TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐ฐ๏ธ ์ฐ์ฃผ ํ์ฌ์ ์์ ํ means space exploration is no longer only a government science project; it is also becoming a market where companies invest, launch services, and seek profit.
- ๐ข To sound advanced, pair ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ (private companies) with verbs like ์ง์ถํ๋ค (to enter a field), ํฌ์ํ๋ค (to invest), ์์ฉํํ๋ค (to commercialize for practical use), and ์์ต์ ์ฐฝ์ถํ๋ค (to generate profit).
- โ๏ธ Strong arguments balance opportunity and risk: ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฐ์ (future industry), ์์ ํ๋ณด (securing resources), ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค (legal standards), and ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ (public interest).
๐ง Iru Helper Note
Type any phrase from this lesson into Korean Helper Widgets to hear it aloud. Long academic phrases like ์ฐ์ฃผ ํ์ฌ์ ์์
ํ (the commercialization of space exploration) and ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ต์ฑ์ ๊ท ํ (the balance between public interest and profitability) become much friendlier when you hear their rhythm. ๐ฐ๏ธ
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๐ The Big Picture
For advanced vocabulary, this topic is not just โspace is cool.โ It is about explaining how space activity is shifting from mostly state-led exploration to a mixed ecosystem of governments, private companies, investors, data services, tourism, resource development, and international regulation. ๐
The key phrase is ์ฐ์ฃผ ํ์ฌ์ ์์
ํ (the commercialization of space exploration). ์ฐ์ฃผ ํ์ฌ means โspace exploration,โ and ์์
ํ means โcommercialization,โ or the process of turning something into a profit-making market. In natural advanced Korean, you will often connect it with ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
(private companies), ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์
(the space industry), ํฌ์ (investment), ์์ต์ฑ (profitability), and ๊ท์ (regulation). ๐ข
A polished answer should avoid one-sided hype. Space tourism sounds shiny โจ, but advanced discussion also asks who benefits, who pays, who owns space resources, and how safety and public interest are protected.
๐จ The Core Space-Commercialization Family
๐ฐ๏ธ Core nouns for the industry
- ์ฐ์ฃผ ํ์ฌ โ space exploration
- ์์ ํ โ commercialization; making something market-based
- ์์ฉํ โ practical commercialization; making a technology usable in real markets
- ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ โ private company
- ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์ โ space industry
- ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด โ launch vehicle
- ์์ฑ โ satellite
- ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ด๊ด โ space tourism
- ์์ ํ๋ณด โ securing resources
- ํฌ๊ท ์์ โ rare resources
- ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฐ์ โ future industry
- ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ โ space debris
- ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค โ legal standards
- ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ โ public interest or public value
- ์์ต์ฑ โ profitability
๐ ๏ธ Core verbs for advanced explanation
- ์ง์ถํ๋ค โ to enter a market, field, or sector
- ํฌ์ํ๋ค โ to invest
- ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค โ to develop
- ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค โ to launch
- ์์ฉํํ๋ค โ to make commercially/practically usable
- ํ๋ณดํ๋ค โ to secure
- ์ฑ๊ตดํ๋ค โ to mine or extract
- ์ ์ ํ๋ค โ to take early control; to preoccupy a market/resource
- ๊ท์ ํ๋ค โ to regulate
- ํ๋ ฅํ๋ค โ to cooperate
- ๊ฒฝ์ํ๋ค โ to compete
- ์ด์งํ๋ค โ to promote or accelerate
- ์ฐฝ์ถํ๋ค โ to create or generate, usually value/profit/jobs
- ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค โ to prepare or establish, often standards/measures/systems
โ๏ธ Argument nouns for balanced discussion
- ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ economic potential
- ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ โ technological innovation
- ๋ง๋ํ ๋น์ฉ โ enormous cost
- ์์ ์ฑ โ safety
- ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ accessibility
- ์์ ๊ถ โ ownership
- ๊ตญ์ ํ์ฝ โ international agreement
- ์ฑ ์ ์์ฌ โ where responsibility lies
- ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ โ sustainable development
- ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ถํ๋ฑ โ economic inequality
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
1. Market entry + investment ๐ข
๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์
์ ์ง์ถํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ์ฌ ๋น์ฉ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋ฎ์์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
Private companies are entering the space industry, and launch costs are gradually decreasing.
- ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ = private companies.
- ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์ ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค = to enter the space industry. This sounds more natural than saying a company โdevelops the industryโ when the focus is market entry.
- ๋ฐ์ฌ ๋น์ฉ = launch costs.
2. Resource competition + ownership ๐ชจ
๋ฌ๊ณผ ์ํ์ฑ์ ํฌ๊ท ์์์ ์ ์ ํ๋ ค๋ ๊ฒฝ์์ด ์ฌํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
Competition to secure rare resources on the Moon and asteroids is intensifying.
- ๋ฌ = the Moon; ์ํ์ฑ = asteroid.
- ํฌ๊ท ์์ = rare resources.
- ์ ์ ํ๋ค can imply early control or first-mover advantage, so it is stronger and more competitive than ํ๋ณดํ๋ค (to secure).
3. Public interest + regulation โ๏ธ
์ฐ์ฃผ ํ์ฌ์ ์์
ํ๊ฐ ํ๋๋ ์๋ก ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ต์ฑ์ ๊ท ํ์ ๋ง์ถ๋ ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
As the commercialization of space exploration expands, legal standards that balance public interest and profitability are necessary.
- ํ๋๋๋ค = to expand.
- ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ = public interest; ์์ต์ฑ = profitability.
- ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค is a useful chunk meaning โto establish legal standards.โ
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
This is an advanced vocabulary lesson, so the โformation ruleโ is about building precise academic phrases rather than conjugating one grammar pattern. Use this structure:
Actor + field + action + consequence
- Actor: ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ (private companies), ์ ๋ถ (government), ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ (the international community), ํฌ์์ (investors)
- Field: ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์ (space industry), ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ด๊ด ์์ฅ (space tourism market), ์์ฑ ๋ฐ์ฌ ์๋น์ค (satellite launch services)
- Action: ์ง์ถํ๋ค (enter), ํฌ์ํ๋ค (invest), ์์ฉํํ๋ค (commercialize for practical use), ๊ท์ ํ๋ค (regulate)
- Consequence: ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ์ ์ด์งํ๋ค (promote technological innovation), ์์ต์ ์ฐฝ์ถํ๋ค (generate profit), ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ๋ณ๋ค (create conflict), ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค (establish legal standards)
Useful connectors
- -์ ๋ฐ๋ผ โ as / depending on
- -๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด โ whereas / while on the other hand
- -์/๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ์ธ๊ณ โ surrounding / over an issue
- -๊ธฐ ์ํด โ in order to
- -๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ โ not only โฆ but also
๐ Cross-check note
The Korean terms and usage patterns in this lesson were cross-checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources on ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์ / korean.go.kr, especially for standard meanings and public-term style. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์์ ํ (commercialization) vs. ์์ฉํ (practical commercialization): ์์ ํ stresses profit and market activity; ์์ฉํ stresses making a technology usable in real life or industry.
- ํ๋ณดํ๋ค (to secure) vs. ์ ์ ํ๋ค (to take early control): ํ๋ณดํ๋ค is neutral; ์ ์ ํ๋ค suggests competition and first-mover advantage.
- ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์ (space industry) vs. ์ฐ์ฃผ ์์ฅ (space market): ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์ is broader; ์ฐ์ฃผ ์์ฅ focuses more on commercial exchange and demand.
- ๊ท์ (regulation) vs. ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค (legal standards): ๊ท์ can sound like restriction; ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค sounds like a system of rules or standards.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ = โordinary peopleโ โ โ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ means private companies, not individual citizens. ๐ข
- โ ์์ ํ and ์์ฉํ are always identical โ โ ์์ ํ stresses profit/marketization; ์์ฉํ stresses practical commercial use. ๐งช
- โ ์์ ํ๋ณด and ์์ ์ ์ have the same tone โ โ ํ๋ณด is neutral, while ์ ์ can sound competitive or politically sensitive. ๐ชจ
- โ Use only ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค for every action โ โ Choose precise verbs: ์ง์ถํ๋ค for entering a field, ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค for launching, ์ฑ๊ตดํ๋ค for mining, ๊ท์ ํ๋ค for regulating. ๐งญ
- โ Praise space tourism without nuance โ โ Mention ์์ ์ฑ (safety), ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ (accessibility), and ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ถํ๋ฑ (economic inequality). โ๏ธ
You now have the vocabulary fuel for a very grown-up space debate. Tiny rocket, huge nuance. ๐โจ
Try this exercise
Read each sentence, choose the best advanced word or phrase for the blank, say the completed Korean sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance.
1. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ์ฌ ๋น์ฉ์ด ๋ฎ์์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
Private companies are entering the space industry, and launch costs are decreasing. ๐
Answer
์ง์ถ โ ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์
์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค means โto enter the space industry,โ a natural market-entry phrase. ๐ข
2. ์์ฑ ๋ฐ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ฉด ์๋ก์ด ์๋น์ค๊ฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋์ด๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If satellite launch technology is commercialized for practical use, new services can grow quickly. ๐ฐ๏ธ
Answer
์์ฉํ โ ์์ฉํ๋๋ค emphasizes becoming practically usable in real markets. ๐งช
3. ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌ์ ํฌ๊ท ์์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ฒฝ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
Countries are competing to secure rare resources on the Moon. ๐
Answer
ํ๋ณด โ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค means โto secure.โ ์ ์ ํ๋ค could also work if you want a stronger โtake early controlโ nuance. ๐ชจ
4. ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ด๊ด์ ์์ต์ฑ์ด ํฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
Space tourism is drawing attention as a profitable future industry. โจ
Answer
๋ฏธ๋ ์ฐ์
โ ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฐ์
means โfuture industry,โ a polished phrase for emerging sectors. ๐
5. ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ง๋ จํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To solve the space debris issue, the international community must establish legal standards. ๐ฐ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค โ ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค means โto establish legal standards.โ โ๏ธ
6. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ํฌ์๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
As private investment increases, technological innovation is being promoted. ๐ก
Answer
์ด์ง โ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ์ ์ด์งํ๋ค means โto promote technological innovation.โ ๐ง
7. ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ์ฌ์ฌ์ฉ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํด ๋์ ์์ต์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
Companies try to generate high profit by developing reusable launch vehicles. ๐
Answer
์ฐฝ์ถ โ ์์ต์ ์ฐฝ์ถํ๋ค means โto generate profit.โ ๐ฐ
8. ์ฐ์ฃผ ์์์ ์์ ๊ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ตญ์ ์ ๋
ผ์์ด ์ปค์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
International debate surrounding ownership of space resources is growing. ๐
Answer
๋๋ฌ์ผ โ ์์ ๊ถ์ ๋๋ฌ์ผ ๋
ผ์ means โdebate surrounding ownership.โ โ๏ธ
9. ์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ต์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ง์ถ์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The government must balance public interest and profitability. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ท ํ โ ๊ท ํ์ ๋ง์ถ๋ค means โto strike a balance.โ ๐๏ธ
10. ์์
์ ๊ฒฝ์์ด ์ง๋์น๋ฉด ์ฐ์ฃผ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ณดํธ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If commercial competition becomes excessive, protection of the space environment may be neglected. ๐
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํํด์ง๋ค means โto become neglected.โ ๐ก๏ธ
Vocabulary Box
- ์ง์ถํ๋ค โ to enter a market/field
- ์์ฉํ๋๋ค โ to become commercially/practically usable
- ํ๋ณดํ๋ค โ to secure
- ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฐ์ โ future industry
- ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค โ legal standards
- ์ด์งํ๋ค โ to promote
- ์ฐฝ์ถํ๋ค โ to generate
- ๋๋ฌ์ผ โ surrounding
- ๊ท ํ์ ๋ง์ถ๋ค โ to strike a balance
- ์ํํด์ง๋ค โ to become neglected
Tips ๐ก
- Use ์ง์ถํ๋ค for market entry.
- Use ์ฐฝ์ถํ๋ค with profit, value, and jobs.
- Use ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค with standards, systems, or measures.
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready! The next part turns this space vocabulary into debate-ready Korean. ๐
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ The Commercialization of Space Exploration
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Welcome to your advanced vocabulary launchpad for ์ฐ์ฃผ ํ์ฌ์ ์์
ํ (the commercialization of space exploration). Youโll practice industry nouns, policy verbs, argument connectors, and nuance traps so your Korean sounds less โrocket go upโ and more โinternational policy panel with snacks.โ ๐
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence or phrase.
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๐ Instructions: Complete each Korean sentence with the best word or phrase, read the full sentence aloud, and then open the Answer toggle to check both meaning and nuance.
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Exercise 1 โ Industry Nouns ๐ฐ๏ธ
A. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ๋ถ ์ค์ฌ์ ๊ณผํ ์ฌ์
์ด ์์ฅ ํ๋์ผ๋ก ํ์ฅ๋๋ ํ์์ด๋ค.
The commercialization of space exploration is the phenomenon in which a government-centered science project expands into market activity. ๐
Answer
์ฐ์ฃผ ํ์ฌ์ ์์
ํ โ This is the lessonโs main topic: space exploration becoming linked to business and markets.
B. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ด์ค์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์
์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ํ์ฌ์ด๋ค.
A private company is a company that participates in the space industry for profit. ๐ข
Answer
๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
โ It means โprivate company,โ not an ordinary individual person.
C. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ธ๊ณต์์ฑ์ ๊ถค๋์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฐ ํ์ํ ์ฅ์น์ด๋ค.
A launch vehicle is the device needed to place a satellite into orbit. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด โ ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค means โto launch,โ and ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด is the launch vehicle.
D. ํต์ ๊ณผ ๊ด์ธก์ ์ฐ์ด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์
์ ์ค์ํ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด๋ค.
Satellites used for communication and observation are an important foundation of the space industry. ๐ฐ๏ธ
Answer
์์ฑ โ ์์ฑ means โsatellite.โ
E. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ธ์ด ๋น์ฉ์ ๋ด๊ณ ์ฐ์ฃผ ๋นํ์ ๊ฒฝํํ๋ ์ฌ์
์ด๋ค.
Space tourism is a business in which ordinary people pay to experience space flight. โจ
Answer
์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ด๊ด โ In advanced writing, pair this with safety, cost, and accessibility concerns.
F. ๋ฌ๊ณผ ์ํ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฐ์
์ ํต์ฌ ์์ ์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Securing resources on the Moon and asteroids may become a key issue in future industries. ๐
Answer
์์ ํ๋ณด โ ํ๋ณด means securing or obtaining something needed.
G. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ๋์ง๋ง ์ป๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ์์์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํจ๋ค.
Rare resources refer to resources that are valuable but difficult to obtain. ๐ชจ
Answer
ํฌ๊ท ์์ โ ํฌ๊ท means โrare.โ
H. ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํต์ , ๊ด๊ด, ์๋์ง์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
Space technology is drawing attention as a future industry connected to communication, tourism, and energy. ๐
Answer
๋ฏธ๋ ์ฐ์
โ This phrase is useful for polished economic discussion.
I. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ก์ผ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด๋ ํ์์ฑ์ฒ๋ผ ๊ถค๋์ ๋จ์ ์ํ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งํ๋ค.
Space debris means dangerous objects left in orbit, such as rocket pieces or dead satellites. ๐งฉ
Answer
์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ โ A key risk term in environmental and safety arguments.
J. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฌ์
์ด ํฌํจ๋๋ ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ถ์ผ์ด๋ค.
The space industry is a broad economic field that includes many space businesses. ๐
Answer
์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์
โ Broader than ์ฐ์ฃผ ์์ฅ, which focuses more on market exchange.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฐ์ฃผ ํ์ฌ์ ์์ ํ โ commercialization of space exploration
- ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ โ private company
- ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด โ launch vehicle
- ์์ฑ โ satellite
- ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ด๊ด โ space tourism
- ์์ ํ๋ณด โ securing resources
- ํฌ๊ท ์์ โ rare resources
- ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฐ์ โ future industry
- ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ โ space debris
- ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์ โ space industry
Tip ๐ก Nouns build the topic frame; verbs make the argument move.
ย
Exercise 2 โ Action Verbs ๐ง
A. ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ด๊ด ์์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
Several private companies are entering the space tourism market. ๐ข
Answer
์ง์ถ โ ์์ฅ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค is the natural phrase for entering a market.
B. ํฌ์์๋ค์ ์ฌ์ฌ์ฉ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ง๋ํ ์๊ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
Investors are investing enormous funds in reusable launch vehicle technology. ๐ฐ
Answer
ํฌ์ โ ์๊ธ์ ํฌ์ํ๋ค means โto invest funds.โ
C. ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ๋ ์์ ํ ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ํ๋ค.
Companies continue research in order to develop safer spacecraft. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ๋ฐ โ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค means โto develop.โ
D. ์ ์์ฑ์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ ๋ฐํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
Precise technology is needed to successfully launch a new satellite. ๐ฐ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐ์ฌ โ ์์ฑ์ ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค means โto launch a satellite.โ
E. ์ด์ํ ์์ฑ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ฉด ๊ด๋ จ ์๋น์ค๊ฐ ๋ค์ํด์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
If small satellite technology is commercialized for practical use, related services will diversify. ๐ก
Answer
์์ฉํ โ Use ์์ฉํ๋๋ค when technology becomes usable in real markets.
F. ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ ์ฐ์ฃผ ์์์ ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
Each country tries to secure space resources reliably. ๐ชจ
Answer
ํ๋ณด โ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค is neutral and practical.
G. ์ํ์ฑ์์ ๊ธ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์ง ํฐ ๋น์ฉ์ด ๋ ๋ค.
Technology for mining metals from asteroids still costs a great deal. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ฑ๊ตด โ ์ฑ๊ตดํ๋ค means โto mineโ or โto extract.โ
H. ์ผ๋ถ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๋ฏธ๋ ์์ฅ์ ๋จผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ฒฝ์ํ๋ค.
Some companies compete to take early control of future markets. ๐
Answer
์ ์ โ ์ ์ ํ๋ค implies getting there first and gaining advantage.
I. ์ ๋ถ๋ ์์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ด๊ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
The government may regulate space tourism to reduce safety problems. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ท์ โ ๊ท์ ํ๋ค means โto regulate.โ
J. ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Countries must cooperate with each other to solve the space debris problem. ๐ค
Answer
ํ๋ ฅ โ ํ๋ ฅํ๋ค means โto cooperate.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ์ง์ถํ๋ค โ to enter a field/market
- ํฌ์ํ๋ค โ to invest
- ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค โ to develop
- ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค โ to launch
- ์์ฉํ๋๋ค โ to become commercially usable
- ํ๋ณดํ๋ค โ to secure
- ์ฑ๊ตดํ๋ค โ to mine/extract
- ์ ์ ํ๋ค โ to take early control
- ๊ท์ ํ๋ค โ to regulate
- ํ๋ ฅํ๋ค โ to cooperate
Tip ๐ก Match the verb to the object: launch satellites, mine resources, regulate tourism, enter markets.
ย
Exercise 3 โ Policy and Debate Language โ๏ธ
A. ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์
์ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ง๋ ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐ๋๋ค.
The space industry is evaluated as a field with high economic potential. ๐
Answer
๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ A polished way to discuss opportunity.
B. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ด์งํ ์ ์๋ค.
Private competition can promote technological innovation. ๐ก
Answer
๊ธฐ์ ํ์ โ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ์ ์ด์งํ๋ค is a strong academic chunk.
C. ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ ๋ค.
Space development still requires enormous costs. ๐ธ
Answer
๋ง๋ํ ๋น์ฉ โ ๋ง๋ํ means enormous or huge.
D. ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ด๊ด์ด ํ๋๋๋ ค๋ฉด ์น๊ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ๋ณดํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
For space tourism to expand, passenger safety must be ensured. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์์ ์ฑ โ ์์ ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค means โto ensure safety.โ
E. ๋น์ฉ์ด ๋๋ฌด ๋์ผ๋ฉด ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ด๊ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ฎ์์ง๋ค.
If costs are too high, accessibility to space tourism decreases. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ means accessibility.
F. ์ฐ์ฃผ ์์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋๋ฌ์ผ ๋
ผ์์ด ์ปค์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
Debate over ownership of space resources is growing. โ๏ธ
Answer
์์ ๊ถ โ ์์ ๊ถ means ownership.
G. ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ๋ ๋ช
ํํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ง๋ จํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The international community must establish clear legal standards. ๐
Answer
๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค โ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค means to establish standards.
H. ์์ต๋ง ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ฉด ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ฝํด์ง ์ ์๋ค.
If only profit is emphasized, the public value of space development may weaken. ๐
Answer
๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ โ ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ means public interest or public value.
I. ๊ธฐ์
ํ๋๊ณผ ์ฌํ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ฌ์ด์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ท ํ์ด ์ค์ํ๋ค.
The balance of profitability is important between corporate activity and social responsibility. ๐ฐ
Answer
์์ต์ฑ โ Pair it with ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ for balanced debate.
J. ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ฉฐ ์งํ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Space development should proceed while considering sustainable development. ๐ฑ
Answer
์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ โ A useful policy phrase for environmental and long-term planning.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ economic potential
- ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ โ technological innovation
- ๋ง๋ํ ๋น์ฉ โ enormous cost
- ์์ ์ฑ โ safety
- ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ โ accessibility
- ์์ ๊ถ โ ownership
- ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค โ legal standards
- ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ โ public interest/value
- ์์ต์ฑ โ profitability
- ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ โ sustainable development
Tip ๐ก Good advanced answers name both benefits and governance problems.
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Exercise 4 โ Connectors and Academic Chunks ๐ง
A. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ํฌ์๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํจ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์
์ ์ฑ์ฅ ์๋๋ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
As private investment increases, the growth speed of the space industry is also becoming faster. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ๋ผ โ -์ ๋ฐ๋ผ means โasโ or โdepending on.โ
B. ์์
ํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ์ ์ด์งํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฌํ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค.
Commercialization can promote technological innovation, while also worsening safety issues. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ฉด โ -๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด creates a contrast.
C. ์ฐ์ฃผ ์์์ ์์ ๊ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด ์๊ธธ ์ ์๋ค.
Conflict surrounding ownership of space resources may arise. ๐ชจ
Answer
๋๋ฌ์ผ โ Use it for debates surrounding an issue.
D. ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ๋ฐ์ฌ ๋น์ฉ์ ๋ฎ์ถ๊ธฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฌ์ฌ์ฉ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค.
Companies develop reusable launch vehicles in order to lower launch costs. ๐
Answer
์ํด โ -๊ธฐ ์ํด means โin order to.โ
E. ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์
์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ด์ต๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณผํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค.
The space industry is related not only to economic profit but also to scientific research. ๐ฌ
Answer
๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ โ -๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ means โnot only โฆ but also.โ
F. ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ํ๋์ ๊ด๋ฆฌํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The government must establish legal standards and manage private activity. ๐
Answer
๋ง๋ จํ๊ณ โ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค means โto establish standards.โ
G. ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ด๊ด์ ์๋ก์ด ์์ต์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์์ง๋ง ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ถํ๋ฑ๋ ํค์ธ ์ ์๋ค.
Space tourism can generate new profit, but it can also increase economic inequality. ๐ฐ
Answer
์ฐฝ์ถํ โ ์์ต์ ์ฐฝ์ถํ๋ค means โto generate profit.โ
H. ๊ตญ์ ํ์ฝ์ ์ฑ
์ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
International agreements help clarify where responsibility lies. ๐ค
Answer
๋ช
ํํ ํ๋ โ ์ฑ
์ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช
ํํ ํ๋ค means โto clarify responsibility.โ
I. ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์
์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์ฐฝ์ถ์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์๋ค.
The growth of the space industry can have a positive effect on job creation. ๐ฉโ๐ป
Answer
์ค โ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ค means โto affectโ or โto have an influence.โ
J. ์์
์ ๊ฒฝ์์ด ์ฌํ๋๋ฉด ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ณดํธ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ํ์ด ์๋ค.
If commercial competition intensifies, there is a risk that environmental protection will be neglected. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํํด์ง๋ค means โto become neglected.โ
Vocabulary Box
- -์ ๋ฐ๋ผ โ as / depending on
- -๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด โ whereas / while
- -์/๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ์ผ โ surrounding
- -๊ธฐ ์ํด โ in order to
- -๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ โ not only โฆ but also
- ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค โ to establish/prepare
- ์ฐฝ์ถํ๋ค โ to generate
- ๋ช ํํ ํ๋ค โ to clarify
- ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ค โ to affect
- ์ํํด์ง๋ค โ to become neglected
Tip ๐ก Connectors turn vocabulary lists into mature arguments.
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ ์๋ฏผ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ด์ค์ ์ถ๊ตฌํ๋ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ค.
A private company means a profit-seeking company, not an individual citizen. ๐ข
Answer
๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
โ โ โordinary personโ โ โ
private company.
B. ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ์ค์ ์์ฅ์์ ์ฐ์ผ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
The process by which technology becomes usable in a real market is closer to practical commercialization. ๐งช
Answer
์์ฉํ โ โ Treating ์์
ํ and ์์ฉํ as always identical โ โ
์์ฉํ stresses practical use.
C. ์์์ ๋จผ์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ค๋ ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋์์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐํ ๋ง์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The word with a strong competitive nuance of taking resources first is โpreoccupation/first control.โ ๐
Answer
์ ์ โ โ Neutral securing โ โ
competitive early control.
D. ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ด๊ด์ ๋
ผํ ๋ ๋น์ฉ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์น๊ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ธ๊ธํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
When discussing space tourism, passenger safety should be mentioned along with cost. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์์ ์ฑ โ โ Only praising tourism โ โ
include safety and access.
E. โ์คํ์ด์ค ๋น์ฆ๋์คโ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฌ์ด ํ๊ตญ์ด ํํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
A more natural Korean expression than โspace businessโ is โspace industry.โ ๐
Answer
์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์
โ โ Overusing English-style nouns โ โ
use standard Korean terms.
F. ์์ฑ์ ํ๋๋ก ๋ณด๋ด๋ ๋์ฌ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The verb for sending a satellite into the sky/orbit is โto launch.โ ๐ฐ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค โ โ Using ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค for every action โ โ
choose the precise verb.
G. ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ๊ท์น๊ณผ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์ธ์ธ ๋๋ ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
When the government sets rules and systems, we say it establishes legal standards. ๐
Answer
๋ง๋ จํ๋ค โ ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค is the natural chunk.
H. ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ท ํ์ ๋ง์ถ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ค์ํ๋ค.
It is important to balance public interest and profitability. โ๏ธ
Answer
์์ต์ฑ โ Advanced arguments should not ignore profit, but they should balance it with public value.
I. ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ด์ ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋๋ค.
The issue of space debris is related to sustainable development from an environmental perspective. ๐ฑ
Answer
์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ โ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ means sustainable development.
J. ์ฐ์ฃผ ์์์ ์์ ๊ถ์ ๋๋ฌ์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋ ฅ์ด ํ์ํ ์ด์ ๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
Conflict surrounding ownership of space resources becomes a reason international cooperation is necessary. ๐ค
Answer
๊ตญ์ โ ๊ตญ์ ํ๋ ฅ means international cooperation.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ โ private company
- ์์ฉํ โ practical commercialization
- ์ ์ โ early control/first-mover advantage
- ์์ ์ฑ โ safety
- ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ์ โ space industry
- ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค โ to launch
- ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค โ to establish/prepare
- ์์ต์ฑ โ profitability
- ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ โ sustainable
- ๊ตญ์ ํ๋ ฅ โ international cooperation
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol: avoid vague verbs, English-style shortcuts, and one-sided โspace is awesomeโ arguments.
ย
๐ Excellent work โ you can now talk about space commercialization with market vocabulary, policy nuance, and just enough rocket fuel to sound persuasive without floating away. ๐