Synthesis: Using Advanced Particles with Passive/Causative

🔊

🎧 Iru Helper Note — Use

Korean Helper Widgets to hear how tiny particles change the sentence camera. Try 자료가 회사에 의해 공개됐어요 [ja-ryo-ga hoe-sa-e ui-hae gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo] — The material was made public by the company, and 회사가 담당자에게 자료를 공개하게 했어요 [hoe-sa-ga dam-dang-ja-e-ge ja-ryo-reul gong-gae-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] — The company made the person in charge make the material public.

🌈 The Big Picture

• 담당자가 문서를 수정했어요. [dam-dang-ja-ga mun-seo-reul su-jeong-hae-sseo-yo] — The person in charge revised the document. 📝

• 문서가 수정됐어요. [mun-seo-ga su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo] — The document was revised. 📄

• 문서가 담당자에 의해 수정됐어요. [mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-e ui-hae su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo] — The document was revised by the person in charge. 📰

• 팀장이 담당자에게 문서를 수정하게 했어요. [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] — The team lead made the person in charge revise the document. 👔

🎨 The Core Particle + Passive/Causative Family

1. Passive affected subject: 이/가 [i/ga] 🧲

• 문이 닫혔어요. [mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo] — The door got closed. 문 [mun] = door; 닫히다 [da-chi-da] = to be closed. 🚪

• 표가 팔렸어요. [pyo-ga pal-lyeo-sseo-yo] — The ticket was sold. 표 [pyo] = ticket; 팔리다 [pal-li-da] = to be sold. 🎟️

• 문제가 해결됐어요. [mun-je-ga hae-gyeol-dwae-sseo-yo] — The problem was resolved. 문제 [mun-je] = problem; 해결되다 [hae-gyeol-doe-da] = to be resolved. 🧩

2. Passive agent in formal writing: 에 의해 / 에 의하여 [e ui-hae / e ui-ha-yeo] 📰

• 자료가 회사에 의해 공개됐어요. [ja-ryo-ga hoe-sa-e ui-hae gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo] — The material was made public by the company. 📄

• 문서가 담당자에 의해 수정됐어요. [mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-e ui-hae su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo] — The document was revised by the person in charge. 📝

• 문제가 팀에 의해 해결됐어요. [mun-je-ga ti-me ui-hae hae-gyeol-dwae-sseo-yo] — The problem was resolved by the team. 🧩

3. Cause, reason, or means: 로/으로 [ro/eu-ro] 🌬️

• 바람으로 문이 닫혔어요. [ba-ra-meu-ro mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo] — The door closed because of the wind. 🌬️

• 폭우로 전화가 끊겼어요. [po-gu-ro jeon-hwa-ga kkeun-kyeo-sseo-yo] — The call got disconnected because of heavy rain. 🌧️

• 공지로 일정이 바뀌었어요. [gong-ji-ro il-jeong-i ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo] — The schedule changed because of the notice / through the notice. 📌

4. Causative causee: 에게/한테/께 [e-ge/han-te/kke] 👥

• 선생님이 학생에게 책을 읽혔어요. [seon-saeng-ni-mi hak-saeng-e-ge chae-geul il-kyeo-sseo-yo] — The teacher made the student read a book. 📖

• 팀장이 담당자에게 문서를 수정하게 했어요. [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] — The team lead made the person in charge revise the document. 👔

• 회사가 사람들에게 소식을 알렸어요. [hoe-sa-ga sa-ram-deu-re-ge so-si-geul al-lyeo-sseo-yo] — The company informed people of the news. 📢

5. Directly affected causee/object: 을/를 [eul/reul] 🛠️

• 관리자가 직원을 회의실에 앉혔어요. [gwan-li-ja-ga ji-gwo-neul hoe-ui-shi-re an-chyeo-sseo-yo] — The manager seated the employee in the meeting room. 🪑

• 아빠가 아이를 재웠어요. [a-ppa-ga a-i-reul jae-wo-sseo-yo] — Dad put the child to sleep. 😴

• 친구가 저를 웃겼어요. [chin-gu-ga jeo-reul ut-gyeo-sseo-yo] — My friend made me laugh. 😂

6. Formal causative frame: 로 하여금 [ro ha-yeo-geum] 🏛️

• 위원회가 팀장으로 하여금 자료를 공개하게 했어요. [wi-won-hoe-ga tim-jang-eu-ro ha-yeo-geum ja-ryo-reul gong-gae-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] — The committee caused the team lead to make the material public. 🏛️

• 회사가 담당자로 하여금 공지를 수정하게 했어요. [hoe-sa-ga dam-dang-ja-ro ha-yeo-geum gong-ji-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] — The company had the person in charge revise the notice. 📌

🛠️ How They Work in a Sentence

• 문서가 담당자에 의해 수정됐어요. [mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-e ui-hae su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo] — The document was revised by the person in charge. 📝
Use this when the document is the focus, but the doer still matters in a formal tone.

• 팀장이 담당자에게 문서를 수정하게 했어요. [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] — The team lead made the person in charge revise the document. 👔
팀장 [tim-jang] = team lead; 담당자 [dam-dang-ja] = person in charge; 문서 [mun-seo] = document.

• 폭우로 전화가 끊겼어요. [po-gu-ro jeon-hwa-ga kkeun-kyeo-sseo-yo] — The call got disconnected because of heavy rain. 📵
폭우 [po-gu] = heavy rain; 전화 [jeon-hwa] = phone call; 끊기다 [kkeun-ki-da] = to be disconnected.

🧩 General Formation Rule

Passive particle map

• Affected thing + 이/가 [i/ga] + passive/passive-style verb.

• Optional formal doer: doer + 에 의해 [e ui-hae].

• Cause/reason/means: cause noun + 로/으로 [ro/eu-ro].

Causative particle map

• Causer + 이/가 [i/ga] + causee + 에게/한테/께 [e-ge/han-te/kke] + action/object + causative verb or -게 하다 [-ge ha-da].

• Directly affected causee + 을/를 [eul/reul] + causative verb.

• Formal written causee: causee + 로 하여금 [ro ha-yeo-geum] + verb + -게 하다 [-ge ha-da].

📚 Cross-check note

🪞 Synonym Alert

• 에 의해 [e ui-hae] and 에 의하여 [e ui-ha-yeo] — formal “by”; 에 의하여 is fuller and more written.

• 에게 [e-ge] and 한테 [han-te] — “to someone”; 에게 is neutral/written, 한테 is more conversational.

• 께 [kke] — honorific “to” for respected people.

• 로 하여금 [ro ha-yeo-geum] — formal “cause someone to”; use it in writing, not café small talk unless your coffee has a law degree. ☕

⚠️ Pitfalls to Dodge

• ❌ 문을 닫혔어요 [mu-neul da-chyeo-sseo-yo] → ✅ 문이 닫혔어요 [mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo] because passive affected subjects use 이/가 [i/ga].

• ❌ 문서가 담당자를 의해 수정됐어요 [mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-reul ui-hae su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo] → ✅ 문서가 담당자에 의해 수정됐어요 [mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-e ui-hae su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo] because 에 의해 [e ui-hae] marks the agent.

• ❌ 팀장이 담당자를 문서를 수정하게 했어요 [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-reul mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] → ✅ 팀장이 담당자에게 문서를 수정하게 했어요 [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] because the causee is marked with 에게 [e-ge] in this frame.

• ❌ Using 로 하여금 [ro ha-yeo-geum] in every conversation → ✅ save it for formal writing and reports.

• ❌ Treating 로/으로 [ro/eu-ro] as a human “by” marker in passive sentences → ✅ use 에 의해 [e ui-hae] for formal human/institution agents.

📦

🎯 Practice Hub — Synthesis: Using Advanced Particles with Passive/Causative

 

Welcome to the advanced particle control room. 🧭 You’ll practice passive affected subjects, formal passive agents, cause markers, causative causees, direct-object causees, and report-style frames. By the end, 문이 닫혔어요 [mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo] and 팀장이 담당자에게 문서를 수정하게 했어요 [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] will feel like organized traffic, not grammar spaghetti. 🍝

 

🔊 Audio reminder: Use

Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence aloud.

 

📝 Instructions: Fill in each blank or choose the best particle frame. Say the completed Korean sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the role: affected subject, formal agent, cause, causee, or direct object.

 

Exercise 1 — Passive Subject + Formal Agent 📰

A. 문＿＿ 닫혔어요.

[mun-＿＿ da-chyeo-sseo-yo]

The door got closed. 🚪

Answer

이 [i] — 문이 [mu-ni] marks the affected subject.

B. 표＿＿ 팔렸어요.

[pyo-＿＿ pal-lyeo-sseo-yo]

The ticket was sold. 🎟️

Answer

가 [ga] — passive affected subject.

C. 문제＿＿ 해결됐어요.

[mun-je-＿＿ hae-gyeol-dwae-sseo-yo]

The problem was resolved. 🧩

Answer

가 [ga] — 문제가 해결됐어요 [mun-je-ga hae-gyeol-dwae-sseo-yo].

D. 자료＿＿ 공개됐어요.

[ja-ryo-＿＿ gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo]

The material was made public. 📄

Answer

가 [ga] — affected subject.

E. 문서가 담당자＿＿ 수정됐어요.

[mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-＿＿ su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo]

The document was revised by the person in charge. 📝

Answer

에 의해 [e ui-hae] — formal “by.”

F. 자료가 회사＿＿ 공개됐어요.

[ja-ryo-ga hoe-sa-＿＿ gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo]

The material was made public by the company. 🏢

Answer

에 의해 [e ui-hae].

G. 문제가 팀＿＿ 해결됐어요.

[mun-je-ga tim-＿＿ hae-gyeol-dwae-sseo-yo]

The problem was resolved by the team. 👥

Answer

에 의해 [e ui-hae].

H. 일정＿＿ 공지에 의해 바뀌었어요.

[il-jeong-＿＿ gong-ji-e ui-hae ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo]

The schedule was changed by the notice. 📌

Answer

이 [i] — 일정 [il-jeong] has batchim.

I. 전화＿＿ 끊겼어요.

[jeon-hwa-＿＿ kkeun-kyeo-sseo-yo]

The call got disconnected. 📵

Answer

가 [ga].

J. 가게＿＿ 열렸어요.

[ga-ge-＿＿ yeol-lyeo-sseo-yo]

The store opened / was opened. 🏪

Answer

가 [ga].

📰

Vocabulary Box

• 문 [mun] → door

• 닫히다 [da-chi-da] → to be closed

• 표 [pyo] → ticket

• 팔리다 [pal-li-da] → to be sold

• 문제 [mun-je] → problem

• 해결되다 [hae-gyeol-doe-da] → to be resolved

• 자료 [ja-ryo] → material

• 공개되다 [gong-gae-doe-da] → to be made public

• 문서 [mun-seo] → document

• 담당자 [dam-dang-ja] → person in charge

• 수정되다 [su-jeong-doe-da] → to be revised

• 회사 [hoe-sa] → company

• 팀 [tim] → team

• 일정 [il-jeong] → schedule

• 공지 [gong-ji] → notice

• 전화 [jeon-hwa] → phone call

• 가게 [ga-ge] → store

Tip 💡 Passive reports usually start with the affected thing + 이/가 [i/ga].

 

Exercise 2 — Cause and Means with 로/으로 🌬️

A. 바람＿＿ 문이 닫혔어요.

[ba-ram-＿＿ mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo]

The door closed because of the wind. 🌬️

Answer

으로 [eu-ro] — after batchim.

B. 폭우＿＿ 전화가 끊겼어요.

[po-gu-＿＿ jeon-hwa-ga kkeun-kyeo-sseo-yo]

The call got disconnected because of heavy rain. 🌧️

Answer

로 [ro] — after a vowel.

C. 공지＿＿ 일정이 바뀌었어요.

[gong-ji-＿＿ il-jeong-i ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo]

The schedule changed because of the notice. 📌

Answer

로 [ro].

D. 소식＿＿ 사람들이 알게 됐어요.

[so-sik-＿＿ sa-ram-deu-ri al-ge dwae-sseo-yo]

People found out because of the news. 📢

Answer

으로 [eu-ro] — cause/source after batchim.

E. 문서＿＿ 문제가 확인됐어요.

[mun-seo-＿＿ mun-je-ga hwag-in-dwae-sseo-yo]

The problem was confirmed through the document. 📝

Answer

로 [ro] — means/source.

F. 회의＿＿ 일정이 정리됐어요.

[hoe-ui-＿＿ il-jeong-i jeong-ni-dwae-sseo-yo]

The schedule was organized through the meeting. 📅

Answer

로 [ro].

G. 전화＿＿ 소식이 알려졌어요.

[jeon-hwa-＿＿ so-si-gi al-lyeo-jyeo-sseo-yo]

The news became known by phone. ☎️

Answer

로 [ro].

H. 문제＿＿ 회의가 연기됐어요.

[mun-je-＿＿ hoe-ui-ga yeon-gi-dwae-sseo-yo]

The meeting was postponed because of the problem. 🧩

Answer

로 [ro].

I. 자료＿＿ 결정이 바뀌었어요.

[ja-ryo-＿＿ gyeol-jeong-i ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo]

The decision changed because of the material. 📄

Answer

로 [ro].

J. 팀 의견＿＿ 계획이 수정됐어요.

[tim ui-gyeon-＿＿ gye-hoe-gi su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo]

The plan was revised because of the team opinion. 👥

Answer

으로 [eu-ro] — after batchim in 의견 [ui-gyeon].

🌬️

Vocabulary Box

• 바람 [ba-ram] → wind

• 폭우 [po-gu] → heavy rain

• 공지 [gong-ji] → notice

• 소식 [so-sik] → news

• 사람들 [sa-ram-deul] → people

• 알게 되다 [al-ge doe-da] → to find out / come to know

• 확인되다 [hwag-in-doe-da] → to be confirmed

• 회의 [hoe-ui] → meeting

• 정리되다 [jeong-ni-doe-da] → to be organized

• 알려지다 [al-lyeo-ji-da] → to become known

• 연기되다 [yeon-gi-doe-da] → to be postponed

• 결정 [gyeol-jeong] → decision

• 계획 [gye-hoek] → plan

• 의견 [ui-gyeon] → opinion

Tip 💡 로/으로 [ro/eu-ro] often marks the cause or means behind the result.

 

Exercise 3 — Causative Causee: 에게 vs 을/를 👥

A. 선생님이 학생＿＿ 책을 읽혔어요.

[seon-saeng-ni-mi hak-saeng-＿＿ chae-geul il-kyeo-sseo-yo]

The teacher made the student read a book. 📖

Answer

에게 [e-ge] — causee who performs the reading.

B. 팀장이 담당자＿＿ 문서를 수정하게 했어요.

[tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-＿＿ mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The team lead made the person in charge revise the document. 👔

Answer

에게 [e-ge].

C. 관리자가 직원＿＿ 회의실에 앉혔어요.

[gwan-li-ja-ga ji-gwon-＿＿ hoe-ui-shi-re an-chyeo-sseo-yo]

The manager seated the employee in the meeting room. 🪑

Answer

을 [eul] — directly affected person.

D. 아빠가 아이＿＿ 재웠어요.

[a-ppa-ga a-i-＿＿ jae-wo-sseo-yo]

Dad put the child to sleep. 😴

Answer

를 [reul].

E. 친구가 저＿＿ 웃겼어요.

[chin-gu-ga jeo-＿＿ ut-gyeo-sseo-yo]

My friend made me laugh. 😂

Answer

를 [reul].

F. 회사가 사람들＿＿ 소식을 알렸어요.

[hoe-sa-ga sa-ram-deul-＿＿ so-si-geul al-lyeo-sseo-yo]

The company informed people of the news. 📢

Answer

에게 [e-ge].

G. 관리자가 직원＿＿ 문을 닫게 했어요.

[gwan-li-ja-ga ji-gwon-＿＿ mu-neul dat-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The manager had the employee close the door. 🚪

Answer

에게 [e-ge] — the employee performs the action.

H. 선생님이 학생＿＿ 문장을 쓰게 했어요.

[seon-saeng-ni-mi hak-saeng-＿＿ mun-jang-eul sseu-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The teacher made the student write the sentence. ✍️

Answer

에게 [e-ge].

I. 팀장이 팀＿＿ 문제를 풀게 했어요.

[tim-jang-i tim-＿＿ mun-je-reul pul-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The team lead made the team solve the problem. 🧩

Answer

에게 [e-ge].

J. 부모님이 아이＿＿ 옷을 입혔어요.

[bu-mo-ni-mi a-i-＿＿ o-seul i-pyeo-sseo-yo]

The parents dressed the child in clothes. 👕

Answer

에게 [e-ge] — natural with 옷을 입히다 [o-seul i-pi-da].

👥

Vocabulary Box

• 선생님 [seon-saeng-nim] → teacher

• 학생 [hak-saeng] → student

• 책 [chaek] → book

• 읽히다 [il-ki-da] → to make someone read / to be read

• 관리자 [gwan-li-ja] → manager

• 직원 [ji-gwon] → employee

• 앉히다 [an-chi-da] → to seat someone

• 아빠 [a-ppa] → dad

• 재우다 [jae-u-da] → to put to sleep

• 웃기다 [ut-gi-da] → to make laugh / be funny

• 알리다 [al-li-da] → to inform

• 문장 [mun-jang] → sentence

• 쓰다 [sseu-da] → to write/use

• 풀다 [pul-da] → to solve

• 부모님 [bu-mo-nim] → parents

• 옷 [ot] → clothes

• 입히다 [i-pi-da] → to dress someone

Tip 💡 에게 [e-ge] often marks the person made to act; 을/를 [eul/reul] marks someone directly affected.

 

Exercise 4 — Formal Written Frame: 로 하여금 🏛️

A. 위원회가 팀장＿＿ 자료를 공개하게 했어요.

[wi-won-hoe-ga tim-jang-＿＿ ja-ryo-reul gong-gae-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The committee caused the team lead to make the material public. 🏛️

Answer

으로 하여금 [eu-ro ha-yeo-geum] — after batchim.

B. 회사가 담당자＿＿ 공지를 수정하게 했어요.

[hoe-sa-ga dam-dang-ja-＿＿ gong-ji-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The company had the person in charge revise the notice. 📌

Answer

로 하여금 [ro ha-yeo-geum] — after a vowel.

C. 관리자가 직원＿＿ 문을 닫게 했어요.

[gwan-li-ja-ga ji-gwon-＿＿ mu-neul dat-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The manager caused the employee to close the door. 🚪

Answer

으로 하여금 [eu-ro ha-yeo-geum] — formal written style.

D. 팀장이 팀＿＿ 문제를 해결하게 했어요.

[tim-jang-i tim-＿＿ mun-je-reul hae-gyeol-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The team lead caused the team to resolve the problem. 🧩

Answer

으로 하여금 [eu-ro ha-yeo-geum].

E. 회사가 사람들＿＿ 소식을 알게 했어요.

[hoe-sa-ga sa-ram-deul-＿＿ so-si-geul al-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The company caused people to learn the news. 📢

Answer

로 하여금 [ro ha-yeo-geum] — plural marker ends in a vowel sound here.

F. 선생님이 학생＿＿ 문장을 쓰게 했어요.

[seon-saeng-ni-mi hak-saeng-＿＿ mun-jang-eul sseu-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The teacher caused the student to write the sentence. ✍️

Answer

으로 하여금 [eu-ro ha-yeo-geum].

G. 공지＿＿ 담당자가 계획을 바꾸게 됐어요.

[gong-ji-＿＿ dam-dang-ja-ga gye-hoe-geul ba-kku-ge dwae-sseo-yo]

Because of the notice, the person in charge ended up changing the plan. 📌

Answer

로 [ro] — this is cause, not 로 하여금 [ro ha-yeo-geum].

H. 위원회가 회사＿＿ 자료를 확인하게 했어요.

[wi-won-hoe-ga hoe-sa-＿＿ ja-ryo-reul hwag-in-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The committee caused the company to check the material. 🏢

Answer

로 하여금 [ro ha-yeo-geum].

I. 팀장이 담당자＿＿ 전화하게 했어요.

[tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-＿＿ jeon-hwa-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The team lead had the person in charge call. ☎️

Answer

로 하여금 [ro ha-yeo-geum] for formal writing; 에게 [e-ge] is more natural in ordinary speech.

J. 회사＿＿ 자료가 공개됐어요.

[hoe-sa-＿＿ ja-ryo-ga gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo]

The material was made public by the company. 🏢

Answer

에 의해 [e ui-hae] — passive agent, not causative 로 하여금 [ro ha-yeo-geum].

🏛️

Vocabulary Box

• 위원회 [wi-won-hoe] → committee

• 팀장 [tim-jang] → team lead

• 공개하다 [gong-gae-ha-da] → to make public

• 공지 [gong-ji] → notice

• 수정하다 [su-jeong-ha-da] → to revise

• 닫다 [dat-da] → to close

• 해결하다 [hae-gyeol-ha-da] → to resolve

• 알다 [al-da] → to know

• 쓰다 [sseu-da] → to write/use

• 바꾸다 [ba-kku-da] → to change

• 확인하다 [hwag-in-ha-da] → to check/confirm

• 전화하다 [jeon-hwa-ha-da] → to call

• 에 의해 [e ui-hae] → by, formal passive agent

• 로 하여금 [ro ha-yeo-geum] → to cause someone to

Tip 💡 로 하여금 [ro ha-yeo-geum] points to the person/entity caused to act; 에 의해 [e ui-hae] points to a formal passive agent.

 

Exercise 5 — Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol 🛡️

A. Fix: ❌ 문을 닫혔어요.

[mu-neul da-chyeo-sseo-yo]

The door got closed. 🚪

Answer

✅ 문이 닫혔어요. [mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo] — passive affected subject uses 이/가 [i/ga].

B. Fix: ❌ 자료를 공개됐어요.

[ja-ryo-reul gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo]

The material was made public. 📄

Answer

✅ 자료가 공개됐어요. [ja-ryo-ga gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo] — the material is affected, so use 가 [ga].

C. Fix: ❌ 문서가 담당자를 의해 수정됐어요.

[mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-reul ui-hae su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo]

The document was revised by the person in charge. 📝

Answer

✅ 문서가 담당자에 의해 수정됐어요. [mun-seo-ga dam-dang-ja-e ui-hae su-jeong-dwae-sseo-yo] — formal agent uses 에 의해 [e ui-hae].

D. Fix: ❌ 팀장이 담당자를 문서를 수정하게 했어요.

[tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-reul mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The team lead made the person in charge revise the document. 👔

Answer

✅ 팀장이 담당자에게 문서를 수정하게 했어요. [tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo] — causee + 에게 [e-ge].

E. Choose the formal passive agent: 회사＿＿ 자료가 공개됐어요.

[hoe-sa-＿＿ ja-ryo-ga gong-gae-dwae-sseo-yo]

The material was made public by the company. 🏢

Answer

에 의해 [e ui-hae] — not 로 하여금 [ro ha-yeo-geum].

F. Choose the formal causative causee: 위원회가 팀장＿＿ 자료를 공개하게 했어요.

[wi-won-hoe-ga tim-jang-＿＿ ja-ryo-reul gong-gae-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The committee caused the team lead to make the material public. 🏛️

Answer

으로 하여금 [eu-ro ha-yeo-geum] — formal causee after batchim.

G. Fix: ❌ 폭우에 의해 전화가 끊겼어요.

[po-gu-e ui-hae jeon-hwa-ga kkeun-kyeo-sseo-yo]

The call got disconnected because of heavy rain. 🌧️

Answer

✅ 폭우로 전화가 끊겼어요. [po-gu-ro jeon-hwa-ga kkeun-kyeo-sseo-yo] — natural cause/reason uses 로 [ro].

H. Choose the natural everyday version:

① 팀장이 담당자에게 문서를 수정하게 했어요.

② 팀장이 담당자로 하여금 문서를 수정하게 했어요.

[tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-e-ge mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo / tim-jang-i dam-dang-ja-ro ha-yeo-geum mun-seo-reul su-jeong-ha-ge hae-sseo-yo]

The team lead made the person in charge revise the document. 👔

Answer

① is more natural in everyday speech. ② is formal/written.

I. Fix: ❌ 관리자가 직원에게 회의실에 앉혔어요.

[gwan-li-ja-ga ji-gwo-ne-ge hoe-ui-shi-re an-chyeo-sseo-yo]

The manager seated the employee in the meeting room. 🪑

Answer

✅ 관리자가 직원을 회의실에 앉혔어요. [gwan-li-ja-ga ji-gwo-neul hoe-ui-shi-re an-chyeo-sseo-yo] — 앉히다 [an-chi-da] directly affects the employee.

J. Fix: ❌ 회사가 사람들을 소식을 알렸어요.

[hoe-sa-ga sa-ram-deu-reul so-si-geul al-lyeo-sseo-yo]

The company informed people of the news. 📢

Answer

✅ 회사가 사람들에게 소식을 알렸어요. [hoe-sa-ga sa-ram-deu-re-ge so-si-geul al-lyeo-sseo-yo] — recipient/causee-like target uses 에게 [e-ge].

🛡️

Vocabulary Box

• 수정하게 하다 [su-jeong-ha-ge ha-da] → to make someone revise

• 공개하게 하다 [gong-gae-ha-ge ha-da] → to make someone make public

• 앉히다 [an-chi-da] → to seat someone

• 알리다 [al-li-da] → to inform

• 자연스럽다 [ja-yeon-seu-reop-da] → to be natural

• 격식적이다 [gyeok-sik-jeo-gi-da] → to be formal

• 일상 대화 [il-sang dae-hwa] → everyday conversation

• 보고서 [bo-go-seo] → report

• 피동 → passive

• 사동 → causative

• 조사 → particle

Tip 💡 If the sentence sounds like a report, 에 의해 [e ui-hae] and 로 하여금 [ro ha-yeo-geum] may fit. If it sounds like a normal update, 이/가 [i/ga], 에게 [e-ge], and 을/를 [eul/reul] usually carry the day.

 

🎉 You finished the advanced particle synthesis workout. You can now tell whether a sentence is spotlighting the affected thing, naming a formal agent, explaining a cause, or making someone do something — all with particles that look tiny but run the whole control panel. 🧭✨