TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐๏ธ Systemic injustice is not one bad incident; it is an unfair pattern built into rules, institutions, incentives, or everyday practices.
- ๐ง Reform means changing the structure that keeps producing the problem, not just treating the most visible symptom.
- โ๏ธ Good Korean analysis separates ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ (injustice/irrational unfairness), ๋ถํ๋ฑ (inequality), ๊ฐํ (reform), and ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ (improvement measures).
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ When you want to hear a Korean sentence aloud, open Korean Helper Widgets and type any Korean word or sentence from this lesson into the widget. Even reform vocabulary deserves good pronunciation. ๐ง
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๐ The Big Picture
Systemic injustice vocabulary helps you move from โthis is unfairโ to โthis mechanism repeatedly produces unfair outcomes.โ That is a big upgrade: less table-flipping, more precision. ๐ง
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In Korean academic, policy, and media writing, ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ (systemic injustice / structural absurdity), ์ ๋์ ๋ถํ๋ฑ (institutional inequality), ์ฌํ ์ ์ (social justice), and ๊ฐํ (reform) often appear when writers discuss long-term social problems.
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The key is scale. A person can make a mistake, but a system can keep making the same mistake on schedule. This lesson gives you the Korean vocabulary to name the system, diagnose the cause, and propose a reform path. ๐ ๏ธ
๐จ The Core Systemic Injustice Family
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ structure: the arrangement of rules, relationships, and institutions.
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ โ structural / systemic: caused by the overall structure, not just one individual choice.
- ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ injustice / irrational unfairness / absurdity: a condition that is unreasonable, unfair, or socially distorted.
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ systemic injustice: unfairness produced by repeated structural patterns.
- ์ ๋ โ institution / system: formal rules, organizations, or social arrangements.
- ์ ๋์ ๋ถํ๋ฑ โ institutional inequality: unequal outcomes built into institutional arrangements.
- ์ฌํ ์ ์ โ social justice: fairness in rights, opportunity, dignity, and social participation.
- ๊ฐํ โ reform: deliberate change to a system, institution, policy, or practice.
- ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ โ improvement measures / solutions: concrete ways to improve a problem.
- ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ํด๊ฒฐ โ fundamental solution: a solution that addresses root causes.
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ ๋จ์ํ ๊ฐ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
(The gap in educational opportunity can be seen not as a simple individual problem but as systemic injustice.) ๐
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means โgap,โ and -๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค means โcan be viewed as.โ
- ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ ๋์ ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฐํ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
(The government proposed reform measures to reduce institutional inequality.) ๐๏ธ
์ค์ด๋ค means โto reduce,โ and ์ ์ํ๋ค means โto present/propose.โ
- ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์คํํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ ธ๋ ฅ ๋ถ์กฑ์ผ๋ก๋ง ๋๋ ค์๋ ์ ๋๋ค.
(To realize social justice, we must not attribute the cause of the problem only to a lack of individual effort.) โ๏ธ
์คํํ๋ค means โto realize/bring into reality,โ and ๋๋ฆฌ๋ค here means โto attribute/blame.โ
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
Korean social-analysis vocabulary often combines scope words with problem or solution words:
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ (structural/systemic) + ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ (injustice) โ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ (systemic injustice)
- ์ ๋์ (institutional) + ๋ถํ๋ฑ (inequality) โ ์ ๋์ ๋ถํ๋ฑ (institutional inequality)
- ์ฌํ (society) + ์ ์ (justice) โ ์ฌํ ์ ์ (social justice)
- ๊ฐ์ (improvement) + ๋ฐฉ์ (measure/plan) โ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ (improvement measure)
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Useful sentence frames:
- -์/๋ฅผ ํด์ํ๋ค โ to resolve/reduce a gap or inequality
- -์/๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๋ค โ to correct a wrong or injustice
- -์/๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค โ to alleviate/mitigate a problem
- -์/๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ to reform a system or institution
๐ Cross-check note
The vocabulary and example usage were cross-checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์ / korean.go.kr references related to public language, social policy, improvement, inequality, and institutional language. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ๊ฐ์ โ improvement; often practical and gradual.
- ๊ฐํ โ reform; stronger than improvement, usually structural or institutional.
- ์์ โ correction; used when something is wrong and needs to be put right.
- ํด์ โ resolution/removal; common with ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ (gap), ๋ถํ๋ฑ (inequality), and ๊ฐ๋ฑ (conflict).
- ์ํ โ mitigation/alleviation; reduces severity, but may not solve the root cause.
- ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ systemic or irrational unfairness; often stronger and more critical than a simple problem.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ๋ฌธ์ = ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ โ ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ implies unfairness or irrationality, not just any problem. โ๏ธ
- โ Calling every small fix ๊ฐํ โ โ use ๊ฐ์ for practical improvement; use ๊ฐํ for deeper structural change. ๐ง
- โ Blaming individuals when the sentence is about systems โ โ use ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ or ์ ๋์ when the cause is built into the system. ๐๏ธ
- โ Saying ํด์ํ๋ค for every solution โ โ ํด์ํ๋ค fits gaps/conflicts; ์์ ํ๋ค fits wrongs; ์ํํ๋ค fits severity. ๐งญ
- โ Proposing reforms without naming the cause โ โ connect ์์ธ (cause), ๊ตฌ์กฐ (structure), and ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ (improvement measure). ๐งพ
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Now you can talk about injustice without stopping at โthatโs bad.โ You can name the structure, diagnose the mechanism, and propose the repair plan โ stylishly, of course. ๐ ๏ธโจ
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Try this exercise
Practice choosing the best term for each policy-analysis sentence. Fill in the blank, read the completed Korean sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle.
1. ์ฑ์ฉ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ธ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
Repeated discrimination in the hiring process can be seen as systemic injustice. ๐ผ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ์ โ The sentence points to a repeated pattern, so โstructural/systemicโ fits.
2. ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
The government announced a policy to reduce housing inequality. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ถํ๋ฑ โ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถํ๋ฑ means โhousing inequality.โ
3. ๋จ์ํ ๋ณด์์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
Institutional reform is necessary, not a simple supplement. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐํ โ The sentence contrasts small adjustment with deeper reform.
4. ๊ต์ก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ง์ญ๋ณ ์ง์์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
To reduce the educational gap, region-specific support is necessary. ๐
Answer
ํด์ โ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํด์ํ๋ค is a natural pairing for reducing or resolving a gap.
5. ์์ํ๋ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๊ท์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ผ๊ณ ๊ถ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The committee recommended correcting discriminatory regulations. ๐
Answer
์์ โ ์์ ํ๋ค means to correct something wrong.
6. ์ฌํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์คํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํฌ๋ช
ํ ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
Transparent procedures are important for realizing social justice. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ โ ์ฌํ ์ ์ means โsocial justice.โ
7. ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ธ์ ๋ค๋ฃจ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
The policy failed to address the structural cause of the problem. ๐
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ์ โ The cause is built into the structure, not isolated.
8. ์๋ฏผ ๋จ์ฒด๋ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
The civic group proposed concrete improvement measures. ๐งพ
Answer
๋ฐฉ์ โ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ means โimprovement measures.โ
9. ๋ถ์์ ๋
ธ๋์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ณดํธ ์ฅ์น๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
Protective measures are needed to mitigate the problem of insecure labor. ๐ฆบ
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํํ๋ค means to alleviate or reduce severity.
10. ๊ทธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ ์ฑ
์์ ๊ฐ์ธ์๊ฒ๋ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๊ด์ ์ ๋นํํ๋ค.
The report criticizes the perspective that attributes responsibility only to individuals. ๐ช
Answer
๋๋ฆฌ โ ์ฑ
์์ ๊ฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ค means โto attribute/blame responsibility on individuals.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ โ structural; systemic
- ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ injustice; irrational unfairness
- ๋ถํ๋ฑ โ inequality
- ๊ฐํ โ reform
- ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ gap
- ํด์ํ๋ค โ to resolve; reduce
- ์์ ํ๋ค โ to correct
- ์ฌํ ์ ์ โ social justice
- ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ โ improvement measure
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to mitigate
- ๋๋ฆฌ๋ค โ to attribute; blame
Tip ๐ก Match the verb to the problem: gaps are resolved, wrongs are corrected, severity is mitigated.
Want more reps? Continue into the Practice Hub below and make those reform words behave. ๐ ๏ธ
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Systemic Injustice and Reform
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Welcome to the reform vocabulary workshop. ๐๏ธ You will practice naming structural causes, identifying injustice, and choosing precise solution verbs like ํด์ํ๋ค (to resolve), ์์ ํ๋ค (to correct), and ์ํํ๋ค (to mitigate). By the end, your Korean policy sentences will sound less like a vague complaint and more like a well-lit diagnosis. ๐ฆ
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence from these exercises.
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๐ Instructions: Fill each blank with the best Korean term or expression. Read the sentence, check the English meaning, then open the Answer toggle.
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Exercise 1 โ Naming the Problem ๐๏ธ
A. ์๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๋ฃ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ด ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
It is serious inequality when access to healthcare differs by income. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ถํ๋ฑ โ This names unequal access or outcomes.
B. ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ ์น์ง ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๊ฐ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ค.
Repeated promotion discrimination is a structural problem, not an individual problem. ๐ผ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ์ โ The repeated pattern points to a structural cause.
C. ๋ก์ ๊ท์น์ด ์๋ฏผ์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
Old rules limiting citizensโ rights are close to institutional injustice. ๐
Answer
๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ The sentence describes unfairness produced by rules.
D. ๋์์ ๋์ด์ ๊ต์ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ ์ ์ปค์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
The educational gap between cities and rural areas is growing. ๐
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ ๊ต์ก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means โeducational gap.โ
E. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํ๋์์๋ง ์ฐพ์ง ์์๋ค.
The researcher did not look for the cause of the problem only in individual attitudes. ๐
Answer
์์ธ โ ์์ธ means โcause.โ
F. ๊ทธ ์ ๋๋ ํน์ ์ง๋จ์๊ฒ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณ์๋ค.
That institution produced unfavorable outcomes for a particular group. ๐
Answer
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ means โresult/outcome.โ
G. ๋ถ๊ณต์ ํ ์ ์ฐจ๋ ์ฌํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ฝํ์ํจ๋ค.
Unfair procedures weaken social justice. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ โ ์ฌํ ์ ์ means โsocial justice.โ
H. ๋น์ ๊ท์ง ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ๋
ธ๋ ์์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ๊น๋ค.
The issue of temporary work is deeply related to the structure of the labor market. ๐ฆบ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ ๋
ธ๋ ์์ฅ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means โthe structure of the labor market.โ
I. ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋๋ ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต์๊ฒ ๋ ํฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ค๋ค.
Policy blind spots place a greater burden on vulnerable groups. ๐งณ
Answer
๋ถ๋ด โ ๋ถ๋ด์ ์ฃผ๋ค means โto place a burden.โ
J. ๊ทธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฌํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ด์ ์์ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค.
The report analyzes housing issues from the perspective of social responsibility. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ฑ
์ โ ์ฌํ์ ์ฑ
์ means โsocial responsibility.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ถํ๋ฑ โ inequality
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ โ structural; systemic
- ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ injustice; irrational unfairness
- ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ gap
- ์์ธ โ cause
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ result; outcome
- ์ฌํ ์ ์ โ social justice
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ structure
- ๋ถ๋ด โ burden
- ์ฌํ์ ์ฑ ์ โ social responsibility
Tip ๐ก First name the kind of problem: gap, inequality, burden, structural cause, or injustice.
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Exercise 2 โ Reform Verbs and Measures ๐ง
A. ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ง์ญ ๊ฐ ์๋ฃ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ณํ์ ์ธ์ ๋ค.
The government made a plan to reduce the healthcare gap between regions. ๐ฅ
Answer
ํด์ โ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํด์ํ๋ค is a natural pairing.
B. ์์ํ๋ ๋ถ๊ณต์ ํ ์ฌ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
The committee stated that unfair evaluation criteria must be corrected. ๐
Answer
์์ โ ์์ ํ๋ค means to correct something wrong.
C. ๋จ๊ธฐ ์ง์์ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์์ง๋ง ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ํด๊ฒฐ์ ์๋๋ค.
Short-term support can mitigate the crisis, but it is not a fundamental solution. ๐
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํํ๋ค reduces severity without necessarily solving the root cause.
D. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ก์ ํ์ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
Experts argued that outdated administrative procedures must be reformed. ๐ข
Answer
๊ฐํ โ ๊ฐํํ๋ค fits deeper institutional change.
E. ์๋ฏผ ๋จ์ฒด๋ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค.
The civic group released concrete improvement measures. ๐งพ
Answer
๋ฐฉ์ โ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ means โimprovement measures.โ
F. ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต์ ๋ถ๋ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ด์ ์ ๋๋ค.
The new policy focuses on reducing the burden on vulnerable groups. ๐งณ
Answer
์ค์ด โ ๋ถ๋ด์ ์ค์ด๋ค means โto reduce a burden.โ
G. ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ํด์๋ ์์ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
For a fundamental solution, the budget structure also must change. ๐ฐ
Answer
ํด๊ฒฐ โ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ํด๊ฒฐ means โfundamental solution.โ
H. ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ์ผ ํ๋ค.
Institutional improvement should happen in a direction that strengthens rights protection. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐํ โ ๊ฐํํ๋ค means โto strengthen.โ
I. ๊ฐํ์์ ํ์ฅ์ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ์ค๋๋ ฅ์ ์ป๋๋ค.
A reform proposal gains persuasiveness only if it reflects opinions from the field. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค means โto reflect.โ
J. ์ ์ฑ
ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
A long-term study is necessary to evaluate policy effects. ๐
Answer
ํ๊ฐ โ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค means โto evaluate.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ํด์ํ๋ค โ to resolve; reduce
- ์์ ํ๋ค โ to correct
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to mitigate
- ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ to reform
- ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ โ improvement measure
- ์ค์ด๋ค โ to reduce
- ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ํด๊ฒฐ โ fundamental solution
- ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ to strengthen
- ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค โ to reflect
- ํ๊ฐํ๋ค โ to evaluate
Tip ๐ก Reform verbs are picky: correct wrongs, reduce gaps, mitigate severity, reform structures.
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Exercise 3 โ Causes, Responsibility, and Structure ๐งญ
A. ๊ทธ ๋ถ์์ ๋น๊ณค์ ์์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ ๋ถ์กฑ์ผ๋ก๋ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ง ์๋๋ค.
That analysis does not attribute the cause of poverty only to a lack of individual effort. ๐ช
Answer
๋๋ฆฌ โ ์์ธ์ -์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฆฌ๋ค means โto attribute the cause to.โ
B. ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ์ฑ
์์ ํผํด์์๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ํ๋ค.
The claim that shifts responsibility for discrimination onto the victim is inappropriate. โ ๏ธ
Answer
์ ๊ฐํ โ ์ฑ
์์ ์ ๊ฐํ๋ค means โto shift responsibility.โ
C. ์ ๋์ ํ์ ์ ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
Loopholes in an institution can reproduce inequality. ๐
Answer
์ฌ์์ฐ โ ์ฌ์์ฐํ๋ค means โto reproduce.โ
D. ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต์ ๋ณดํธ ๋์์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ๋ณด์์ผ ํ๋ค.
Policy should view vulnerable groups as subjects of rights, not merely as objects of protection. ๐งโโ๏ธ
Answer
์ฃผ์ฒด โ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด means โsubject of rights.โ
E. ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ ๋์ ๊ดํ์ ํจ๊ป ์ดํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To see the structure of inequality, institutions and practices must be examined together. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ The structure shows how unequal outcomes are arranged.
F. ๊ดํ์ด ์ค๋๋์๋ค๋ ์ด์ ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ ๋น์ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค.
Legitimacy is not secured just because a practice is old. ๐
Answer
ํ๋ณด โ ์ ๋น์ฑ์ด ํ๋ณด๋๋ค means โlegitimacy is secured.โ
G. ๊ฐํ ๋
ผ์๋ ์ดํด๊ด๊ณ์์ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Reform discussions should guarantee participation by stakeholders. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ณด์ฅ โ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค means โto guarantee participation.โ
H. ๋ถํ๋ฑํ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ณต์ ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ํจ๋ค.
Unequal accessibility weakens fairness of opportunity. ๐
Answer
์ฝํ โ ์ฝํ์ํค๋ค means โto weaken.โ
I. ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฒ์ ๋ณดํธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ํ๋ค.
The report pointed out the limitations of legal protection. ๐ง
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ ํ๊ณ means โlimit/limitation.โ
J. ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ ์ถ์์ ๊ตฌํธ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
Social justice needs institutional practice, not just an abstract slogan. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
์ค์ฒ โ ์ค์ฒ means โpractice/implementation.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ๋๋ฆฌ๋ค โ to attribute; blame
- ์ ๊ฐํ๋ค โ to shift responsibility
- ์ฌ์์ฐํ๋ค โ to reproduce
- ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด โ subject of rights
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ structure
- ํ๋ณดํ๋ค โ to secure
- ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค โ to guarantee
- ์ฝํ์ํค๋ค โ to weaken
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
- ์ค์ฒ โ practice; implementation
Tip ๐ก When discussing injustice, watch where the sentence places cause and responsibility.
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Exercise 4 โ Policy Sentences and Reform Logic ๐งพ
A. ๊ฐํ์ ๋จ์ํ ์ฒ๋ฒ๋ณด๋ค ์ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถ๋ค.
Reform focuses on institutional improvement rather than simple punishment. ๐ง
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ ์ ๋์ ๊ฐ์ means โinstitutional improvement.โ
B. ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ๋ณํ์๋ ์ง์์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
Long-term change requires continuous monitoring and evaluation. ๐
Answer
์ ๊ฒ โ ์ ๊ฒ means โchecking/monitoring.โ
C. ์ ์ฑ
์ ํ์ฅ์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
The policy failed to reflect voices from the field. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค means โto reflect.โ
D. ๋ถํ๋ฑ ํด์๋ฅผ ์ํด์๋ ์์์ ๊ณต์ ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
Fair distribution of resources is important for resolving inequality. ๐ฆ
Answer
๋ถ๋ฐฐ โ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ means โdistribution.โ
E. ๊ท์น์ ์์ธ๊ฐ ํน์ ์ง๋จ์๊ฒ๋ง ์ ์ฉ๋๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ํ๋ค๋ฆฐ๋ค.
If exceptions to rules apply only to a particular group, fairness is shaken. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ณต์ โ ๊ณต์ ์ฑ means โfairness.โ
F. ๊ฐํ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
The goal of reform is to strengthen rights protection. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐํ โ ๊ฐํํ๋ค means โto strengthen.โ
G. ์ ๋์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ๋จํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ช
ํํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
Clear criteria are necessary to judge the effect of an institution. ๐
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค โ ๊ธฐ์ค means โcriterion/standard.โ
H. ์ฌํ์ ์ฝ์๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ง์์ ์ผ์์ ํํ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ค.
Support for socially vulnerable people is an issue of rights protection, not a temporary benefit. ๐งโโ๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์ฅ โ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์ฅ means โrights protection/guarantee.โ
I. ์ ๋ ๊ฐํ์ ํฌ๋ช
ํ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ์ผ์์ผ ํ๋ค.
Institutional reform should take transparent procedures as its principle. ๐ช
Answer
์์น โ ์์น์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ค means โto take as a principle.โ
J. ์๋ก์ด ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ ์ฑ
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ณด์ํ๋ค.
The new measure supplements the limitations of existing policy. ๐งฉ
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ํ๋ค means โto supplement/compensate for limitations.โ
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ฐ์ โ improvement
- ์ ๊ฒ โ monitoring; checking
- ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค โ to reflect
- ๋ถ๋ฐฐ โ distribution
- ๊ณต์ ์ฑ โ fairness
- ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ to strengthen
- ๊ธฐ์ค โ criterion; standard
- ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์ฅ โ rights protection
- ์์น โ principle
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
Tip ๐ก Reform logic needs goals, criteria, implementation, and evaluation โ not just good intentions.
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Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. โ ์์ ํ์ ๋ณด์์ ๊ณง๋ฐ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๊ณผํด์ง๋ค.
If you immediately call a small administrative supplement reform, the meaning becomes excessive. ๐งฏ
Answer
๊ฐํ โ Pitfall check: use ๊ฐํ for deeper structural change, not every small fix.
B. โ ๋จ์ํ ๋ถํธ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ฉด ๋นํ์ ์ด์ ์ด ํ๋ ค์ง๋ค.
If you call every simple inconvenience injustice, the focus of critique becomes blurred. ๐ซ๏ธ
Answer
๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ Pitfall check: ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ implies unfairness or irrational social distortion.
C. โ ๊ต์ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋งํ๋ฉด์ ์ง์ญ๊ณผ ์๋์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋นผ๋ฉด ๋ถ์์ด ์ฝํ๋ค.
If you discuss the educational gap but omit regional and income differences, the analysis is weak. ๐
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ Pitfall check: a gap should name what differs and between whom.
D. โ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ฑ
์์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฉด ๊ฐํ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฝํด์ง๋ค.
If you attribute a structural cause to individual responsibility, the reform logic becomes weak. ๐ช
Answer
๋๋ฆฌ โ Pitfall check: ์ฑ
์์ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ค means โto attribute/blame responsibility.โ
E. โ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ์กฐ๊ธ ์ค์ด๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋จ์ ํ๋ฉด ์ ๋๋ค.
You should not declare a policy that slightly reduces conflict a fundamental solution. ๐งฉ
Answer
ํด๊ฒฐ โ Pitfall check: ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ํด๊ฒฐ must address root causes.
F. โ ์๋ชป๋ ๊ท์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ง ์๊ณ ํ๋ณด๋ง ๋๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ๋จ๋๋ค.
If you only increase publicity without correcting wrong regulations, the problem remains. ๐
Answer
์์ โ Pitfall check: wrong rules need correction, not decoration.
G. โ ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต์ ๋ถ๋ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ๋จ์ด์ง๋ค.
If the burden on vulnerable groups is not reduced, trust in the policy falls. ๐งณ
Answer
์ค์ด โ Pitfall check: ๋ถ๋ด์ ์ค์ด๋ค is the natural phrase.
H. โ ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋งํ๋ฉด์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋นผ๋ฉด ๊ตฌํธ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฆฐ๋ค.
If you discuss social justice but omit rights protection, it sounds like a slogan. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์ฅ โ Pitfall check: ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์ฅ makes social justice concrete.
I. โ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๊ฐํ์ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ ์ ์๋ค.
If policy effects are not evaluated, reform outcomes cannot be known. ๐
Answer
ํ๊ฐ โ Pitfall check: reforms need evaluation, not applause only.
J. โ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ์ํ๋ฉด์ ํ์ฅ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ค๋๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฎ๋ค.
If field opinions are not reflected when proposing improvement measures, persuasiveness is low. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ Pitfall check: reform proposals gain force when they reflect lived realities.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ฐํ โ reform
- ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ โ injustice; irrational unfairness
- ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ gap
- ๋๋ฆฌ๋ค โ to attribute; blame
- ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ํด๊ฒฐ โ fundamental solution
- ์์ ํ๋ค โ to correct
- ์ค์ด๋ค โ to reduce
- ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์ฅ โ rights protection
- ํ๊ฐํ๋ค โ to evaluate
- ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค โ to reflect
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol rule: name the structure, choose the exact reform verb, and do not overclaim the solution.
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๐ Excellent work. You can now discuss ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฆฌ (systemic injustice) and ๊ฐํ (reform) with precision, fairness, and a tiny policy-wonk sparkle. ๐๏ธโจ