๐Ÿ›๏ธ

Systemic Injustice and Reform

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ / ๊ฐœํ˜ / ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜ / ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐ŸŽฏ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿ›๏ธ Systemic injustice is not one bad incident; it is an unfair pattern built into rules, institutions, incentives, or everyday practices.
  • ๐Ÿ”ง Reform means changing the structure that keeps producing the problem, not just treating the most visible symptom.
  • โš–๏ธ Good Korean analysis separates ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ (injustice/irrational unfairness), ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ (inequality), ๊ฐœํ˜ (reform), and ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ (improvement measures).
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” When you want to hear a Korean sentence aloud, open
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
and type any Korean word or sentence from this lesson into the widget. Even reform vocabulary deserves good pronunciation. ๐ŸŽง
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

Systemic injustice vocabulary helps you move from โ€œthis is unfairโ€ to โ€œthis mechanism repeatedly produces unfair outcomes.โ€ That is a big upgrade: less table-flipping, more precision. ๐Ÿง 
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In Korean academic, policy, and media writing, ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ (systemic injustice / structural absurdity), ์ œ๋„์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ (institutional inequality), ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜ (social justice), and ๊ฐœํ˜ (reform) often appear when writers discuss long-term social problems.
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The key is scale. A person can make a mistake, but a system can keep making the same mistake on schedule. This lesson gives you the Korean vocabulary to name the system, diagnose the cause, and propose a reform path. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Systemic Injustice Family

  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ structure: the arrangement of rules, relationships, and institutions.
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  โ†’ structural / systemic: caused by the overall structure, not just one individual choice.
  • ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ†’ injustice / irrational unfairness / absurdity: a condition that is unreasonable, unfair, or socially distorted.
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ†’ systemic injustice: unfairness produced by repeated structural patterns.
  • ์ œ๋„ โ†’ institution / system: formal rules, organizations, or social arrangements.
  • ์ œ๋„์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ institutional inequality: unequal outcomes built into institutional arrangements.
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜ โ†’ social justice: fairness in rights, opportunity, dignity, and social participation.
  • ๊ฐœํ˜ โ†’ reform: deliberate change to a system, institution, policy, or practice.
  • ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ โ†’ improvement measures / solutions: concrete ways to improve a problem.
  • ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ โ†’ fundamental solution: a solution that addresses root causes.

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • (The gap in educational opportunity can be seen not as a simple individual problem but as systemic injustice.) ๐ŸŽ“
      ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means โ€œgap,โ€ and -๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค means โ€œcan be viewed as.โ€
  • ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
    • (The government proposed reform measures to reduce institutional inequality.) ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
      ์ค„์ด๋‹ค means โ€œto reduce,โ€ and ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto present/propose.โ€
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋Œ๋ ค์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.
    • (To realize social justice, we must not attribute the cause of the problem only to a lack of individual effort.) โš–๏ธ
      ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto realize/bring into reality,โ€ and ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค here means โ€œto attribute/blame.โ€

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

Korean social-analysis vocabulary often combines scope words with problem or solution words:
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  (structural/systemic) + ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ (injustice) โ†’ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ (systemic injustice)
  • ์ œ๋„์  (institutional) + ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ (inequality) โ†’ ์ œ๋„์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ (institutional inequality)
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ (society) + ์ •์˜ (justice) โ†’ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜ (social justice)
  • ๊ฐœ์„  (improvement) + ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ (measure/plan) โ†’ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ (improvement measure)
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Useful sentence frames:
  • -์„/๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to resolve/reduce a gap or inequality
  • -์„/๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to correct a wrong or injustice
  • -์„/๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to alleviate/mitigate a problem
  • -์„/๋ฅผ ๊ฐœํ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reform a system or institution

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

The vocabulary and example usage were cross-checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์–ด์› / korean.go.kr references related to public language, social policy, improvement, inequality, and institutional language. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ๊ฐœ์„  โ†’ improvement; often practical and gradual.
  • ๊ฐœํ˜ โ†’ reform; stronger than improvement, usually structural or institutional.
  • ์‹œ์ • โ†’ correction; used when something is wrong and needs to be put right.
  • ํ•ด์†Œ โ†’ resolution/removal; common with ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ (gap), ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ (inequality), and ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ (conflict).
  • ์™„ํ™” โ†’ mitigation/alleviation; reduces severity, but may not solve the root cause.
  • ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ†’ systemic or irrational unfairness; often stronger and more critical than a simple problem.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ = ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ†’ โœ… ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ implies unfairness or irrationality, not just any problem. โš–๏ธ
  • โŒ Calling every small fix ๊ฐœํ˜ โ†’ โœ… use ๊ฐœ์„  for practical improvement; use ๊ฐœํ˜ for deeper structural change. ๐Ÿ”ง
  • โŒ Blaming individuals when the sentence is about systems โ†’ โœ… use ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  or ์ œ๋„์  when the cause is built into the system. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
  • โŒ Saying ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค for every solution โ†’ โœ… ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค fits gaps/conflicts; ์‹œ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค fits wrongs; ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค fits severity. ๐Ÿงญ
  • โŒ Proposing reforms without naming the cause โ†’ โœ… connect ์›์ธ (cause), ๊ตฌ์กฐ (structure), and ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ (improvement measure). ๐Ÿงพ
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Now you can talk about injustice without stopping at โ€œthatโ€™s bad.โ€ You can name the structure, diagnose the mechanism, and propose the repair plan โ€” stylishly, of course. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธโœจ
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Try this exercise

Practice choosing the best term for each policy-analysis sentence. Fill in the blank, read the completed Korean sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle.
1. ์ฑ„์šฉ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Repeated discrimination in the hiring process can be seen as systemic injustice. ๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ์  โ€” The sentence points to a repeated pattern, so โ€œstructural/systemicโ€ fits.
2. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government announced a policy to reduce housing inequality. ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ€” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ means โ€œhousing inequality.โ€
3. ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ณด์™„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ œ๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Institutional reform is necessary, not a simple supplement. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” The sentence contrasts small adjustment with deeper reform.
4. ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ง€์›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
To reduce the educational gap, region-specific support is necessary. ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
ํ•ด์†Œ โ€” ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค is a natural pairing for reducing or resolving a gap.
5. ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The committee recommended correcting discriminatory regulations. ๐Ÿ“œ
Answer
์‹œ์ • โ€” ์‹œ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค means to correct something wrong.
6. ์‚ฌํšŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Transparent procedures are important for realizing social justice. โš–๏ธ
Answer
์ •์˜ โ€” ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜ means โ€œsocial justice.โ€
7. ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์›์ธ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The policy failed to address the structural cause of the problem. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ์  โ€” The cause is built into the structure, not isolated.
8. ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์„  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The civic group proposed concrete improvement measures. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
๋ฐฉ์•ˆ โ€” ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ means โ€œimprovement measures.โ€
9. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ • ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Protective measures are needed to mitigate the problem of insecure labor. ๐Ÿฆบ
Answer
์™„ํ™” โ€” ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to alleviate or reduce severity.
10. ๊ทธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•œ๋‹ค.
The report criticizes the perspective that attributes responsibility only to individuals. ๐Ÿชž
Answer
๋Œ๋ฆฌ โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค means โ€œto attribute/blame responsibility on individuals.โ€
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  โ†’ structural; systemic
  • ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ†’ injustice; irrational unfairness
  • ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ inequality
  • ๊ฐœํ˜ โ†’ reform
  • ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ gap
  • ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to resolve; reduce
  • ์‹œ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to correct
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜ โ†’ social justice
  • ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ โ†’ improvement measure
  • ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to mitigate
  • ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค โ†’ to attribute; blame
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Match the verb to the problem: gaps are resolved, wrongs are corrected, severity is mitigated.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Continue into the Practice Hub below and make those reform words behave. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Systemic Injustice and Reform
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Welcome to the reform vocabulary workshop. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ You will practice naming structural causes, identifying injustice, and choosing precise solution verbs like ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค (to resolve), ์‹œ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค (to correct), and ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค (to mitigate). By the end, your Korean policy sentences will sound less like a vague complaint and more like a well-lit diagnosis. ๐Ÿ”ฆ
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a sentence from these exercises.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Fill each blank with the best Korean term or expression. Read the sentence, check the English meaning, then open the Answer toggle.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Naming the Problem ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

A. ์†Œ๋“์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
It is serious inequality when access to healthcare differs by income. ๐Ÿฅ
Answer
๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ€” This names unequal access or outcomes.
B. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์Šน์ง„ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‹ค.
Repeated promotion discrimination is a structural problem, not an individual problem. ๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ์  โ€” The repeated pattern points to a structural cause.
C. ๋‚ก์€ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๋„์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
Old rules limiting citizensโ€™ rights are close to institutional injustice. ๐Ÿ“œ
Answer
๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ€” The sentence describes unfairness produced by rules.
D. ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋†์ดŒ์˜ ๊ต์œก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The educational gap between cities and rural areas is growing. ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means โ€œeducational gap.โ€
E. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํƒœ๋„์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ฐพ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
The researcher did not look for the cause of the problem only in individual attitudes. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์›์ธ โ€” ์›์ธ means โ€œcause.โ€
F. ๊ทธ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค.
That institution produced unfavorable outcomes for a particular group. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ€” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ means โ€œresult/outcome.โ€
G. ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
Unfair procedures weaken social justice. โš–๏ธ
Answer
์ •์˜ โ€” ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜ means โ€œsocial justice.โ€
H. ๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ง ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ๊นŠ๋‹ค.
The issue of temporary work is deeply related to the structure of the labor market. ๐Ÿฆบ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ€” ๋…ธ๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means โ€œthe structure of the labor market.โ€
I. ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ์ง€๋Œ€๋Š” ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ํฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค.
Policy blind spots place a greater burden on vulnerable groups. ๐Ÿงณ
Answer
๋ถ€๋‹ด โ€” ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ฃผ๋‹ค means โ€œto place a burden.โ€
J. ๊ทธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The report analyzes housing issues from the perspective of social responsibility. ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
์ฑ…์ž„ โ€” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„ means โ€œsocial responsibility.โ€
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ inequality
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  โ†’ structural; systemic
  • ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ†’ injustice; irrational unfairness
  • ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ gap
  • ์›์ธ โ†’ cause
  • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ result; outcome
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜ โ†’ social justice
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ structure
  • ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ burden
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„ โ†’ social responsibility
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก First name the kind of problem: gap, inequality, burden, structural cause, or injustice.
ย 

Exercise 2 โ€” Reform Verbs and Measures ๐Ÿ”ง

A. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค.
The government made a plan to reduce the healthcare gap between regions. ๐Ÿฅ
Answer
ํ•ด์†Œ โ€” ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค is a natural pairing.
B. ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค.
The committee stated that unfair evaluation criteria must be corrected. ๐Ÿ“‹
Answer
์‹œ์ • โ€” ์‹œ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค means to correct something wrong.
C. ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ง€์›์€ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Short-term support can mitigate the crisis, but it is not a fundamental solution. ๐Ÿš‘
Answer
์™„ํ™” โ€” ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค reduces severity without necessarily solving the root cause.
D. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋‚ก์€ ํ–‰์ • ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Experts argued that outdated administrative procedures must be reformed. ๐Ÿข
Answer
๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” ๊ฐœํ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค fits deeper institutional change.
E. ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์„  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The civic group released concrete improvement measures. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
๋ฐฉ์•ˆ โ€” ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ means โ€œimprovement measures.โ€
F. ์ƒˆ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘”๋‹ค.
The new policy focuses on reducing the burden on vulnerable groups. ๐Ÿงณ
Answer
์ค„์ด โ€” ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ค„์ด๋‹ค means โ€œto reduce a burden.โ€
G. ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
For a fundamental solution, the budget structure also must change. ๐Ÿ’ฐ
Answer
ํ•ด๊ฒฐ โ€” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ means โ€œfundamental solution.โ€
H. ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์žฅ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Institutional improvement should happen in a direction that strengthens rights protection. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™” โ€” ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto strengthen.โ€
I. ๊ฐœํ˜์•ˆ์€ ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค.
A reform proposal gains persuasiveness only if it reflects opinions from the field. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
๋ฐ˜์˜ โ€” ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto reflect.โ€
J. ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
A long-term study is necessary to evaluate policy effects. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ€” ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto evaluate.โ€
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to resolve; reduce
  • ์‹œ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to correct
  • ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to mitigate
  • ๊ฐœํ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reform
  • ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ โ†’ improvement measure
  • ์ค„์ด๋‹ค โ†’ to reduce
  • ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ โ†’ fundamental solution
  • ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to strengthen
  • ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reflect
  • ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to evaluate
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Reform verbs are picky: correct wrongs, reduce gaps, mitigate severity, reform structures.
ย 

Exercise 3 โ€” Causes, Responsibility, and Structure ๐Ÿงญ

A. ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋นˆ๊ณค์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
That analysis does not attribute the cause of poverty only to a lack of individual effort. ๐Ÿชž
Answer
๋Œ๋ฆฌ โ€” ์›์ธ์„ -์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค means โ€œto attribute the cause to.โ€
B. ์ฐจ๋ณ„์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค.
The claim that shifts responsibility for discrimination onto the victim is inappropriate. โš ๏ธ
Answer
์ „๊ฐ€ํ•˜ โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ „๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto shift responsibility.โ€
C. ์ œ๋„์˜ ํ—ˆ์ ์€ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Loopholes in an institution can reproduce inequality. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ โ€” ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto reproduce.โ€
D. ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Policy should view vulnerable groups as subjects of rights, not merely as objects of protection. ๐Ÿง‘โ€โš–๏ธ
Answer
์ฃผ์ฒด โ€” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด means โ€œsubject of rights.โ€
E. ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ œ๋„์™€ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ดํŽด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To see the structure of inequality, institutions and practices must be examined together. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ€” The structure shows how unequal outcomes are arranged.
F. ๊ด€ํ–‰์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Legitimacy is not secured just because a practice is old. ๐Ÿ“œ
Answer
ํ™•๋ณด โ€” ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋˜๋‹ค means โ€œlegitimacy is secured.โ€
G. ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Reform discussions should guarantee participation by stakeholders. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
๋ณด์žฅ โ€” ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto guarantee participation.โ€
H. ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
Unequal accessibility weakens fairness of opportunity. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
์•ฝํ™” โ€” ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค means โ€œto weaken.โ€
I. ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The report pointed out the limitations of legal protection. ๐Ÿšง
Answer
ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ€” ํ•œ๊ณ„ means โ€œlimit/limitation.โ€
J. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜๋Š” ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ œ๋„์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Social justice needs institutional practice, not just an abstract slogan. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์‹ค์ฒœ โ€” ์‹ค์ฒœ means โ€œpractice/implementation.โ€
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค โ†’ to attribute; blame
  • ์ „๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to shift responsibility
  • ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reproduce
  • ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด โ†’ subject of rights
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ structure
  • ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to secure
  • ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to guarantee
  • ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค โ†’ to weaken
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limitation
  • ์‹ค์ฒœ โ†’ practice; implementation
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก When discussing injustice, watch where the sentence places cause and responsibility.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Policy Sentences and Reform Logic ๐Ÿงพ

A. ๊ฐœํ˜์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ œ๋„์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜๋‹ค.
Reform focuses on institutional improvement rather than simple punishment. ๐Ÿ”ง
Answer
๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ์ œ๋„์  ๊ฐœ์„  means โ€œinstitutional improvement.โ€
B. ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์™€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Long-term change requires continuous monitoring and evaluation. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
์ ๊ฒ€ โ€” ์ ๊ฒ€ means โ€œchecking/monitoring.โ€
C. ์ •์ฑ…์€ ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The policy failed to reflect voices from the field. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
๋ฐ˜์˜ โ€” ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto reflect.โ€
D. ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ํ•ด์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž์›์˜ ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Fair distribution of resources is important for resolving inequality. ๐Ÿ“ฆ
Answer
๋ถ„๋ฐฐ โ€” ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ means โ€œdistribution.โ€
E. ๊ทœ์น™์˜ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
If exceptions to rules apply only to a particular group, fairness is shaken. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ณต์ • โ€” ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ means โ€œfairness.โ€
F. ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์žฅ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
The goal of reform is to strengthen rights protection. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™” โ€” ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto strengthen.โ€
G. ์ œ๋„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Clear criteria are necessary to judge the effect of an institution. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค€ โ€” ๊ธฐ์ค€ means โ€œcriterion/standard.โ€
H. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์•ฝ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์›์€ ์ผ์‹œ์  ํ˜œํƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‹ค.
Support for socially vulnerable people is an issue of rights protection, not a temporary benefit. ๐Ÿง‘โ€โš–๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์žฅ โ€” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์žฅ means โ€œrights protection/guarantee.โ€
I. ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœํ˜์€ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Institutional reform should take transparent procedures as its principle. ๐ŸชŸ
Answer
์›์น™ โ€” ์›์น™์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋‹ค means โ€œto take as a principle.โ€
J. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The new measure supplements the limitations of existing policy. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ€” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto supplement/compensate for limitations.โ€
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฐœ์„  โ†’ improvement
  • ์ ๊ฒ€ โ†’ monitoring; checking
  • ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reflect
  • ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ โ†’ distribution
  • ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ โ†’ fairness
  • ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to strengthen
  • ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ criterion; standard
  • ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์žฅ โ†’ rights protection
  • ์›์น™ โ†’ principle
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limitation
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Reform logic needs goals, criteria, implementation, and evaluation โ€” not just good intentions.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. โŒ ์ž‘์€ ํ–‰์ • ๋ณด์™„์„ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
If you immediately call a small administrative supplement reform, the meaning becomes excessive. ๐Ÿงฏ
Answer
๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” Pitfall check: use ๊ฐœํ˜ for deeper structural change, not every small fix.
B. โŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ถˆํŽธ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋น„ํŒ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์ด ํ๋ ค์ง„๋‹ค.
If you call every simple inconvenience injustice, the focus of critique becomes blurred. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ€” Pitfall check: ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ implies unfairness or irrational social distortion.
C. โŒ ๊ต์œก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋นผ๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„์ด ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค.
If you discuss the educational gap but omit regional and income differences, the analysis is weak. ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” Pitfall check: a gap should name what differs and between whom.
D. โŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์›์ธ์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฉด ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
If you attribute a structural cause to individual responsibility, the reform logic becomes weak. ๐Ÿชž
Answer
๋Œ๋ฆฌ โ€” Pitfall check: ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค means โ€œto attribute/blame responsibility.โ€
E. โŒ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.
You should not declare a policy that slightly reduces conflict a fundamental solution. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
ํ•ด๊ฒฐ โ€” Pitfall check: ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ must address root causes.
F. โŒ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ™๋ณด๋งŒ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค.
If you only increase publicity without correcting wrong regulations, the problem remains. ๐Ÿ“œ
Answer
์‹œ์ • โ€” Pitfall check: wrong rules need correction, not decoration.
G. โŒ ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ •์ฑ… ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
If the burden on vulnerable groups is not reduced, trust in the policy falls. ๐Ÿงณ
Answer
์ค„์ด โ€” Pitfall check: ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ค„์ด๋‹ค is the natural phrase.
H. โŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋นผ๋ฉด ๊ตฌํ˜ธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
If you discuss social justice but omit rights protection, it sounds like a slogan. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์žฅ โ€” Pitfall check: ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์žฅ makes social justice concrete.
I. โŒ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
If policy effects are not evaluated, reform outcomes cannot be known. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ€” Pitfall check: reforms need evaluation, not applause only.
J. โŒ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜„์žฅ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค.
If field opinions are not reflected when proposing improvement measures, persuasiveness is low. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
๋ฐ˜์˜ โ€” Pitfall check: reform proposals gain force when they reflect lived realities.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฐœํ˜ โ†’ reform
  • ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ†’ injustice; irrational unfairness
  • ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ gap
  • ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค โ†’ to attribute; blame
  • ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ โ†’ fundamental solution
  • ์‹œ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to correct
  • ์ค„์ด๋‹ค โ†’ to reduce
  • ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์žฅ โ†’ rights protection
  • ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to evaluate
  • ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reflect
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol rule: name the structure, choose the exact reform verb, and do not overclaim the solution.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work. You can now discuss ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถ€์กฐ๋ฆฌ (systemic injustice) and ๊ฐœํ˜ (reform) with precision, fairness, and a tiny policy-wonk sparkle. ๐Ÿ›๏ธโœจ