πŸ”¬

Synthesis: Using Advanced Particles with Passive/Causative

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TL;DR πŸ¦„
  • 🧲 Passive sentences usually put the affected thing first with 이/κ°€ [i/ga]: 문이 λ‹«ν˜”μ–΄μš” [mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo] β€” The door got closed.
  • πŸ› οΈ Causative sentences track who causes whom to do what: νŒ€μž₯이 λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ—κ²Œ λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš” [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] β€” The team lead made the person in charge revise the document.
  • πŸ“° Advanced style often adds formal particles like 에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae] (by) or 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum] (to cause someone to…) β€” useful in reports, but too stiff for casual chatting.
πŸ”Š
🎧 Iru Helper Note β€” Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets to hear how tiny particles change the sentence camera. Try μžλ£Œκ°€ νšŒμ‚¬μ— μ˜ν•΄ κ³΅κ°œλμ–΄μš” [ja-ryo-ga hoe-sa-e ui-hae gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo] β€” The material was made public by the company, and νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ—κ²Œ 자료λ₯Ό κ³΅κ°œν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš” [hoe-sa-ga dam-dang-ja-e-ge ja-ryo-reul gong-gae-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] β€” The company made the person in charge make the material public.
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🌈 The Big Picture

Passive and causative grammar are not just verb tricks. They are role maps. The particles tell you who is the affected subject, who caused the event, who had to act, and whether the sentence sounds like a friendly update or a formal report. 🧭
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Compare the same document story:
  • λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžκ°€ λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. [dam-dang-ja-ga mun-seo-reul su-jeong-hae-sseo-yo] β€” The person in charge revised the document. πŸ“
  • λ¬Έμ„œκ°€ μˆ˜μ •λμ–΄μš”. [mun-seo-ga su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo] β€” The document was revised. πŸ“„
  • λ¬Έμ„œκ°€ λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ— μ˜ν•΄ μˆ˜μ •λμ–΄μš”. [mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-e ui-hae su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo] β€” The document was revised by the person in charge. πŸ“°
  • νŒ€μž₯이 λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ—κ²Œ λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] β€” The team lead made the person in charge revise the document. πŸ‘”
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Same event, four cameras. Your particles are the camera controls. Tiny, powerful, slightly dramatic β€” like grammar espresso. β˜•

🎨 The Core Particle + Passive/Causative Family

1. Passive affected subject: 이/κ°€ [i/ga] 🧲

Use 이/κ°€ [i/ga] for the thing that receives or undergoes the event.
  • 문이 λ‹«ν˜”μ–΄μš”. [mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo] β€” The door got closed. λ¬Έ [mun] = door; λ‹«νžˆλ‹€ [da-chi-da] = to be closed. πŸšͺ
  • ν‘œκ°€ νŒ”λ Έμ–΄μš”. [pyo-ga pal-lyeo-sseo-yo] β€” The ticket was sold. ν‘œ [pyo] = ticket; νŒ”λ¦¬λ‹€ [pal-li-da] = to be sold. 🎟️
  • λ¬Έμ œκ°€ ν•΄κ²°λμ–΄μš”. [mun-je-ga hae-gyeol-dwae-sseo-yo] β€” The problem was resolved. 문제 [mun-je] = problem; ν•΄κ²°λ˜λ‹€ [hae-gyeol-doe-da] = to be resolved. 🧩
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2. Passive agent in formal writing: 에 μ˜ν•΄ / 에 μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ [e ui-hae / e ui-ha-yeo] πŸ“°

Use 에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae] or fuller 에 μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ [e ui-ha-yeo] when you need β€œby” in a formal report. In everyday speech, Korean often leaves the doer out or uses active wording instead.
  • μžλ£Œκ°€ νšŒμ‚¬μ— μ˜ν•΄ κ³΅κ°œλμ–΄μš”. [ja-ryo-ga hoe-sa-e ui-hae gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo] β€” The material was made public by the company. πŸ“„
  • λ¬Έμ„œκ°€ λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ— μ˜ν•΄ μˆ˜μ •λμ–΄μš”. [mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-e ui-hae su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo] β€” The document was revised by the person in charge. πŸ“
  • λ¬Έμ œκ°€ νŒ€μ— μ˜ν•΄ ν•΄κ²°λμ–΄μš”. [mun-je-ga ti-me ui-hae hae-gyeol-dwae-sseo-yo] β€” The problem was resolved by the team. 🧩
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3. Cause, reason, or means: 둜/으둜 [ro/eu-ro] 🌬️

Use 둜/으둜 [ro/eu-ro] for a cause, means, or route. With passive-style events, it often means β€œbecause of / due to.”
  • λ°”λžŒμœΌλ‘œ 문이 λ‹«ν˜”μ–΄μš”. [ba-ra-meu-ro mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo] β€” The door closed because of the wind. 🌬️
  • 폭우둜 μ „ν™”κ°€ λŠκ²Όμ–΄μš”. [po-gu-ro jeon-hwa-ga kkeun-kyeo-sseo-yo] β€” The call got disconnected because of heavy rain. 🌧️
  • κ³΅μ§€λ‘œ 일정이 λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμ–΄μš”. [gong-ji-ro il-jeong-i ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo] β€” The schedule changed because of the notice / through the notice. πŸ“Œ
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4. Causative causee: μ—κ²Œ/ν•œν…Œ/께 [e-ge/han-te/kke] πŸ‘₯

Use μ—κ²Œ [e-ge] or spoken ν•œν…Œ [han-te] for the person who is made, allowed, or told to act. Use honorific 께 [kke] for respected people.
  • μ„ μƒλ‹˜μ΄ ν•™μƒμ—κ²Œ 책을 μ½ν˜”μ–΄μš”. [seon-saeng-ni-mi hak-saeng-e-ge chae-geul il-kyeo-sseo-yo] β€” The teacher made the student read a book. πŸ“–
  • νŒ€μž₯이 λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ—κ²Œ λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] β€” The team lead made the person in charge revise the document. πŸ‘”
  • νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ†Œμ‹μ„ μ•Œλ Έμ–΄μš”. [hoe-sa-ga sa-ram-deu-re-ge so-si-geul al-lyeo-sseo-yo] β€” The company informed people of the news. πŸ“’
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5. Directly affected causee/object: 을/λ₯Ό [eul/reul] πŸ› οΈ

Use 을/λ₯Ό [eul/reul] when the person or thing is directly affected by the causative action.
  • κ΄€λ¦¬μžκ°€ 직원을 νšŒμ˜μ‹€μ— μ•‰ν˜”μ–΄μš”. [gwan-li-ja-ga ji-gwo-neul hoe-ui-shi-re an-chyeo-sseo-yo] β€” The manager seated the employee in the meeting room. πŸͺ‘
  • μ•„λΉ κ°€ 아이λ₯Ό μž¬μ› μ–΄μš”. [a-ppa-ga a-i-reul jae-wo-sseo-yo] β€” Dad put the child to sleep. 😴
  • μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ μ €λ₯Ό μ›ƒκ²Όμ–΄μš”. [chin-gu-ga jeo-reul ut-gyeo-sseo-yo] β€” My friend made me laugh. πŸ˜‚
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6. Formal causative frame: 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum] πŸ›οΈ

Use 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum] in formal writing when a subject causes someone to do something. It is elegant in reports, but very stiff in daily speech.
  • μœ„μ›νšŒκ°€ νŒ€μž₯으둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ 자료λ₯Ό κ³΅κ°œν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. [wi-won-hoe-ga tim-jang-eu-ro ha-yeo-geum ja-ryo-reul gong-gae-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] β€” The committee caused the team lead to make the material public. πŸ›οΈ
  • νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ 곡지λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. [hoe-sa-ga dam-dang-ja-ro ha-yeo-geum gong-ji-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] β€” The company had the person in charge revise the notice. πŸ“Œ
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πŸ› οΈ How They Work in a Sentence

1. Passive + formal agent πŸ“°
  • λ¬Έμ„œκ°€ λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ— μ˜ν•΄ μˆ˜μ •λμ–΄μš”. [mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-e ui-hae su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo] β€” The document was revised by the person in charge. πŸ“
    • Use this when the document is the focus, but the doer still matters in a formal tone.
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2. Causative + causee πŸ‘₯
  • νŒ€μž₯이 λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ—κ²Œ λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] β€” The team lead made the person in charge revise the document. πŸ‘”
    • νŒ€μž₯ [tim-jang] = team lead; λ‹΄λ‹Ήμž [dam-dang-ja] = person in charge; λ¬Έμ„œ [mun-seo] = document.
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3. Cause + passive result 🌧️
  • 폭우둜 μ „ν™”κ°€ λŠκ²Όμ–΄μš”. [po-gu-ro jeon-hwa-ga kkeun-kyeo-sseo-yo] β€” The call got disconnected because of heavy rain. πŸ“΅
    • 폭우 [po-gu] = heavy rain; μ „ν™” [jeon-hwa] = phone call; λŠκΈ°λ‹€ [kkeun-ki-da] = to be disconnected.
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🧩 General Formation Rule

Passive particle map

  • Affected thing + 이/κ°€ [i/ga] + passive/passive-style verb.
  • Optional formal doer: doer + 에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae].
  • Cause/reason/means: cause noun + 둜/으둜 [ro/eu-ro].
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Causative particle map

  • Causer + 이/κ°€ [i/ga] + causee + μ—κ²Œ/ν•œν…Œ/께 [e-ge/han-te/kke] + action/object + causative verb or -게 ν•˜λ‹€ [-ge ha-da].
  • Directly affected causee + 을/λ₯Ό [eul/reul] + causative verb.
  • Formal written causee: causee + 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum] + verb + -게 ν•˜λ‹€ [-ge ha-da].
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πŸ“š Cross-check note

The passive idea of β€œbeing affected,” the causative idea of β€œmaking or causing someone to do something,” direct causative examples like μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆκ°€ μ•„μ΄μ—κ²Œ μ˜·μ„ μž…νžŒλ‹€ [eo-meo-ni-ga a-i-e-ge o-seul i-pin-da] β€” Mother dresses the child, and formal frames such as 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum] were cross-checked against ꡭ립ꡭ어원 / korean.go.kr explanations and standard Korean grammar references. βœ…
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πŸͺž Synonym Alert

  • 에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae] and 에 μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ [e ui-ha-yeo] β€” formal β€œby”; 에 μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ is fuller and more written.
  • μ—κ²Œ [e-ge] and ν•œν…Œ [han-te] β€” β€œto someone”; μ—κ²Œ is neutral/written, ν•œν…Œ is more conversational.
  • 께 [kke] β€” honorific β€œto” for respected people.
  • 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum] β€” formal β€œcause someone to”; use it in writing, not cafΓ© small talk unless your coffee has a law degree. β˜•
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⚠️ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • ❌ 문을 λ‹«ν˜”μ–΄μš” [mu-neul da-chyeo-sseo-yo] β†’ βœ… 문이 λ‹«ν˜”μ–΄μš” [mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo] because passive affected subjects use 이/κ°€ [i/ga].
  • ❌ λ¬Έμ„œκ°€ λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžλ₯Ό μ˜ν•΄ μˆ˜μ •λμ–΄μš” [mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-reul ui-hae su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo] β†’ βœ… λ¬Έμ„œκ°€ λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ— μ˜ν•΄ μˆ˜μ •λμ–΄μš” [mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-e ui-hae su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo] because 에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae] marks the agent.
  • ❌ νŒ€μž₯이 λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžλ₯Ό λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš” [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-reul mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] β†’ βœ… νŒ€μž₯이 λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ—κ²Œ λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš” [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] because the causee is marked with μ—κ²Œ [e-ge] in this frame.
  • ❌ Using 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum] in every conversation β†’ βœ… save it for formal writing and reports.
  • ❌ Treating 둜/으둜 [ro/eu-ro] as a human β€œby” marker in passive sentences β†’ βœ… use 에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae] for formal human/institution agents.
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πŸŽ‰ Bottom line: passive and causative sentences are role puzzles. Put 이/κ°€ [i/ga], μ—κ²Œ [e-ge], 을/λ₯Ό [eul/reul], 에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae], and 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum] in the right places, and the whole sentence clicks into focus. 🧩✨
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Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each sentence with the particle or particle phrase that fits the role. First identify the sentence camera: affected subject, formal agent, cause, causee, or direct object. Then open the Answer toggle.
1. λ¬ΈοΌΏοΌΏ λ‹«ν˜”μ–΄μš”.
[mun-οΌΏοΌΏ da-chyeo-sseo-yo]
The door got closed. πŸšͺ
Answer
이 [i] β€” passive affected subject: 문이 λ‹«ν˜”μ–΄μš” [mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo].
2. λ¬Έμ„œκ°€ λ‹΄λ‹ΉμžοΌΏοΌΏ μˆ˜μ •λμ–΄μš”.
[mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-οΌΏοΌΏ su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo]
The document was revised by the person in charge. πŸ“
Answer
에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae] β€” formal β€œby.”
3. 폭우＿＿ μ „ν™”κ°€ λŠκ²Όμ–΄μš”.
[po-gu-οΌΏοΌΏ jeon-hwa-ga kkeun-kyeo-sseo-yo]
The call got disconnected because of heavy rain. 🌧️
Answer
둜 [ro] β€” cause/reason.
4. νŒ€μž₯이 λ‹΄λ‹ΉμžοΌΏοΌΏ λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-οΌΏοΌΏ mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The team lead made the person in charge revise the document. πŸ‘”
Answer
μ—κ²Œ [e-ge] β€” causee marker.
5. κ΄€λ¦¬μžκ°€ 직원＿＿ νšŒμ˜μ‹€μ— μ•‰ν˜”μ–΄μš”.
[gwan-li-ja-ga ji-gwon-οΌΏοΌΏ hoe-ui-shi-re an-chyeo-sseo-yo]
The manager seated the employee in the meeting room. πŸͺ‘
Answer
을 [eul] β€” directly affected causee/object.
6. 자료＿＿ νšŒμ‚¬μ— μ˜ν•΄ κ³΅κ°œλμ–΄μš”.
[ja-ryo-οΌΏοΌΏ hoe-sa-e ui-hae gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo]
The material was made public by the company. πŸ“„
Answer
κ°€ [ga] β€” passive affected subject.
7. νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€οΌΏοΌΏ μ†Œμ‹μ„ μ•Œλ Έμ–΄μš”.
[hoe-sa-ga sa-ram-deul-οΌΏοΌΏ so-si-geul al-lyeo-sseo-yo]
The company informed people of the news. πŸ“’
Answer
μ—κ²Œ [e-ge] β€” recipient/causee-like target.
8. μœ„μ›νšŒκ°€ νŒ€μž₯οΌΏοΌΏ 자료λ₯Ό κ³΅κ°œν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[wi-won-hoe-ga tim-jang-οΌΏοΌΏ ja-ryo-reul gong-gae-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The committee caused the team lead to make the material public. πŸ›οΈ
Answer
으둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [eu-ro ha-yeo-geum] β€” formal causative causee marker after a batchim.
9. μ•„λΉ κ°€ 아이＿＿ μž¬μ› μ–΄μš”.
[a-ppa-ga a-i-οΌΏοΌΏ jae-wo-sseo-yo]
Dad put the child to sleep. 😴
Answer
λ₯Ό [reul] β€” directly affected causee.
10. λ°”λžŒοΌΏοΌΏ 문이 λ‹«ν˜”μ–΄μš”.
[ba-ram-οΌΏοΌΏ mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo]
The door closed because of the wind. 🌬️
Answer
으둜 [eu-ro] β€” cause/reason after a batchim.
πŸ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • λ¬Έ [mun] β†’ door
  • λ‹«νžˆλ‹€ [da-chi-da] β†’ to be closed
  • λ¬Έμ„œ [mun-seo] β†’ document
  • λ‹΄λ‹Ήμž [dam-dang-ja] β†’ person in charge
  • μˆ˜μ •λ˜λ‹€ [su-jeong-doe-da] β†’ to be revised
  • 폭우 [po-gu] β†’ heavy rain
  • μ „ν™” [jeon-hwa] β†’ phone call
  • λŠκΈ°λ‹€ [kkeun-ki-da] β†’ to be disconnected
  • νŒ€μž₯ [tim-jang] β†’ team lead
  • 직원 [ji-gwon] β†’ employee
  • νšŒμ˜μ‹€ [hoe-ui-shil] β†’ meeting room
  • 자료 [ja-ryo] β†’ material
  • νšŒμ‚¬ [hoe-sa] β†’ company
  • μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ [sa-ram-deul] β†’ people
  • μ†Œμ‹ [so-sik] β†’ news
  • μœ„μ›νšŒ [wi-won-hoe] β†’ committee
  • 아이 [a-i] β†’ child
  • λ°”λžŒ [ba-ram] β†’ wind
Memory tips πŸ’‘
  • 이/κ°€ [i/ga] marks affected subjects.
  • μ—κ²Œ [e-ge] often marks the causee.
  • 에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae] is formal β€œby.”
πŸš€
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns these tiny particles into a full sentence-camera workout. 🧭
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πŸ“¦
🎯 Practice Hub β€” Synthesis: Using Advanced Particles with Passive/Causative
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Welcome to the advanced particle control room. 🧭 You’ll practice passive affected subjects, formal passive agents, cause markers, causative causees, direct-object causees, and report-style frames. By the end, 문이 λ‹«ν˜”μ–΄μš” [mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo] and νŒ€μž₯이 λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ—κ²Œ λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš” [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] will feel like organized traffic, not grammar spaghetti. 🍝
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πŸ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence aloud.
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πŸ“ Instructions: Fill in each blank or choose the best particle frame. Say the completed Korean sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the role: affected subject, formal agent, cause, causee, or direct object.
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Exercise 1 β€” Passive Subject + Formal Agent πŸ“°

A. λ¬ΈοΌΏοΌΏ λ‹«ν˜”μ–΄μš”.
[mun-οΌΏοΌΏ da-chyeo-sseo-yo]
The door got closed. πŸšͺ
Answer
이 [i] β€” 문이 [mu-ni] marks the affected subject.
B. ν‘œοΌΏοΌΏ νŒ”λ Έμ–΄μš”.
[pyo-οΌΏοΌΏ pal-lyeo-sseo-yo]
The ticket was sold. 🎟️
Answer
κ°€ [ga] β€” passive affected subject.
C. 문제＿＿ ν•΄κ²°λμ–΄μš”.
[mun-je-οΌΏοΌΏ hae-gyeol-dwae-sseo-yo]
The problem was resolved. 🧩
Answer
κ°€ [ga] β€” λ¬Έμ œκ°€ ν•΄κ²°λμ–΄μš” [mun-je-ga hae-gyeol-dwae-sseo-yo].
D. 자료＿＿ κ³΅κ°œλμ–΄μš”.
[ja-ryo-οΌΏοΌΏ gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo]
The material was made public. πŸ“„
Answer
κ°€ [ga] β€” affected subject.
E. λ¬Έμ„œκ°€ λ‹΄λ‹ΉμžοΌΏοΌΏ μˆ˜μ •λμ–΄μš”.
[mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-οΌΏοΌΏ su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo]
The document was revised by the person in charge. πŸ“
Answer
에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae] β€” formal β€œby.”
F. μžλ£Œκ°€ νšŒμ‚¬οΌΏοΌΏ κ³΅κ°œλμ–΄μš”.
[ja-ryo-ga hoe-sa-οΌΏοΌΏ gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo]
The material was made public by the company. 🏒
Answer
에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae].
G. λ¬Έμ œκ°€ νŒ€οΌΏοΌΏ ν•΄κ²°λμ–΄μš”.
[mun-je-ga tim-οΌΏοΌΏ hae-gyeol-dwae-sseo-yo]
The problem was resolved by the team. πŸ‘₯
Answer
에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae].
H. 일정＿＿ 곡지에 μ˜ν•΄ λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
[il-jeong-οΌΏοΌΏ gong-ji-e ui-hae ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo]
The schedule was changed by the notice. πŸ“Œ
Answer
이 [i] β€” 일정 [il-jeong] has batchim.
I. μ „ν™”οΌΏοΌΏ λŠκ²Όμ–΄μš”.
[jeon-hwa-οΌΏοΌΏ kkeun-kyeo-sseo-yo]
The call got disconnected. πŸ“΅
Answer
κ°€ [ga].
J. κ°€κ²ŒοΌΏοΌΏ μ—΄λ Έμ–΄μš”.
[ga-ge-οΌΏοΌΏ yeol-lyeo-sseo-yo]
The store opened / was opened. πŸͺ
Answer
κ°€ [ga].
πŸ“°
Vocabulary Box
  • λ¬Έ [mun] β†’ door
  • λ‹«νžˆλ‹€ [da-chi-da] β†’ to be closed
  • ν‘œ [pyo] β†’ ticket
  • νŒ”λ¦¬λ‹€ [pal-li-da] β†’ to be sold
  • 문제 [mun-je] β†’ problem
  • ν•΄κ²°λ˜λ‹€ [hae-gyeol-doe-da] β†’ to be resolved
  • 자료 [ja-ryo] β†’ material
  • κ³΅κ°œλ˜λ‹€ [gong-gae-doe-da] β†’ to be made public
  • λ¬Έμ„œ [mun-seo] β†’ document
  • λ‹΄λ‹Ήμž [dam-dang-ja] β†’ person in charge
  • μˆ˜μ •λ˜λ‹€ [su-jeong-doe-da] β†’ to be revised
  • νšŒμ‚¬ [hoe-sa] β†’ company
  • νŒ€ [tim] β†’ team
  • 일정 [il-jeong] β†’ schedule
  • 곡지 [gong-ji] β†’ notice
  • μ „ν™” [jeon-hwa] β†’ phone call
  • κ°€κ²Œ [ga-ge] β†’ store
Tip πŸ’‘ Passive reports usually start with the affected thing + 이/κ°€ [i/ga].
Β 

Exercise 2 β€” Cause and Means with 둜/으둜 🌬️

A. λ°”λžŒοΌΏοΌΏ 문이 λ‹«ν˜”μ–΄μš”.
[ba-ram-οΌΏοΌΏ mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo]
The door closed because of the wind. 🌬️
Answer
으둜 [eu-ro] β€” after batchim.
B. 폭우＿＿ μ „ν™”κ°€ λŠκ²Όμ–΄μš”.
[po-gu-οΌΏοΌΏ jeon-hwa-ga kkeun-kyeo-sseo-yo]
The call got disconnected because of heavy rain. 🌧️
Answer
둜 [ro] β€” after a vowel.
C. 곡지＿＿ 일정이 λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
[gong-ji-οΌΏοΌΏ il-jeong-i ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo]
The schedule changed because of the notice. πŸ“Œ
Answer
둜 [ro].
D. μ†Œμ‹οΌΏοΌΏ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ•Œκ²Œ λμ–΄μš”.
[so-sik-οΌΏοΌΏ sa-ram-deu-ri al-ge dwae-sseo-yo]
People found out because of the news. πŸ“’
Answer
으둜 [eu-ro] β€” cause/source after batchim.
E. λ¬Έμ„œοΌΏοΌΏ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ ν™•μΈλμ–΄μš”.
[mun-seo-οΌΏοΌΏ mun-je-ga hwag-in-dwae-sseo-yo]
The problem was confirmed through the document. πŸ“
Answer
둜 [ro] β€” means/source.
F. 회의＿＿ 일정이 μ •λ¦¬λμ–΄μš”.
[hoe-ui-οΌΏοΌΏ il-jeong-i jeong-ni-dwae-sseo-yo]
The schedule was organized through the meeting. πŸ“…
Answer
둜 [ro].
G. μ „ν™”οΌΏοΌΏ μ†Œμ‹μ΄ μ•Œλ €μ‘Œμ–΄μš”.
[jeon-hwa-οΌΏοΌΏ so-si-gi al-lyeo-jyeo-sseo-yo]
The news became known by phone. ☎️
Answer
둜 [ro].
H. 문제＿＿ νšŒμ˜κ°€ μ—°κΈ°λμ–΄μš”.
[mun-je-οΌΏοΌΏ hoe-ui-ga yeon-gi-dwae-sseo-yo]
The meeting was postponed because of the problem. 🧩
Answer
둜 [ro].
I. 자료＿＿ 결정이 λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
[ja-ryo-οΌΏοΌΏ gyeol-jeong-i ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo]
The decision changed because of the material. πŸ“„
Answer
둜 [ro].
J. νŒ€ 의견＿＿ κ³„νšμ΄ μˆ˜μ •λμ–΄μš”.
[tim ui-gyeon-οΌΏοΌΏ gye-hoe-gi su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo]
The plan was revised because of the team opinion. πŸ‘₯
Answer
으둜 [eu-ro] β€” after batchim in 의견 [ui-gyeon].
🌬️
Vocabulary Box
  • λ°”λžŒ [ba-ram] β†’ wind
  • 폭우 [po-gu] β†’ heavy rain
  • 곡지 [gong-ji] β†’ notice
  • μ†Œμ‹ [so-sik] β†’ news
  • μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ [sa-ram-deul] β†’ people
  • μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜λ‹€ [al-ge doe-da] β†’ to find out / come to know
  • ν™•μΈλ˜λ‹€ [hwag-in-doe-da] β†’ to be confirmed
  • 회의 [hoe-ui] β†’ meeting
  • μ •λ¦¬λ˜λ‹€ [jeong-ni-doe-da] β†’ to be organized
  • μ•Œλ €μ§€λ‹€ [al-lyeo-ji-da] β†’ to become known
  • μ—°κΈ°λ˜λ‹€ [yeon-gi-doe-da] β†’ to be postponed
  • κ²°μ • [gyeol-jeong] β†’ decision
  • κ³„νš [gye-hoek] β†’ plan
  • 의견 [ui-gyeon] β†’ opinion
Tip πŸ’‘ 둜/으둜 [ro/eu-ro] often marks the cause or means behind the result.
Β 

Exercise 3 β€” Causative Causee: μ—κ²Œ vs 을/λ₯Ό πŸ‘₯

A. μ„ μƒλ‹˜μ΄ 학생＿＿ 책을 μ½ν˜”μ–΄μš”.
[seon-saeng-ni-mi hak-saeng-οΌΏοΌΏ chae-geul il-kyeo-sseo-yo]
The teacher made the student read a book. πŸ“–
Answer
μ—κ²Œ [e-ge] β€” causee who performs the reading.
B. νŒ€μž₯이 λ‹΄λ‹ΉμžοΌΏοΌΏ λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-οΌΏοΌΏ mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The team lead made the person in charge revise the document. πŸ‘”
Answer
μ—κ²Œ [e-ge].
C. κ΄€λ¦¬μžκ°€ 직원＿＿ νšŒμ˜μ‹€μ— μ•‰ν˜”μ–΄μš”.
[gwan-li-ja-ga ji-gwon-οΌΏοΌΏ hoe-ui-shi-re an-chyeo-sseo-yo]
The manager seated the employee in the meeting room. πŸͺ‘
Answer
을 [eul] β€” directly affected person.
D. μ•„λΉ κ°€ 아이＿＿ μž¬μ› μ–΄μš”.
[a-ppa-ga a-i-οΌΏοΌΏ jae-wo-sseo-yo]
Dad put the child to sleep. 😴
Answer
λ₯Ό [reul].
E. μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ μ €οΌΏοΌΏ μ›ƒκ²Όμ–΄μš”.
[chin-gu-ga jeo-οΌΏοΌΏ ut-gyeo-sseo-yo]
My friend made me laugh. πŸ˜‚
Answer
λ₯Ό [reul].
F. νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€οΌΏοΌΏ μ†Œμ‹μ„ μ•Œλ Έμ–΄μš”.
[hoe-sa-ga sa-ram-deul-οΌΏοΌΏ so-si-geul al-lyeo-sseo-yo]
The company informed people of the news. πŸ“’
Answer
μ—κ²Œ [e-ge].
G. κ΄€λ¦¬μžκ°€ 직원＿＿ 문을 λ‹«κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[gwan-li-ja-ga ji-gwon-οΌΏοΌΏ mu-neul dat-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The manager had the employee close the door. πŸšͺ
Answer
μ—κ²Œ [e-ge] β€” the employee performs the action.
H. μ„ μƒλ‹˜μ΄ 학생＿＿ λ¬Έμž₯을 μ“°κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[seon-saeng-ni-mi hak-saeng-οΌΏοΌΏ mun-jang-eul sseu-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The teacher made the student write the sentence. ✍️
Answer
μ—κ²Œ [e-ge].
I. νŒ€μž₯이 νŒ€οΌΏοΌΏ 문제λ₯Ό ν’€κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[tim-jang-i tim-οΌΏοΌΏ mun-je-reul pul-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The team lead made the team solve the problem. 🧩
Answer
μ—κ²Œ [e-ge].
J. λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μ΄ 아이＿＿ μ˜·μ„ μž…ν˜”μ–΄μš”.
[bu-mo-ni-mi a-i-οΌΏοΌΏ o-seul i-pyeo-sseo-yo]
The parents dressed the child in clothes. πŸ‘•
Answer
μ—κ²Œ [e-ge] β€” natural with μ˜·μ„ μž…νžˆλ‹€ [o-seul i-pi-da].
πŸ‘₯
Vocabulary Box
  • μ„ μƒλ‹˜ [seon-saeng-nim] β†’ teacher
  • 학생 [hak-saeng] β†’ student
  • μ±… [chaek] β†’ book
  • μ½νžˆλ‹€ [il-ki-da] β†’ to make someone read / to be read
  • κ΄€λ¦¬μž [gwan-li-ja] β†’ manager
  • 직원 [ji-gwon] β†’ employee
  • μ•‰νžˆλ‹€ [an-chi-da] β†’ to seat someone
  • μ•„λΉ  [a-ppa] β†’ dad
  • μž¬μš°λ‹€ [jae-u-da] β†’ to put to sleep
  • 웃기닀 [ut-gi-da] β†’ to make laugh / be funny
  • μ•Œλ¦¬λ‹€ [al-li-da] β†’ to inform
  • λ¬Έμž₯ [mun-jang] β†’ sentence
  • μ“°λ‹€ [sseu-da] β†’ to write/use
  • ν’€λ‹€ [pul-da] β†’ to solve
  • λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜ [bu-mo-nim] β†’ parents
  • 옷 [ot] β†’ clothes
  • μž…νžˆλ‹€ [i-pi-da] β†’ to dress someone
Tip πŸ’‘ μ—κ²Œ [e-ge] often marks the person made to act; 을/λ₯Ό [eul/reul] marks someone directly affected.
Β 

Exercise 4 β€” Formal Written Frame: 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ πŸ›οΈ

A. μœ„μ›νšŒκ°€ νŒ€μž₯οΌΏοΌΏ 자료λ₯Ό κ³΅κ°œν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[wi-won-hoe-ga tim-jang-οΌΏοΌΏ ja-ryo-reul gong-gae-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The committee caused the team lead to make the material public. πŸ›οΈ
Answer
으둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [eu-ro ha-yeo-geum] β€” after batchim.
B. νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ λ‹΄λ‹ΉμžοΌΏοΌΏ 곡지λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[hoe-sa-ga dam-dang-ja-οΌΏοΌΏ gong-ji-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The company had the person in charge revise the notice. πŸ“Œ
Answer
둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum] β€” after a vowel.
C. κ΄€λ¦¬μžκ°€ 직원＿＿ 문을 λ‹«κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[gwan-li-ja-ga ji-gwon-οΌΏοΌΏ mu-neul dat-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The manager caused the employee to close the door. πŸšͺ
Answer
으둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [eu-ro ha-yeo-geum] β€” formal written style.
D. νŒ€μž₯이 νŒ€οΌΏοΌΏ 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[tim-jang-i tim-οΌΏοΌΏ mun-je-reul hae-gyeol-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The team lead caused the team to resolve the problem. 🧩
Answer
으둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [eu-ro ha-yeo-geum].
E. νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€οΌΏοΌΏ μ†Œμ‹μ„ μ•Œκ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[hoe-sa-ga sa-ram-deul-οΌΏοΌΏ so-si-geul al-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The company caused people to learn the news. πŸ“’
Answer
둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum] β€” plural marker ends in a vowel sound here.
F. μ„ μƒλ‹˜μ΄ 학생＿＿ λ¬Έμž₯을 μ“°κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[seon-saeng-ni-mi hak-saeng-οΌΏοΌΏ mun-jang-eul sseu-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The teacher caused the student to write the sentence. ✍️
Answer
으둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [eu-ro ha-yeo-geum].
G. 곡지＿＿ λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžκ°€ κ³„νšμ„ λ°”κΎΈκ²Œ λμ–΄μš”.
[gong-ji-οΌΏοΌΏ dam-dang-ja-ga gye-hoe-geul ba-kku-ge dwae-sseo-yo]
Because of the notice, the person in charge ended up changing the plan. πŸ“Œ
Answer
둜 [ro] β€” this is cause, not 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum].
H. μœ„μ›νšŒκ°€ νšŒμ‚¬οΌΏοΌΏ 자료λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[wi-won-hoe-ga hoe-sa-οΌΏοΌΏ ja-ryo-reul hwag-in-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The committee caused the company to check the material. 🏒
Answer
둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum].
I. νŒ€μž₯이 λ‹΄λ‹ΉμžοΌΏοΌΏ μ „ν™”ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-οΌΏοΌΏ jeon-hwa-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The team lead had the person in charge call. ☎️
Answer
둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum] for formal writing; μ—κ²Œ [e-ge] is more natural in ordinary speech.
J. νšŒμ‚¬οΌΏοΌΏ μžλ£Œκ°€ κ³΅κ°œλμ–΄μš”.
[hoe-sa-οΌΏοΌΏ ja-ryo-ga gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo]
The material was made public by the company. 🏒
Answer
에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae] β€” passive agent, not causative 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum].
πŸ›οΈ
Vocabulary Box
  • μœ„μ›νšŒ [wi-won-hoe] β†’ committee
  • νŒ€μž₯ [tim-jang] β†’ team lead
  • κ³΅κ°œν•˜λ‹€ [gong-gae-ha-da] β†’ to make public
  • 곡지 [gong-ji] β†’ notice
  • μˆ˜μ •ν•˜λ‹€ [su-jeong-ha-da] β†’ to revise
  • λ‹«λ‹€ [dat-da] β†’ to close
  • ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λ‹€ [hae-gyeol-ha-da] β†’ to resolve
  • μ•Œλ‹€ [al-da] β†’ to know
  • μ“°λ‹€ [sseu-da] β†’ to write/use
  • λ°”κΎΈλ‹€ [ba-kku-da] β†’ to change
  • ν™•μΈν•˜λ‹€ [hwag-in-ha-da] β†’ to check/confirm
  • μ „ν™”ν•˜λ‹€ [jeon-hwa-ha-da] β†’ to call
  • 에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae] β†’ by, formal passive agent
  • 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum] β†’ to cause someone to
Tip πŸ’‘ 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum] points to the person/entity caused to act; 에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae] points to a formal passive agent.
Β 

Exercise 5 β€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol πŸ›‘οΈ

A. Fix: ❌ 문을 λ‹«ν˜”μ–΄μš”.
[mu-neul da-chyeo-sseo-yo]
The door got closed. πŸšͺ
Answer
βœ… 문이 λ‹«ν˜”μ–΄μš”. [mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo] β€” passive affected subject uses 이/κ°€ [i/ga].
B. Fix: ❌ 자료λ₯Ό κ³΅κ°œλμ–΄μš”.
[ja-ryo-reul gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo]
The material was made public. πŸ“„
Answer
βœ… μžλ£Œκ°€ κ³΅κ°œλμ–΄μš”. [ja-ryo-ga gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo] β€” the material is affected, so use κ°€ [ga].
C. Fix: ❌ λ¬Έμ„œκ°€ λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžλ₯Ό μ˜ν•΄ μˆ˜μ •λμ–΄μš”.
[mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-reul ui-hae su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo]
The document was revised by the person in charge. πŸ“
Answer
βœ… λ¬Έμ„œκ°€ λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ— μ˜ν•΄ μˆ˜μ •λμ–΄μš”. [mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-e ui-hae su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo] β€” formal agent uses 에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae].
D. Fix: ❌ νŒ€μž₯이 λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžλ₯Ό λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-reul mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The team lead made the person in charge revise the document. πŸ‘”
Answer
βœ… νŒ€μž₯이 λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ—κ²Œ λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] β€” causee + μ—κ²Œ [e-ge].
E. Choose the formal passive agent: νšŒμ‚¬οΌΏοΌΏ μžλ£Œκ°€ κ³΅κ°œλμ–΄μš”.
[hoe-sa-οΌΏοΌΏ ja-ryo-ga gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo]
The material was made public by the company. 🏒
Answer
에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae] β€” not 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum].
F. Choose the formal causative causee: μœ„μ›νšŒκ°€ νŒ€μž₯οΌΏοΌΏ 자료λ₯Ό κ³΅κ°œν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[wi-won-hoe-ga tim-jang-οΌΏοΌΏ ja-ryo-reul gong-gae-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The committee caused the team lead to make the material public. πŸ›οΈ
Answer
으둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [eu-ro ha-yeo-geum] β€” formal causee after batchim.
G. Fix: ❌ ν­μš°μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ „ν™”κ°€ λŠκ²Όμ–΄μš”.
[po-gu-e ui-hae jeon-hwa-ga kkeun-kyeo-sseo-yo]
The call got disconnected because of heavy rain. 🌧️
Answer
βœ… 폭우둜 μ „ν™”κ°€ λŠκ²Όμ–΄μš”. [po-gu-ro jeon-hwa-ga kkeun-kyeo-sseo-yo] β€” natural cause/reason uses 둜 [ro].
H. Choose the natural everyday version:
β‘  νŒ€μž₯이 λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžμ—κ²Œ λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
β‘‘ νŒ€μž₯이 λ‹΄λ‹Ήμžλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
[tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo / tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-ro ha-yeo-geum mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]
The team lead made the person in charge revise the document. πŸ‘”
Answer
β‘  is more natural in everyday speech. β‘‘ is formal/written.
I. Fix: ❌ κ΄€λ¦¬μžκ°€ μ§μ›μ—κ²Œ νšŒμ˜μ‹€μ— μ•‰ν˜”μ–΄μš”.
[gwan-li-ja-ga ji-gwo-ne-ge hoe-ui-shi-re an-chyeo-sseo-yo]
The manager seated the employee in the meeting room. πŸͺ‘
Answer
βœ… κ΄€λ¦¬μžκ°€ 직원을 νšŒμ˜μ‹€μ— μ•‰ν˜”μ–΄μš”. [gwan-li-ja-ga ji-gwo-neul hoe-ui-shi-re an-chyeo-sseo-yo] β€” μ•‰νžˆλ‹€ [an-chi-da] directly affects the employee.
J. Fix: ❌ νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ†Œμ‹μ„ μ•Œλ Έμ–΄μš”.
[hoe-sa-ga sa-ram-deu-reul so-si-geul al-lyeo-sseo-yo]
The company informed people of the news. πŸ“’
Answer
βœ… νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ†Œμ‹μ„ μ•Œλ Έμ–΄μš”. [hoe-sa-ga sa-ram-deu-re-ge so-si-geul al-lyeo-sseo-yo] β€” recipient/causee-like target uses μ—κ²Œ [e-ge].
πŸ›‘οΈ
Vocabulary Box
  • μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λ‹€ [su-jeong-ha-ge ha-da] β†’ to make someone revise
  • κ³΅κ°œν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λ‹€ [gong-gae-ha-ge ha-da] β†’ to make someone make public
  • μ•‰νžˆλ‹€ [an-chi-da] β†’ to seat someone
  • μ•Œλ¦¬λ‹€ [al-li-da] β†’ to inform
  • μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½λ‹€ [ja-yeon-seu-reop-da] β†’ to be natural
  • 격식적이닀 [gyeok-sik-jeo-gi-da] β†’ to be formal
  • 일상 λŒ€ν™” [il-sang dae-hwa] β†’ everyday conversation
  • λ³΄κ³ μ„œ [bo-go-seo] β†’ report
  • 피동 β†’ passive
  • 사동 β†’ causative
  • 쑰사 β†’ particle
Tip πŸ’‘ If the sentence sounds like a report, 에 μ˜ν•΄ [e ui-hae] and 둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ [ro ha-yeo-geum] may fit. If it sounds like a normal update, 이/κ°€ [i/ga], μ—κ²Œ [e-ge], and 을/λ₯Ό [eul/reul] usually carry the day.
Β 
πŸŽ‰ You finished the advanced particle synthesis workout. You can now tell whether a sentence is spotlighting the affected thing, naming a formal agent, explaining a cause, or making someone do something β€” all with particles that look tiny but run the whole control panel. 🧭✨