๐Ÿค–

Technological Determinism

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  / ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™” / ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ / ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ• 
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿค–
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿค– ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  means technological determinism: the view that technology strongly drives social change.
  • ๐Ÿงญ It emphasizes ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ (technologyโ€™s influence) and often treats society as adapting to technologyโ€™s direction.
  • ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿคโ€๐Ÿง‘ A careful discussion also asks about ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ•  (the human role): who designs, chooses, regulates, resists, or redirects technology?
๐ŸŽง
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note
Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear any Korean sentence from this lesson. Big theory words sound less scary once your ears make friends with them. ๐ŸŽ™๏ธ
ย 

๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  (technological determinism) is the view that technological development is a major โ€” sometimes decisive โ€” force shaping society, culture, politics, work, and daily life. Think: the printing press changing knowledge circulation, smartphones reshaping communication, or artificial intelligence changing labor debates. ๐Ÿ“ฑ
The keyword ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  contains ๊ฒฐ์ • (decision / determination) plus ๋ก  (theory / doctrine). So ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  frames technology as something that โ€œdeterminesโ€ or strongly directs social change.
But advanced Korean discussion rarely stops at โ€œtechnology changes everything.โ€ A sharper answer asks: Does technology itself cause the change, or do people, institutions, money, culture, and regulation shape how technology is used? That is where ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ•  enters the room wearing sensible shoes. ๐Ÿ‘Ÿ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Technological-Determinism Family

Use this vocabulary set to discuss technology and society with nuance:
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  โ†’ technological determinism; the view that technology drives social change.
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™” โ†’ social change; shifts in institutions, norms, relationships, labor, or culture.
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ โ†’ influence; power to affect outcomes.
  • ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ•  โ†’ the human role; agency in designing, choosing, governing, and resisting technology.
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „ โ†’ technological development; improvement or advancement of technology.
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹  โ†’ technological innovation; new technology or new application of technology.
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ social structure; organized patterns in society such as class, institutions, work, and power.
  • ์ž์œจ์„ฑ โ†’ autonomy; the quality of developing or operating independently.
  • ํ•„์—ฐ์„ฑ โ†’ inevitability; the sense that something must happen.
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก  โ†’ technological optimism; the belief that technology will solve problems or improve society.
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋น„๊ด€๋ก  โ†’ technological pessimism; the belief that technology may worsen inequality, surveillance, alienation, or risk.
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ก  โ†’ social constructionism of technology; the view that society shapes technologyโ€™s meaning, adoption, and use.
  • ๊ทœ์ œ โ†’ regulation; rules or controls set by institutions or government.
  • ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to control; to manage or limit something.
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to accept or adopt; to take in a technology or idea.
  • ์žฌํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reorganize or restructure.
๐Ÿงญ
Advanced nuance
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  is useful, but it can sound too one-way if you ignore people. A balanced answer often contrasts it with ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ก , which emphasizes social needs, values, institutions, and human choices. โš–๏ธ

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ๐Ÿค– ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค.
    • Technological determinism sees technological development as leading social change.
      Notes: ์ด๋Œ๋‹ค = to lead, ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™” = social change.
  • ๐Ÿ“ฑ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๋…ธ๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์žฌํŽธํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
    • The spread of smartphones reorganized human relationships and ways of working.
      Notes: ํ™•์‚ฐ = spread, ์žฌํŽธํ–ˆ๋‹ค = reorganized.
  • ๐Ÿง‘โ€โš–๏ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.
    • Even if we acknowledge technologyโ€™s influence, we must not ignore the human role and regulation.
      Notes: ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค = to acknowledge, ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค = to ignore.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

Many terms in this lesson are academic noun compounds:
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  (technology) + ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  (determinism) โ†’ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  (technological determinism).
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ (society) + ๋ณ€ํ™” (change) โ†’ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™” (social change).
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  (technology) + ํ˜์‹  (innovation) โ†’ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹  (technological innovation).
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ (society) + ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ก  (constructionist theory) โ†’ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ก  (social constructionism).
Useful verb pairings:
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to exert influence.
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๋‹ค โ†’ to lead social change.
  • ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์žฌํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reorganize ways of life.
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to adopt technology.
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to control technology.

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

The term ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก ์  ๊ด€์  and related meanings were cross-checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources such as korean.go.kr / ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง์ƒ˜-style entries, where the view is described as one connected to technology developing through factors accumulated within technology itself. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  (technological determinism) vs. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ (technocentrism): ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  is a theory of causation; ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ emphasizes placing technology at the center of explanation or policy.
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „ (technological development) vs. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹  (technological innovation): ๋ฐœ์ „ can be gradual improvement; ํ˜์‹  suggests a more noticeable new change.
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ (influence) vs. ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ ฅ (determining power): ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ is broader and safer; ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ ฅ sounds stronger and more decisive.
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค (to accept / adopt) vs. ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋‹ค (to introduce / bring in): a society can ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค a technology after an institution ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋‹ค it.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  = โ€œtechnology is usefulโ€ โ†’ โœ… It is a theory about technology driving or determining social change.
  • โŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™” = only personal lifestyle change โ†’ โœ… It can include institutions, labor, values, politics, and culture.
  • โŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „ and ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹  are always identical โ†’ โœ… Development can be gradual; innovation sounds more new or disruptive.
  • โŒ Ignoring ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ•  โ†’ โœ… People design, fund, adopt, regulate, resist, and reinterpret technology.
  • โŒ Treating ํ•„์—ฐ์„ฑ as a neutral word โ†’ โœ… It implies inevitability, so use it carefully in arguments. ๐Ÿงญ

๐ŸŽ‰ Technology may steer the boat, but people still argue over the map, the engine, the rules, and who gets a life jacket. That tension is where this vocabulary gets interesting. ๐Ÿšค
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Try this exercise

Complete each sentence with the best expression. Focus on whether the sentence is describing theory, influence, adoption, regulation, or human agency.
1. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์ด๋‹ค.
Technological determinism is the view that technology leads social change. ๐Ÿค–
Answer
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  โ€” This names the theory itself.
2. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๋„์ž…์€ ๋…ธ๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ํฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค.
The introduction of AI had a major influence on the labor market. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ’ป
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ โ€” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค means to have an influence.
3. ์ƒˆ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The new platform reorganized consumersโ€™ purchasing methods. ๐Ÿ›’
Answer
์žฌํŽธ โ€” ์žฌํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค means to reorganize or restructure.
4. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
The idea that technology develops by itself emphasizes technological autonomy. โš™๏ธ
Answer
์ž์œจ์„ฑ โ€” ์ž์œจ์„ฑ means autonomy.
5. ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ก ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„/๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
Social constructionism emphasizes social choices and the human role more than technology. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿคโ€๐Ÿง‘
Answer
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ•  โ€” This phrase highlights human agency.
6. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The government can regulate risky technology use. ๐Ÿง‘โ€โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ทœ์ œ โ€” ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๋‹ค means to regulate.
7. ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์›๊ฒฉ ๊ทผ๋ฌด ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The company quickly adopted remote-work tools. ๐Ÿ’ป
Answer
์ˆ˜์šฉ โ€” ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค means to accept or adopt.
8. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Technological optimism emphasizes the possibility that technology can solve problems. ๐ŸŒค๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ•์กฐ โ€” ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋‹ค means to emphasize.
9. ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ ์นจํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ‚ค์› ๋‹ค.
The spread of surveillance technology increased concern about privacy violations. ๐Ÿ‘๏ธ
Answer
์šฐ๋ ค โ€” ์šฐ๋ ค means concern or worry.
10. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ „์ œํ•œ๋‹ค.
The claim that technological change necessarily produces the same result presupposes inevitability. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
ํ•„์—ฐ์„ฑ โ€” ํ•„์—ฐ์„ฑ means inevitability.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  โ†’ technological determinism
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ to have an influence
  • ์žฌํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reorganize; restructure
  • ์ž์œจ์„ฑ โ†’ autonomy
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ก  โ†’ social constructionism
  • ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ•  โ†’ the human role
  • ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to regulate
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to adopt; accept
  • ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to emphasize
  • ์šฐ๋ ค โ†’ concern
  • ํ•„์—ฐ์„ฑ โ†’ inevitability
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก If the sentence sounds โ€œtechnology decides,โ€ think ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก ; if it sounds โ€œpeople choose,โ€ think ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ• .

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready! Your theory toolkit is now booting smoothly. ๐Ÿค–
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Technological Determinism
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Welcome to your technology-and-society analysis gym. Youโ€™ll practice vocabulary for explaining whether technology drives social change, whether humans still shape the outcome, and how regulation, adoption, optimism, and risk fit into the argument. ๐Ÿค–โš–๏ธ
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
when you want to hear a sentence aloud.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Fill each blank with the most natural expression from the vocabulary box. After answering, open the Answer toggle and check whether the sentence is arguing from technological determinism, social constructionism, or a balanced view.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Theory Terms and Core Claims ๐Ÿงญ

A. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค.
Technological determinism sees technology as the key driver of social change. ๐Ÿš—
Answer
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  โ€” This is the central theory term.
B. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จผ์ € ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์  ์„ค๋ช…์ด๋‹ค.
The claim that technology leads change before society does is a determinist explanation. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  โ€” The sentence describes a determinist explanation.
C. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค.
By contrast, social constructionism sees social needs as shaping the direction of technology. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿคโ€๐Ÿง‘
Answer
์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ก  โ€” This contrasts with ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก .
D. ์ด ๊ด€์ ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This perspective may overemphasize technologyโ€™s autonomy. โš™๏ธ
Answer
์ž์œจ์„ฑ โ€” Autonomy means technology seems to develop on its own.
E. ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.
Strong technological determinism argues for the inevitability of change. ๐Ÿงฒ
Answer
ํ•„์—ฐ์„ฑ โ€” Inevitability is the โ€œthis had to happenโ€ feeling.
F. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋‘๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์€ ํ”ํžˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์  ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
An explanation that places technology at the center is often called a technology-centered perspective. ๐ŸŽฏ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ โ€” It centers technology in the explanation.
G. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์  ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค.
The claim that technological development changes social institutions is a typical claim of technological determinism. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  โ€” It gives technology causal priority.
H. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
The explanation that social values change technological design is closer to social constructionism. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ก  โ€” Society shapes technology here.
I. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
The belief that technology will solve every problem is connected to technological optimism. ๐ŸŒค๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก  โ€” This is confidence in technologyโ€™s positive power.
J. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค.
The view that technology may deepen inequality is related to technological pessimism. ๐ŸŒง๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋น„๊ด€๋ก  โ€” This stresses risks and negative outcomes.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  โ†’ technological determinism
  • ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  โ†’ determinism
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ก  โ†’ social constructionism
  • ์ž์œจ์„ฑ โ†’ autonomy
  • ํ•„์—ฐ์„ฑ โ†’ inevitability
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜ โ†’ technocentrism
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „ โ†’ technological development
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ œ๋„ โ†’ social institution
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก  โ†’ technological optimism
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋น„๊ด€๋ก  โ†’ technological pessimism
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Determinism asks what drives change; constructionism asks who shapes the tool.
ย 

Exercise 2 โ€” Social Change and Influence ๐ŸŒ

A. ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์€ ์ •๋ณด ์†Œ๋น„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ํฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค.
The spread of the internet had a major influence on how information is consumed. ๐ŸŒ
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ โ€” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค is the standard phrase.
B. ์ž๋™ํ™”๋Š” ๊ณต์žฅ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Automation reorganized the labor structure of factories. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
์žฌํŽธ โ€” ์žฌํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค means to restructure.
C. ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒฐ์ œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„ ์Šต๊ด€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Mobile payment accelerated a change in consumption habits. ๐Ÿ’ณ
Answer
๋ณ€ํ™” โ€” The sentence describes a shift in habits.
D. ์›๊ฒฉ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ๊ต์œก ์ œ๋„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค.
Remote classes brought new influence to the education system. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿซ
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ โ€” The phrase ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋‹ค is natural here.
E. ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ถ”์ฒœ์€ ๋ฌธํ™” ์†Œ๋น„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Algorithmic recommendation reorganized the flow of cultural consumption. ๐ŸŽง
Answer
์žฌํŽธ โ€” The system changes the structure of consumption.
F. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์€ ์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์™”๋‹ค.
AI translation brought about a change in language-learning methods. ๐Ÿ“–
Answer
๋ณ€ํ™” โ€” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๋‹ค means to bring about change.
G. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์€ ์ž์˜์—…์ž์˜ ํŒ๋งค ์ „๋žต์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Digital platforms exerted influence on self-employed sellersโ€™ sales strategies. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ โ€” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค means to exert influence.
H. ์ƒˆ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ฐ„ ์†Œํ†ต ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
New communication technology reorganized how family members communicate. ๐Ÿ“ž
Answer
์žฌํŽธ โ€” Communication patterns are being reorganized.
I. ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—… ์šด์˜์— ๋น ๋ฅธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค.
Cloud services caused rapid change in business operations. โ˜๏ธ
Answer
๋ณ€ํ™” โ€” It points to change in how companies operate.
J. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹ ์€ ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Technological innovation can influence methods of political participation too. ๐Ÿ—ณ๏ธ
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ โ€” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋‹ค means to influence.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท โ†’ internet
  • ํ™•์‚ฐ โ†’ spread
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ โ†’ influence
  • ์ž๋™ํ™” โ†’ automation
  • ๋…ธ๋™ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ labor structure
  • ์žฌํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reorganize; restructure
  • ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ฒฐ์ œ โ†’ mobile payment
  • ๋ณ€ํ™” โ†’ change
  • ๊ต์œก ์ œ๋„ โ†’ education system
  • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ถ”์ฒœ โ†’ algorithmic recommendation
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ โ†’ influence; power to affect
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹  โ†’ technological innovation
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์˜ํ–ฅ affects, ๋ณ€ํ™” shifts, and ์žฌํŽธ rearranges the structure.
ย 

Exercise 3 โ€” Human Agency and Regulation ๐Ÿง‘โ€โš–๏ธ

A. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The direction of technology can change depending on usersโ€™ choices and acceptance. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ’ป
Answer
์ˆ˜์šฉ โ€” Users may accept or adopt a technology.
B. ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ณต์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Risky technology requires public regulation. ๐Ÿšจ
Answer
๊ทœ์ œ โ€” Regulation limits or manages risk.
C. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์„ค๊ณ„์—์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.
Developers must not ignore the human role in technological design. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ”ง
Answer
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ•  โ€” Humans design and choose how technology works.
D. ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Society should accept technology critically rather than simply taking it as is. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์ˆ˜์šฉ โ€” ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค means to accept critically.
E. ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Mechanisms to control platforms are needed to protect personal information. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
ํ†ต์ œ โ€” ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋‹ค means to control.
F. ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Civic participation expands the human role in technology policy. ๐Ÿ—ณ๏ธ
Answer
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ•  โ€” Participation emphasizes agency, not technological inevitability.
G. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government regulated the scope of surveillance technology use. ๐Ÿ‘๏ธ
Answer
๊ทœ์ œ โ€” The scope of use is controlled by rules.
H. ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ์ƒ์„ฑํ˜• ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์—…์— ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The school cautiously adopted generative AI in class. ๐Ÿซ
Answer
๋„์ž… โ€” ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋‹ค means to introduce or bring in.
I. ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Ethical standards play a role in socially controlling technological development. โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํ†ต์ œ โ€” Standards help control or guide development.
J. ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค.
Consumer refusal is one form of the human role that slows technological spread. ๐Ÿ›‘
Answer
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ•  โ€” Refusal is also agency.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž โ†’ user
  • ์„ ํƒ โ†’ choice
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to accept; adopt
  • ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  โ†’ risky technology
  • ๊ทœ์ œ โ†’ regulation
  • ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž โ†’ developer
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์„ค๊ณ„ โ†’ technological design
  • ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ•  โ†’ the human role
  • ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to control
  • ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ โ†’ personal-information protection
  • ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to introduce; bring in
  • ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ โ†’ refusal
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Agency vocabulary pushes back against โ€œtechnology simply decides everything.โ€
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Optimism, Pessimism, and Risk ๐ŸŒค๏ธ

A. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
The claim that technology can reduce educational inequality is close to technological optimism. ๐ŸŒค๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก  โ€” It stresses positive potential.
B. ์ž๋™ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์—…์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
The concern that automation may increase unemployment is connected to technological pessimism. ๐ŸŒง๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋น„๊ด€๋ก  โ€” It focuses on negative consequences.
C. ์›๊ฒฉ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
The claim that telemedicine improves access to healthcare emphasizes technologyโ€™s positive influence. ๐Ÿฉบ
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ โ€” The sentence highlights positive influence.
D. ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ„์ถ•์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค.
Surveillance technology produced concern that it could shrink freedom. ๐Ÿ‘๏ธ
Answer
์šฐ๋ ค โ€” ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋‹ค means to generate concern.
E. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The idea that all social problems can be solved with technology may be excessive technological optimism. ๐Ÿš€
Answer
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก  โ€” It overtrusts technological solutions.
F. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ํŽธํ–ฅ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€๋‹ค.
AI bias shows technologyโ€™s negative influence. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ โ€” Influence can be positive or negative.
G. ์ƒˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
An attitude of rejecting all new technology can slide into technological pessimism. ๐Ÿ›‘
Answer
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋น„๊ด€๋ก  โ€” This is a negative view of technology.
H. ์žฌ๋‚œ ๋Œ€์‘ ์•ฑ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
A disaster-response app emphasizes the positive possibility of using technology. ๐Ÿšจ
Answer
๊ฐ•์กฐ โ€” ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋‹ค means to emphasize.
I. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋…์ ์€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Data monopoly created a new concern for democracy. ๐Ÿ—„๏ธ
Answer
์šฐ๋ ค โ€” The sentence names a worry or concern.
J. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‹ ์ค‘ํžˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค.
A cautious evaluation of technology seeks balance between optimism and pessimism. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๋น„๊ด€๋ก  โ€” It contrasts optimism with pessimism.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ educational inequality
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก  โ†’ technological optimism
  • ์ž๋™ํ™” โ†’ automation
  • ์‹ค์—… โ†’ unemployment
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋น„๊ด€๋ก  โ†’ technological pessimism
  • ์›๊ฒฉ ์˜๋ฃŒ โ†’ telemedicine
  • ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ โ†’ influence
  • ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  โ†’ surveillance technology
  • ์šฐ๋ ค โ†’ concern; worry
  • ํŽธํ–ฅ โ†’ bias
  • ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to emphasize
  • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋…์  โ†’ data monopoly
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Optimism asks what technology can fix; pessimism asks what technology may damage.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Simply saying technology is convenient does not explain technological determinism. ๐Ÿงƒ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  โ€” โŒ โ€œUseful technologyโ€ โ†’ โœ… theory about technology driving social change.
B. ์ƒํ™œ ์Šต๊ด€๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ œ๋„์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉด ๋„“์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
When institutions and culture change, not just lifestyle habits, it is social change in a broad sense. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™” โ€” โŒ Personal habit only โ†’ โœ… wider institutional and cultural change.
C. ์ ์ง„์  ๊ฐœ์„ ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Gradual improvement can be seen as technological development, while sudden newness can be seen as technological innovation. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐœ์ „ โ€” โŒ Development and innovation are always identical โ†’ โœ… ๋ฐœ์ „ can be gradual.
D. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€๋‹ค.
The fact that people design, choose, and refuse shows the human role. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿคโ€๐Ÿง‘
Answer
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ•  โ€” โŒ Ignoring people โ†’ โœ… humans shape technology.
E. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
If you say every change must happen, you are strongly arguing for inevitability. ๐Ÿงฒ
Answer
ํ•„์—ฐ์„ฑ โ€” โŒ Neutral prediction โ†’ โœ… strong claim of inevitability.
F. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
The explanation that social needs, not technology alone, change design is social constructionism. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ก  โ€” It highlights society shaping technology.
G. ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
If the government limits the scope of use to reduce risk, regulation is operating. ๐Ÿง‘โ€โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ทœ์ œ โ€” Regulation limits or manages technology use.
H. ์ƒˆ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ง ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์—ฌ์˜ค๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
The act of bringing a new tool into an organization is introduction. ๐Ÿงฐ
Answer
๋„์ž… โ€” ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋‹ค means to introduce or bring in.
I. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
When society accepts and starts using that tool, it can be called adoption. ๐Ÿ“ฒ
Answer
์ˆ˜์šฉ โ€” ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค means to accept or adopt.
J. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์ฐฌ์–‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๊ท ํ˜• ์žกํžŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
An attitude that neither blindly praises nor rejects technology is a balanced perspective. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ด€์  โ€” The safest advanced stance is a balanced view.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก  โ†’ technological determinism
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณ€ํ™” โ†’ social change
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „ โ†’ technological development
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹  โ†’ technological innovation
  • ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ญํ•  โ†’ the human role
  • ํ•„์—ฐ์„ฑ โ†’ inevitability
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ก  โ†’ social constructionism
  • ๊ทœ์ œ โ†’ regulation
  • ๋„์ž… โ†’ introduction
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉ โ†’ acceptance; adoption
  • ๊ด€์  โ†’ perspective
  • ๊ท ํ˜• ์žกํžŒ โ†’ balanced
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol: donโ€™t confuse convenience with determinism, development with innovation, or adoption with introduction.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ You now have the vocabulary to discuss technology as a force, a tool, a risk, a promise, and a social choice. That is much better than yelling โ€œAI did it!โ€ and running away dramatically. ๐Ÿค–๐Ÿƒ