TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐งญ ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์ means scientific consensus: expert agreement formed through evidence, testing, replication, and review โ not โscientists took a vote.โ
- ๐ Credibility comes from ๊ฒ์ฆ (verification), ์ฌํ์ฑ (reproducibility), ๋๋ฃ ํ๊ฐ (peer review), and openness to correction.
- ๐๏ธ Advanced Korean sounds stronger when you explain process and limits with nouns like ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ (credibility), ํ๋น์ฑ (validity), ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ (evidence), and ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด (expert community).
๐ง Iru Helper Note
When a term feels dense โ especially ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ (the credibility of scientific consensus) or ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ๊ฒ์ฆ ๊ณผ์ (the expert communityโs verification process) โ type it into Korean Helper Widgets to hear the rhythm aloud.
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๐ The Big Picture
A scientific consensus is not a popularity contest in a lab coat. ๐ฅผ In academic Korean, ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์ (scientific consensus) means an expert-level agreement that has survived repeated evidence checks, criticism, replication, and revision.
The key move is to describe why the consensus deserves trust. Instead of saying ๋ง์ ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ์๊ฐํด์ (many scientists think that), advanced writing explains the process: ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ฆ๊ณผ ์ฌํ์ฑ์ ํตํด ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ด ํ๋ณด๋๋ค (credibility is secured through repeated verification and reproducibility). ๐ฌ
That gives your Korean more precision: you can discuss climate science ๐, medicine ๐, public health ๐ฅ, environmental policy ๐ฑ, or technology ethics ๐ค without sounding vague or overdramatic.
๐จ The Core Scientific Consensus Family
1. ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์ โ scientific consensus
๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์ means a broad agreement among qualified experts based on accumulated evidence.
- ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ์ ๋ํ ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์ = scientific consensus on climate change ๐
- ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ๊ดํ ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์ = scientific consensus regarding vaccine effectiveness ๐
- ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋๋ค = for a scientific consensus to form
Useful nuance: ํฉ์ (consensus) is the result; ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ (evidence) and ๊ฒ์ฆ (verification) explain why it matters.
2. ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ, ํ๋น์ฑ, ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ
These nouns are neighbors, not twins:
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ = reliability / credibility; whether a result or conclusion can be trusted ๐
- ํ๋น์ฑ = validity; whether the method, logic, or conclusion is appropriate ๐งฎ
- ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ = objectivity; whether bias is minimized โ๏ธ
Natural academic chunks:
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ค = to increase the credibility of research results
- ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค = to examine the validity of the methodology
- ์๋ฃ ๋ถ์์ ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค = to secure objectivity in data analysis
3. ๊ฒ์ฆ, ์ฌํ์ฑ, ๋๋ฃ ํ๊ฐ
A consensus becomes credible when claims can be checked by others.
- ๊ฒ์ฆ = verification or testing; checking whether a claim holds up ๐
- ์ฌํ์ฑ = reproducibility; whether similar results appear when the study is repeated ๐
- ๋๋ฃ ํ๊ฐ = peer review; evaluation by qualified researchers ๐งโ๐ฌ
Natural academic chunks:
- ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค = to verify a claim
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋๋ค = for results to be reproduced
- ๋๋ฃ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ค = to undergo peer review
4. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด
์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด (expert community) refers to the network of qualified researchers, reviewers, institutions, and professional groups that evaluate evidence.
It is not the same as blindly following authority. ๊ถ์์ ํธ์ํ๋ค means โto appeal to authority,โ often without enough evidence. By contrast, ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ๋ค means โto refer to expert evaluationโ as part of evidence-based reasoning. ๐๏ธ
5. ๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ and ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ
Science is credible not because it never changes, but because it can be tested and corrected.
- ๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ = falsifiability; whether a claim can be tested and potentially shown wrong ๐งช
- ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ = revisability; whether a conclusion can be changed when better evidence appears ๐ ๏ธ
A strong sentence often balances trust and humility: ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์๋ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง์ ์ต์ ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ์ง๋ง, ์๋ก์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์ ๋ ์ ์๋ค (Scientific consensus is based on the best evidence so far, but it can be revised according to new evidence).
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ฆ๊ณผ ์ฌํ์ฑ์ ํตํด ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ์ป๋๋ค.
Scientific consensus gains credibility through repeated verification and reproducibility. ๐ฌ
Notes: ํตํด means โthrough,โ and ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ์ป๋ค means โto gain credibility.โ
- ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ ์๋ก์ด ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋นํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒํ ํ๊ณ , ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์๋์ง ํ๋จํ๋ค.
The expert community critically reviews new claims and judges whether sufficient evidence exists. ๐๏ธ
Notes: ๋นํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค means โto examine critically,โ not โto attack.โ
- ํฉ์๊ฐ ์์ ๋ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๊ณผํ์ ์ฝ์ ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์๊ธฐ ์์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ค๋ค.
The fact that a consensus can be revised shows scienceโs self-correcting ability, not its weakness. ๐ ๏ธ
Notes: ์ฝ์ ์ด ์๋๋ผ means โnot a weakness butโฆ,โ a useful contrast frame.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
For advanced academic Korean, build credibility statements with this pattern:
- Concept + evidence process + result
- ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ฆ์ ํตํด ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค.
Scientific consensus secures credibility through repeated verification.
- Claim + limitation + balanced conclusion
- ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์๋ ๊ฐํ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ง, ์๋ก์ด ์๋ฃ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์ ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Scientific consensus has strong evidence, but it can be revised according to new data.
- Expert process + evaluative noun
- ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ๋นํ์ ๊ฒํ ๋ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ ๋์ธ๋ค.
The expert communityโs critical review increases the validity of the conclusion.
No irregular grammar trap here โ the challenge is choosing the right noun and pairing it with a natural academic verb. ๐ฏ
๐ Cross-check note
Key terms and usage patterns were cross-checked against standard Korean dictionary entries and academic usage examples from korean.go.kr, especially ํฉ์ (consensus), ๊ฒ์ฆ (verification), ์ฌํ (reproduction), ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ (reliability), and ํ๋น์ฑ (validity). โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ (credibility/reliability) vs. ๋ฏฟ์ ๋งํจ (trustworthiness): the first is more academic; the second is more everyday.
- ํ๋น์ฑ (validity) vs. ์ ์ ์ฑ (appropriateness): ํ๋น์ฑ suits logic, method, and conclusion; ์ ์ ์ฑ is broader and less technical.
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ (evidence/basis) vs. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ (evidence/proof): ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ often supports reasoning; ์ฆ๊ฑฐ often points to proof or data.
- ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด (expert community) vs. ๊ถ์์ (authority figure): one emphasizes collective evaluation; the other emphasizes status.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ด ๋ง์ด ๋ฏฟ์ผ๋๊น ๋ง๋ค. โ โ ๋ค์์ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ ๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฒ์ฆ์ ํตํด ์ ์ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋๋ฌํ๋ค. (Explain the evidence process, not just the number of people.)
- โ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ = ํ๋น์ฑ โ โ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ asks โCan we trust it?โ while ํ๋น์ฑ asks โIs the method or reasoning valid?โ
- โ ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์๋ ์ ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ง ์๋๋ค. โ โ ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์๋ ๊ฐํ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ์ง๋ง ์๋ก์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์ ๋ ์ ์๋ค. (Scientific knowledge is credible because it can be corrected.)
- โ ๊ถ์์๊ฐ ๋งํ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์ถฉ๋ถํ๋ค. โ โ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ๊ฒํ ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ฆ ๊ณผ์ ์ด ์ค์ํ๋ค. (Authority alone is not the same as evidence.)
- โ ์ด๋ ค์ด ๋ง์ ๋ง์ด ์ฐ๋ฉด ํ์ ์ ์ด๋ค. โ โ ์ ํํ ๊ฐ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ์ํ ๊ณณ์๋ง ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด ๋ ผ์ง๊ฐ ์ ๋ช ํด์ง๋ค. (Dense wording is not automatically better.)
๐ Scientific consensus vocabulary is your โacademic credibility toolkitโ: use it to show evidence, evaluation, limits, and nuance without turning every sentence into a fog machine. ๐ซ๏ธโก๏ธ๐ฆ
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Try this exercise
Practice choosing the most precise academic word. Complete each Korean sentence, say the full sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the meaning and reasoning.
1. ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํตํด ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ์ป๋๋ค.
Scientific consensus gains credibility through repeated verification. ๐
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ The sentence needs โverification/testing,โ the process that checks whether a claim holds up.
2. ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋์ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
If other research teams get the same results, reproducibility can be considered high. ๐
Answer
์ฌํ์ฑ โ Repeated similar results point to reproducibility.
3. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋์ง ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฒํ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To see whether the method supports the conclusion, validity must be examined. ๐งฎ
Answer
ํ๋น์ฑ โ This asks whether the method and reasoning are valid.
4. ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถํ๊ณ ๋ถ์์ด ์ผ๊ด๋๋ฉด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋์์ง๋ค.
If the data is sufficient and the analysis is consistent, the credibility of the results increases. ๐
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ This asks whether the result can be trusted.
5. ์๋ก์ด ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋นํ์ ๊ฒํ ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์ผ ํ๋ค.
A new claim should undergo the expert communityโs critical review. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด โ This refers to the network of qualified experts who evaluate claims.
6. ๊ณผํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ง๊ฐ๋ณด๋ค ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
A scientific claim should be based on public evidence rather than personal intuition. ๐
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ The sentence needs โevidence/basis.โ
7. ๊ฒ์ฆ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ ์ ๋ก ํ๋ค.
A testable claim presupposes falsifiability. ๐งช
Answer
๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ A claim is scientific partly because it can be tested and potentially refuted.
8. ์๋ก์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋์ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด ํฉ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค.
If new evidence appears, the existing consensus also has revisability. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ Science can revise conclusions when stronger evidence appears.
9. ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐํ ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ฉฐ ์ค๋ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ค์ธ๋ค.
A paper undergoes peer review before publication and reduces the possibility of errors. ๐งโ๐ฌ
Answer
๋๋ฃ ํ๊ฐ โ Peer review is evaluation by other qualified researchers.
10. ๊ถ์์์ ๋ง๋ง ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ํ๋๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
An attitude that follows only an authority figureโs statement is close to an appeal to authority. โ ๏ธ
Answer
๊ถ์์ ํธ์ํ๋ค โ In this sentence, a noun-style answer like ๊ถ์์ ํธ์ํ๋ ํ๋ is also natural.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์ โ scientific consensus
- ๊ฒ์ฆ โ verification/testing
- ์ฌํ์ฑ โ reproducibility
- ํ๋น์ฑ โ validity
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ credibility/reliability
- ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด โ expert community
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ evidence/basis
- ๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ falsifiability
- ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ revisability
- ๋๋ฃ ํ๊ฐ โ peer review
- ๊ถ์์ ํธ์ํ๋ค โ to appeal to authority
Tip ๐ก Pick the word that names the process, not just the general topic.
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready! Your academic Korean lab coat is freshly pressed. ๐ฅผ
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ The Credibility of Scientific Consensus
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Welcome to your credibility lab for ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์ (scientific consensus). ๐งช Youโll practice choosing precise academic nouns, building evidence-based sentences, and avoiding the classic โmany people said it, so it must be trueโ trap. By the end, your Korean will explain not just what experts agree on, but why that agreement deserves careful trust.
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence or term aloud.
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๐ Instructions: Complete each blank with the best Korean word or phrase, read the full Korean sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle. Focus on matching each term to its academic role: evidence, verification, reproducibility, expert review, credibility, validity, limitation, or revision.
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Exercise 1 โ Core Terms Under the Microscope ๐ฌ
A. ๊ธฐํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ด์ธก ์๋ฃ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋์๋ค.
In climate research, a scientific consensus formed based on observational data and long-term analysis. ๐
Answer
๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์ โ The sentence describes expert agreement formed from evidence.
B. ์ถฉ๋ถํ ํ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ผ๊ด๋ ๋ถ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์ธ๋ค.
A sufficient sample and consistent analysis increase the credibility of research results. ๐
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ This is about whether the result can be trusted.
C. ์ง๋ฌธ์ง๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ง์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ฎ์์ง ์ ์๋ค.
If the questionnaire does not fit the research purpose, the surveyโs validity may decrease. ๐
Answer
ํ๋น์ฑ โ The focus is whether the method fits the purpose.
D. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ ์
๊ฒฌ์ ์ค์ด๋ ์ ์ฐจ๋ ๋ถ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
Procedures that reduce personal bias help secure objectivity in analysis. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ Bias reduction points to objectivity.
E. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Researchers must present sufficient evidence to support a claim. ๐
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ This is the basis or evidence supporting reasoning.
F. ์ ๋ฌธ ํ์ ์ง๋ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐํํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค.
Professional journals require peer review before publishing a paper. ๐งโ๐ฌ
Answer
๋๋ฃ ํ๊ฐ โ This is review by qualified peers.
G. ๋ค๋ฅธ ์คํ์ค์์๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ฉด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๊ฐํ๋๋ค.
If results repeat in other laboratories, the studyโs reproducibility is strengthened. ๐งซ
Answer
์ฌํ์ฑ โ Repeating results in other settings is reproducibility.
H. ์๋ก์ด ๊ฐ์ค์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์ผ ํ๋ค.
A new hypothesis must go through a public verification process. ๐
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ The process checks whether the claim holds up.
I. ๊ณผํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ๋ฆด ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ํํ ์ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ฏ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ค์ํ๋ค.
A scientific claim must be testable as possibly wrong, so falsifiability is important. ๐งช
Answer
๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ A scientific claim should be testable and potentially refutable.
J. ์๋ก์ด ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ์ถ์ ๋๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ธ์ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
When new data accumulates, the revisability of existing conclusions must be acknowledged. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ Better evidence may require revising a conclusion.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ธฐํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ โ climate research
- ๊ด์ธก ์๋ฃ โ observational data
- ์ฅ๊ธฐ ๋ถ์ โ long-term analysis
- ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์ โ scientific consensus
- ํ๋ณธ โ sample
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ credibility/reliability
- ์ง๋ฌธ์ง โ questionnaire
- ํ๋น์ฑ โ validity
- ์ ์ ๊ฒฌ โ bias/preconception
- ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ objectivity
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ evidence/basis
- ๋๋ฃ ํ๊ฐ โ peer review
- ์คํ์ค โ laboratory
- ์ฌํ์ฑ โ reproducibility
- ๊ฒ์ฆ โ verification/testing
- ๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ falsifiability
- ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ revisability
Tip ๐ก If the sentence asks โCan we trust it?โ choose ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ; if it asks โIs the method appropriate?โ choose ํ๋น์ฑ.
ย
Exercise 2 โ Evidence Process Verbs ๐งญ
A. ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์ ๊ฐ์ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ถ๊ฐ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์์งํ๋ค.
The research team collected additional data to verify the hypothesis. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ Use ๊ฐ์ค์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค for โto verify a hypothesis.โ
B. ๋น์ทํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ ๊ฐํด์ง๋ค.
If results are reproduced under similar conditions, the conclusion becomes stronger. ๐
Answer
์ฌํ โ The full verb frame is ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋๋ค.
C. ๋นํ์ ํ ๋ก ์ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด ์์์ ํฉ์๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ค๋ค.
Critical discussion shows the process by which consensus is formed within the expert community. ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
ํ์ฑ โ Use ํฉ์๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋๋ค for โconsensus is formed.โ
D. ํ์ ์ง๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ค๋ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Academic journals review papers to reduce the possibility of research errors. ๐
Answer
ํ๊ฐ โ Here, ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค connects to peer review.
E. ์๋ก์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ค๋ช
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์๋ ์๋ค.
New evidence may refute an existing explanation. ๐งจ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ฐ โ The verb frame is ์ค๋ช
์ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค.
F. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ์๋ฃ์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ณ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
The researcher acknowledged the limits of the data and presented the conclusion carefully. โ ๏ธ
Answer
์ธ์ โ Academic balance often uses ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค.
G. ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ์๋ฃ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๊ฐ ๋ถ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
Open data allows other researchers to repeat the analysis. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ๋ณต โ Repeating analysis supports verification and reproducibility.
H. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Experts examined the validity of the methodology. ๐งฎ
Answer
๊ฒํ โ Use ํ๋น์ฑ์ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค for โto examine validity.โ
I. ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Several research results support the same conclusion. ๐งฑ
Answer
๋ท๋ฐ์นจ โ Use ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค for โto support a conclusion.โ
J. ์๋ก์ด ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๋์ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ก ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ ์๋ ์๋ค.
If new data appears, the theory may need to be revised. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
์์ โ Scientific credibility includes the ability to revise conclusions.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฐ๊ตฌํ โ research team
- ๊ฐ์ค โ hypothesis
- ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค โ to verify/test
- ์กฐ๊ฑด โ condition
- ์ฌํ๋๋ค โ to be reproduced
- ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด โ expert community
- ํ์ฑ๋๋ค โ to be formed
- ํ๊ฐํ๋ค โ to evaluate
- ๋ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค โ to refute
- ์ธ์ ํ๋ค โ to acknowledge
- ๋ฐ๋ณตํ๋ค โ to repeat
- ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค โ to examine/review
- ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค โ to support
- ์์ ํ๋ค โ to revise
Tip ๐ก Academic Korean often turns verbs into noun chunks: ๊ฒ์ฆ ๊ณผ์ , ๊ฒํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ.
ย
Exercise 3 โ Credibility vs. Authority ๐๏ธ
A. ๋จ์ํ ์ ๋ช
ํ ํ์๊ฐ ๋งํ๋ค๋ ์ด์ ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
Accepting a claim simply because a famous scholar said it is close to an appeal to authority. ๐
Answer
๊ถ์์ ํธ์ํ๋ ํ๋ โ Authority alone is not the same as evidence.
B. ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์๋ ๊ถ์์์ ๋ช
๋ น์ด ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ง์์ ์ธ ๊ฒํ ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋ค.
Scientific consensus is made not by an authority figureโs order but through the expert communityโs ongoing review. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด โ This emphasizes collective expert evaluation.
C. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ๋๋ผ๋ ํ๋จ์ ํต์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Even when referring to expert evaluation, the core of judgment should lie in evidence. ๐
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ Evidence should anchor the judgment.
D. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ ์๋ณด๋ค ์ค์ํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ์ด๋ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๋๊ฐ์ด๋ค.
More important than the number of experts is what verification procedure the conclusion went through. ๐
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ The procedure of testing is the key.
E. ๊ณต๊ฐ ํ ๋ก ๊ณผ ๋นํ์ ํฉ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์คํ๋ ค ๋์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
Public discussion and criticism can actually increase the credibility of consensus. ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ Critical review can strengthen trustworthiness.
F. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๊ฐ ๋ช
์ฑ์ด ๋์๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ฒํ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Even if a researcher is famous, the methodologyโs validity must be examined separately. ๐งฎ
Answer
ํ๋น์ฑ โ Fame does not guarantee valid methods.
G. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ง๊ฐ๋ณด๋ค ๋ฐ๋ณต ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋ ์ค๋๋ ฅ ์๋ค.
Repeatable data is more persuasive than personal intuition. ๐
Answer
์๋ฃ โ Data that can be examined is stronger than intuition.
H. ๋
ผ์์ด ์๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค๋ง์ผ๋ก ํฉ์์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์๋ ์๋ค.
The mere fact that debate exists cannot deny the value of consensus. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ์ โ Debate does not automatically erase the value of expert consensus.
I. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ ์ค๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ผ ์ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ด์ด ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The expert community can also make errors, so the possibility of revision should remain open. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
์์ โ Balanced academic writing keeps revisability open.
J. ๊ฐํ ํฉ์๋ ๋ฌด๋นํ์ ๋ฏฟ์์ด ์๋๋ผ ๋์ ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์ ๋์จ๋ค.
Strong consensus comes not from uncritical belief but from accumulated evidence. ๐งฑ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ Accumulated evidence supports consensus.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ๋ช ํ ํ์ โ famous scholar
- ๊ถ์์ ํธ์ํ๋ ํ๋ โ appeal-to-authority attitude
- ๊ถ์์ โ authority figure
- ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด โ expert community
- ์ง์์ ์ธ ๊ฒํ โ ongoing review
- ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ํ๊ฐ โ expert evaluation
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ evidence/basis
- ๊ฒ์ฆ ์ ์ฐจ โ verification procedure
- ๊ณต๊ฐ ํ ๋ก โ public discussion
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ credibility
- ๋ช ์ฑ โ reputation
- ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก โ methodology
- ํ๋น์ฑ โ validity
- ์ง๊ฐ โ intuition
- ์๋ฃ โ data
- ๋ถ์ ํ๋ค โ to deny
- ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ revisability
Tip ๐ก Expert evaluation is useful when it points back to methods, evidence, and review โ not when it replaces them.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Balanced Academic Sentences โ๏ธ
A. ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์๋ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง์ ์ต์ ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ์ง๋ง ์๋ก์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Scientific consensus is based on the best evidence so far, but it can be revised according to new evidence. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
์์ โ The passive frame is ์์ ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
B. ํฉ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ณผํ์ ์ฝ์ ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ค๋ค.
The fact that consensus changes shows scienceโs self-correcting ability, not its weakness. ๐ง
Answer
์๊ธฐ ์์ โ This phrase captures scienceโs ability to correct itself.
C. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ์ง๋ ค๋ฉด ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
For research results to be widely accepted, they should be reproduced by independent researchers. ๐งโ๐ฌ
Answer
์ฌํ โ Use ์ฌํ๋๋ค for results repeated by others.
D. ์๋ฃ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ฑ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
Data openness makes other researchersโ verification possible. ๐
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ Open data allows verification.
E. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ ์ ํ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ฝํด์ง๋ค.
If the research design is inappropriate, the conclusionโs validity also weakens. ๐
Answer
ํ๋น์ฑ โ Design problems damage validity.
F. ํ๋ณธ์ด ์๊ณ ํธํฅ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ๋ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
If the sample is small and biased, the resultโs credibility should be viewed cautiously. ๐งช
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ Small biased samples weaken reliability.
G. ์ผ๋ถ ๋ฐ๋ก๊ฐ ์ ์๋๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
If some counterexamples are presented, the existing theory becomes a target of refutation. ๐งจ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ฐ โ Counterexamples can become grounds for refutation.
H. ๋๋ฃ ํ๊ฐ๋ ์ค๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ ์์ ์ง๋ ๋ชปํ์ง๋ง ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์ด๋ ์ฅ์น์ด๋ค.
Peer review cannot completely remove errors, but it is a mechanism that increases research credibility. ๐งฐ
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ Peer review is a credibility-strengthening mechanism, not a magic wand.
I. ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์๋ ๊ณ ์ ๋ ์ง๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ๊ฒ์ฆ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ถ์ ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
Scientific consensus is closer to an accumulation of testable evidence than a fixed truth. ๐งฑ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ The sentence emphasizes accumulated evidence.
J. ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ ๋งํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ง์๋ณด๋ค ์๋ฃ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค.
The strength of a claim depends more on the validity of data and logic than the speakerโs status. ๐ง
Answer
ํ๋น์ฑ โ The sentence evaluates whether the data and logic are valid.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ต์ ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ best evidence
- ์์ ๋๋ค โ to be revised
- ์๊ธฐ ์์ โ self-correction
- ๋๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ์ง๋ค โ to be widely accepted
- ๋ ๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ โ independent researcher
- ์ฌํ๋๋ค โ to be reproduced
- ๊ณต๊ฐ์ฑ โ openness
- ๊ฒ์ฆ โ verification
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๊ณ โ research design
- ๋ถ์ ์ ํ๋ค โ to be inappropriate
- ํ๋น์ฑ โ validity
- ํ๋ณธ โ sample
- ํธํฅ๋๋ค โ to be biased
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ credibility/reliability
- ๋ฐ๋ก โ counterexample
- ๋ฐ๋ฐ โ refutation
- ๋๋ฃ ํ๊ฐ โ peer review
- ์ง์ โ status
Tip ๐ก Strong academic sentences often combine trust with caution: โcredible, but revisable.โ
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ด ๋ง์ด ๋งํ์ผ๋๊น ๋ง๋ค๋ ํํ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ณด๋ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ธฐ๋๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ๋ค.
The expression โIt is right because many scientists said itโ creates the problem of relying on authority rather than evidence. โ ๏ธ
Answer
๊ถ์ โ โ Counting authority figures โ โ
Explain evidence and verification.
B. ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์๋ ์ ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ๋ง์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด์ํ๋ค.
Saying scientific consensus never changes ignores the possibility of revision. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
์์ โ โ โConsensus never changesโ โ โ
โConsensus can be revised when better evidence appears.โ
C. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์ ์ ํ์ง ๋ฌป๋ ๋ง์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ๋ณด๋ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
Asking whether the research method is appropriate is closer to validity than credibility. ๐งฎ
Answer
ํ๋น์ฑ โ โ Mixing ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ and ํ๋น์ฑ โ โ
Method fit = validity.
D. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์ ์ ์๋์ง ๋ฌป๋ ๋ง์ ํ๋น์ฑ๋ณด๋ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
Asking whether results can be trusted is closer to credibility than validity. ๐
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ โ Method validity and result credibility are not the same question.
E. ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์๋ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ ์ฑ์ง์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The quality of the same results repeating under other conditions is reproducibility. ๐
Answer
์ฌํ์ฑ โ โ One successful result is not enough โ โ
Repeated results strengthen trust.
F. ์๋ก์ด ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ์ํ์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
If a new claim cannot even be tested, it can be seen as lacking falsifiability. ๐งช
Answer
๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ โ Untestable certainty โ โ
Scientific claims should be testable.
G. ์ด๋ ค์ด ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง์ด ๋ฃ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ์ ํํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๋ ํธ์ด ๋ซ๋ค.
Rather than stuffing in many difficult conceptual words, choosing precise terminology is better. ๐ฏ
Answer
๊ฐ๋
์ด โ โ Dense vocabulary fog โ โ
Precise term choice.
H. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ๊ฒํ ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ณด๋ค ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ด๋ค.
The expert communityโs review is more systematic than personal intuition. ๐ง
Answer
์ง๊ฐ โ โ Personal hunch โ โ
Systematic evaluation.
I. ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ์๋ฃ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต ๊ฒ์ฆ์ ํฉ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐํํ๋ค.
Open data and repeated verification strengthen the credibility of consensus. ๐
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ โ โJust trust itโ โ โ
Show what makes it trustworthy.
J. ๊ณผํ์ ํฉ์๋ ๋จ์ํ ๋ค์ ์๊ฒฌ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ฒ์ฆ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ถ์ ์ด๋ค.
Scientific consensus is not a simple majority opinion but an accumulation of verified evidence. ๐งฑ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ โ Majority opinion โ โ
Accumulated verified evidence.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ถ์ โ authority
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ evidence/basis
- ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ revisability
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ โ research method
- ํ๋น์ฑ โ validity
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ result
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ credibility/reliability
- ์กฐ๊ฑด โ condition
- ์ฌํ์ฑ โ reproducibility
- ์ํ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค โ to be testable
- ๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ falsifiability
- ๊ฐ๋ ์ด โ conceptual term
- ์ ํํ๋ค โ to be precise/accurate
- ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด โ expert community
- ์ง๊ฐ โ intuition
- ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ์๋ฃ โ open data
- ๋ฐ๋ณต ๊ฒ์ฆ โ repeated verification
Tip ๐ก The final checkpoint: replace vague โpeople believe itโ logic with evidence, testing, reproducibility, and expert review.
ย
๐ Youโve completed the full credibility circuit: ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ (evidence), ๊ฒ์ฆ (verification), ์ฌํ์ฑ (reproducibility), ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ (credibility), and ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ (revisability). Your academic Korean now has a microscope, a safety rail, and a tiny but very serious lab clipboard. ๐ฌ๐