•ฝ์ด๋‚˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Safety quality shows whether a drug or treatment is safe. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์„ฑ์งˆ โ€” ์„ฑ์งˆ means quality or property.
E. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•Œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If researchers do not sufficiently disclose risk, the right to know may be violated. ๐Ÿšซ
Answer
์นจํ•ด โ€” ์•Œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์นจํ•ด๋˜๋‹ค means the right to know is violated.
F. ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.
Medical progress is important, but participant protection must not be neglected. โš–๏ธ
Answer
์†Œํ™€ํžˆ โ€” ์†Œํ™€ํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค means to neglect.
G. ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
A side-effect reporting system helps detect risks early. ๐Ÿ“ฃ
Answer
๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ โ€” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋‹ค means to discover or detect.
H. ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
If unfavorable conditions are forced on vulnerable groups, a research ethics problem occurs. โš ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐœ์ƒ โ€” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค means a problem occurs.
I. ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Ethics review examines the balance between research necessity and participant protection. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ฒ€ํ†  โ€” ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค means to review the balance.
J. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The clearer the research responsibility is, the better participantsโ€™ rights and safety can be protected. โœ…
Answer
๋ณดํ˜ธ โ€” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค means to protect rights and safety.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ โ†’ clinical trial
  • ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ โ†’ health-related research
  • ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์˜ โ†’ informed consent
  • ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… โ†’ sufficient explanation
  • ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to conduct research with participants as subjects
  • ์„ฑ์งˆ โ†’ quality/property
  • ์•Œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ โ†’ right to know
  • ์นจํ•ด๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be violated
  • ์˜ํ•™ ๋ฐœ์ „ โ†’ medical progress
  • ์†Œํ™€ํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to neglect
  • ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to detect early
  • ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด โ†’ unfavorable conditions
  • ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to force
  • ์œค๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ โ†’ ethics review
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„ โ†’ research responsibility
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol rule: if the sentence praises research progress, add a safeguard. If it describes risk, name the exact right or protection involved.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work โ€” your ์ž„์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ vocabulary now protects participants, verifies safety, respects consent, and reports side effects like a responsible little research committee. ๐Ÿงช๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ