๐Ÿ—๏ธ

Structural Reform and Resistance

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ / ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ / ์ €ํ•ญ / ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„ 
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿ—๏ธ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿ›๏ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ means structural reform: changing the system itself, not just polishing the nameplate.
  • ๐Ÿช‘ ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ means vested interests / established privileges, and those groups often create ์ €ํ•ญ (resistance) or ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ (backlash).
  • ๐Ÿงฌ ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  means improving the underlying constitution/fundamentals of a company, industry, institution, or policy system.
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Open
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear phrases like ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋‹ค (to resist structural reform) or ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค (fundamental improvement is necessary).
ย 

๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

Advanced Korean news and opinion writing often describes reform as a tug-of-war: one side wants to change the system, while another side protects what it already has. That is the emotional engine behind todayโ€™s vocabulary. ๐Ÿงฒ
๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ (structural reform) sounds bigger than ordinary ๊ฐœ์„  (improvement). It points to rules, incentives, institutions, budgets, governance, labor systems, or power distribution.
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ (vested interests) is not just โ€œrights.โ€ It refers to advantages already held by people or groups under the current system. When reform threatens those advantages, ์ €ํ•ญ (resistance) or ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ (backlash) often appears.
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  literally suggests improving oneโ€™s โ€œconstitution,โ€ but in policy and business Korean it means fixing the underlying way something works. Very boardroom. Very โ€œplease stop creating committees about committees.โ€ ๐Ÿ—‚๏ธ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Structural Reform Family

๐Ÿ›๏ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” structural reform

Use ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ when change targets the structure of a system.
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค = to push ahead with structural reform
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค = to begin structural reform
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๋‹ค = structural reform is delayed
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ = the need for structural reform

๐Ÿช‘ ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” vested interests / established privileges

๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ often appears with verbs of keeping, giving up, criticizing, or breaking down.
  • ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋‹ค = to protect vested interests
  • ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“๋‹ค = to give up vested interests
  • ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ ์„ธ๋ ฅ = entrenched power groups / vested-interest groups
  • ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์— ์•ˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋‹ค = to rest comfortably on vested interests

๐Ÿงฑ ์ €ํ•ญ and ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ โ€” resistance and backlash

์ €ํ•ญ is broad โ€œresistance.โ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ is sharper โ€œpushback/backlash,โ€ often after a policy, plan, or statement.
  • ๊ฐœํ˜์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋‹ค = to resist reform
  • ์ €ํ•ญ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋‹ค = to run into resistance
  • ๊ฑฐ์„ผ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค = to provoke strong backlash
  • ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋‹ค = internal pushback grows

๐Ÿงฌ ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” improving fundamentals

Use ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  when the focus is deep, long-term health, not a quick patch.
  • ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ฒด์งˆ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค = to improve a companyโ€™s underlying structure
  • ์‚ฐ์—… ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  = improving an industryโ€™s fundamentals
  • ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  = improving the fundamentals of the public sector
  • ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค = fundamental structural improvement is necessary

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ๐Ÿ›๏ธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. (The government is pushing structural reform to improve the fundamentals of the public sector.)
    • ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ถ€๋ฌธ = public sector, ์œ„ํ•ด = for/in order to, ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค = to push forward.
  • ๐Ÿช‘ ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœํ˜์— ์ €ํ•ญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. (Entrenched interest groups resisted reform to protect the existing system.)
    • ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ๋„ = existing system, ์ง€ํ‚ค๋‹ค = to protect, ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋‹ค = to resist.
  • ๐Ÿ”ง ๋…ธ๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฐœํŽธ์•ˆ์€ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜”๋‹ค. (The labor-market restructuring plan ran into backlash from stakeholders.)
    • ๋…ธ๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ = labor market, ๊ฐœํŽธ์•ˆ = restructuring plan, ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž = stakeholder, ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋‹ค = to run into/collide with.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

This is a vocabulary lesson, so the โ€œformationโ€ is really about collocation habits โ€” which words naturally travel together. ๐Ÿš‡
  • ๊ฐœํ˜ pairs with action verbs: ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค (push forward), ๋‹จํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค (carry out decisively), ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค (begin), ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๋‹ค (be delayed).
  • ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ pairs with protection or relinquishing: ์ง€ํ‚ค๋‹ค (protect), ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค (maintain), ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“๋‹ค (give up), ํƒ€ํŒŒํ•˜๋‹ค (break down).
  • ์ €ํ•ญ and ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ pair with conflict verbs: ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋‹ค (resist), ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค (push back), ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋‹ค (run into), ๊ฑฐ์„ธ์ง€๋‹ค (grow stronger).
  • ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  pairs with deep-change verbs: ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค (be necessary), ์ด๋ฃจ๋‹ค (achieve), ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋‹ค (seek/promote), ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค (accelerate).

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

Key vocabulary forms and usage patterns were cross-checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์–ด์› / korean.go.kr, including official usage examples and dictionary-style entries for words such as ๊ฐœํ˜, ์ €ํ•ญ, ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ, ์ฒด์งˆ, and ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ (structural reform) vs. ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœํ˜ (institutional reform): ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ emphasizes deep system architecture; ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœํ˜ emphasizes laws, rules, and institutions.
  • ๊ฐœํ˜ (reform) vs. ๊ฐœ์„  (improvement): ๊ฐœํ˜ sounds bigger and more systemic; ๊ฐœ์„  can be smaller, practical, and gradual.
  • ์ €ํ•ญ (resistance) vs. ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ (backlash): ์ €ํ•ญ can be sustained opposition; ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ often highlights a reaction after something is announced.
  • ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์ธต (vested-interest class/group) vs. ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ ์„ธ๋ ฅ (entrenched power group): both are critical terms, but ์„ธ๋ ฅ sounds more forceful and political.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ for โ€œstructural reformโ€ โ†’ โœ… ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ (Use ๊ฐœํ˜ for system-level reform; ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ means repair. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ)
  • โŒ Translating ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ as simply โ€œrightsโ€ โ†’ โœ… โ€œvested interests/established privilegesโ€ (It has a political-social nuance. ๐Ÿช‘)
  • โŒ Using ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ when there is no reaction โ†’ โœ… use ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ after a policy, decision, or statement provokes pushback. ๐Ÿ“ฃ
  • โŒ Treating ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  as literal โ€œbody improvementโ€ in policy writing โ†’ โœ… understand it as improving underlying structure or fundamentals. ๐Ÿงฌ
  • โŒ Calling every opponent ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ ์„ธ๋ ฅ โ†’ โœ… use it only when the group benefits from the existing structure; otherwise use ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ธก (the opposing side) or ๋น„ํŒ ์„ธ๋ ฅ (critics). โš–๏ธ

๐ŸŽ‰ Reform vocabulary lets you describe not just change, but the friction around change. If ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ is the engine, ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ and ์ €ํ•ญ are the road bumps โ€” and ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  is the healthier destination. ๐Ÿ›ฃ๏ธ
ย 

Try this exercise

Read each sentence, choose the best word or phrase for the blank, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance. Focus on collocation: reform words are picky little puzzle pieces. ๐Ÿงฉ
1. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‚ก์€ ํ–‰์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government pushed structural reform to change an outdated administrative system. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” It targets the systemโ€™s underlying structure, not a minor adjustment.
2. ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
Some groups did not give up their vested interests because they wanted to protect existing benefits. ๐Ÿช‘
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“๋‹ค means โ€œto give up vested interests/privileges.โ€
3. ์ƒˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ง์›๋“ค์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜”๋‹ค.
The new evaluation system ran into resistance from internal employees. ๐Ÿ“‹
Answer
์ €ํ•ญ โ€” ์ €ํ•ญ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋‹ค means โ€œto run into resistance.โ€
4. ์š”๊ธˆ ์ธ์ƒ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์„ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ƒ€๋‹ค.
The fare-increase announcement provoked strong public backlash. ๐Ÿš‡
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ โ€” ๊ฑฐ์„ผ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค means โ€œto provoke strong backlash.โ€
5. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์—†์ด๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ดค๋‹ค.
Experts believed long-term growth would be difficult without improving the industryโ€™s fundamentals. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” This means deep improvement of an industryโ€™s structure or fundamentals.
6. ๊ฐœํ˜์•ˆ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ ๋’ค ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The reform proposal was announced after coordinating the opinions of several stakeholders. ๐Ÿค
Answer
์กฐ์œจ โ€” ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์กฐ์œจํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto coordinate opinions.โ€
7. ๋‚ก์€ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ์—†์• ๋ ค๋ฉด ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To remove outdated practices, one must persuade internal resistance groups. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
์ €ํ•ญ ์„ธ๋ ฅ โ€” This means groups that resist a change or reform.
8. ์žฅ๊ด€์€ ํŠนํ˜œ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๊ณ  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํƒ€ํŒŒํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค.
The minister said they would remove special privileges and break down vested interests. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์„ ํƒ€ํŒŒํ•˜๋‹ค means โ€œto break down vested interests.โ€
9. ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์•„์นจ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
Improving the fundamentals of organizational culture does not happen overnight. ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” It suggests deep, gradual change in how the organization works.
10. ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ œ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์™”๋‹ค.
The rapid institutional change brought greater backlash than expected. ๐ŸŒช๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ โ€” ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๋‹ค means โ€œto bring about/provoke backlash.โ€
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ โ†’ structural reform
  • ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ†’ vested interests; established privileges
  • ์ €ํ•ญ โ†’ resistance
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ โ†’ backlash; pushback
  • ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ†’ improving fundamentals
  • ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž โ†’ stakeholder
  • ์กฐ์œจํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to coordinate
  • ํƒ€ํŒŒํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to break down
  • ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๋‹ค โ†’ to bring about
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Watch the verb: ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค likes reform, ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋‹ค likes resistance, and ์‚ฌ๋‹ค often appears with backlash.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Head into the Practice Hub below when youโ€™re ready to make these reform words behave. ๐Ÿง 
ย 
๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Structural Reform and Resistance
Welcome to your reform-and-resistance workout. ๐Ÿ‹๏ธ Youโ€™ll practice how ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ (structural reform), ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ (vested interests), ์ €ํ•ญ (resistance), and ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  (improving fundamentals) appear in advanced Korean policy, business, and social commentary.
๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a sentence read aloud.
๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Fill each blank with the best Korean word or phrase. Say the completed sentence aloud, check whether the collocation sounds natural, then open the Answer toggle.

Exercise 1 โ€” Reform Verbs in Motion ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

A. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government began structural reform of the pension system. ๐Ÿ‘ต
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค is a natural collocation for beginning deep reform.
B. ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ์„ธ์ œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The committee emphasized the need for tax-system reform. ๐Ÿ’ฐ
Answer
๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” ์„ธ์ œ ๊ฐœํ˜ means tax-system reform.
C. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ๊ทœ์ œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋‹จํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The president said they would decisively carry out regulatory reform. ๐Ÿ“œ
Answer
๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ๋‹จํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค means to carry out reform decisively.
D. ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜๋ฃŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Health-care reform was delayed because of complex interests. ๐Ÿฅ
Answer
๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๋‹ค means reform is delayed.
E. ํ•™๊ต ์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์—†์ด๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
Without structural reform of how schools operate, change is limited. ๐Ÿซ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” The sentence targets the operating structure, so ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ fits.
F. ์ƒˆ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ํ–‰์ • ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ณต์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์„ธ์› ๋‹ค.
The new mayor presented administrative-procedure reform as a campaign pledge. ๐Ÿ™๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” ๊ณต์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šฐ๋‹ค means to present something as a pledge.
G. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Experts demanded reform of the inter-ministry collaboration structure. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” The object is a structure, so reform vocabulary is natural.
H. ๋…ธํ›„ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Structural reform is necessary to raise the competitiveness of old industrial complexes. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” The phrase points to deep changes in the industrial system.
I. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋…ผ์˜์— ๋ถˆ์„ ๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค.
The audit results ignited discussion about public-enterprise reform. ๐Ÿ”ฅ
Answer
๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” ๋…ผ์˜์— ๋ถˆ์„ ๋ถ™์ด๋‹ค means to ignite discussion.
J. ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
To escape long-term stagnation, economic reform cannot be postponed. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋‹ค means to postpone reform.
๐Ÿ“š
Reference Hub
  • ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ œ๋„ โ†’ pension system
  • ์„ธ์ œ โ†’ tax system
  • ๊ทœ์ œ โ†’ regulation
  • ์˜๋ฃŒ โ†’ health care
  • ์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹ โ†’ operating method
  • ํ–‰์ • ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ†’ administrative procedure
  • ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ๊ฐ„ โ†’ between ministries
  • ๋…ธํ›„ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋‹จ์ง€ โ†’ old industrial complex
  • ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—… โ†’ public enterprise
  • ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด โ†’ long-term stagnation
  • ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to begin
  • ๋‹จํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to carry out decisively
  • ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be delayed
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก If the sentence names a whole system, ๊ฐœํ˜ or ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ is usually stronger than ๊ฐœ์„ .

Exercise 2 โ€” Vested Interests and Entrenched Power ๐Ÿช‘

A. ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ฉฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ง€์ผฐ๋‹ค.
Some institutions protected vested interests by blocking changes to budget allocation. ๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋‹ค is the core phrase.
B. ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ์ด ๋จผ์ € ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
For reform to succeed, political circles must first give up vested interests. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“๋‹ค means to give up established privileges.
C. ๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋กœ๋น„์— ๋ง‰ํ˜”๋‹ค.
The bill was blocked by strong lobbying from entrenched power groups. ๐Ÿ“‘
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ ์„ธ๋ ฅ is a common critical expression.
D. ์ƒˆ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ์•ˆ์ฃผํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The new representative said the organization must not rest on vested interests. ๐Ÿ›‹๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์— ์•ˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋‹ค means to settle comfortably into privilege.
E. ์–ธ๋ก ์€ ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ์ธํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The media criticized the closed licensing system for maintaining one groupโ€™s vested interests. ๐Ÿ“ฐ
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค works naturally with ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ.
F. ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ์ฑ„์šฉ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค.
Youth groups criticized the vested-interest structure of the hiring market. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means a structure that preserves established advantages.
G. ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ํŠนํ˜œ์„ฑ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.
Citizens saw preferential contracts as a symbol of vested interests. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” The phrase frames privilege as socially entrenched.
H. ๊ฐœํ˜ํŒŒ๋Š” ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ํ˜‘ํšŒ ์šด์˜์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํƒ€ํŒŒ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค.
Reformists made closed association management the starting point for breaking down vested interests. ๐Ÿ”จ
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ ํƒ€ํŒŒ means breaking down vested interests.
I. ๊ธฐ์กด ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๋Š” ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Existing operators strengthened vested interests by raising entry barriers. ๐Ÿšง
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” Entry barriers often protect current players.
J. ๊ทธ ํ›„๋ณด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ธต๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The candidate promised to distance themself from the vested-interest class. ๐Ÿ—ณ๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์ธต means groups/classes that already hold advantages.
๐Ÿ“š
Reference Hub
  • ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ โ†’ budget allocation
  • ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ โ†’ political circles
  • ๋ฒ•์•ˆ โ†’ bill
  • ๋กœ๋น„ โ†’ lobbying
  • ์•ˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to settle comfortably
  • ์ธํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„ โ†’ licensing/permit system
  • ์ฑ„์šฉ ์‹œ์žฅ โ†’ hiring market
  • ํŠนํ˜œ์„ฑ ๊ณ„์•ฝ โ†’ preferential contract
  • ํ˜‘ํšŒ ์šด์˜ โ†’ association management
  • ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ โ†’ entry barrier
  • ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์ธต โ†’ vested-interest class/group
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ usually sounds critical, so use it carefully.

Exercise 3 โ€” Resistance, Backlash, and Friction ๐Ÿงฑ

A. ๊ต์œก ๊ณผ์ • ๊ฐœํŽธ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ต์‚ฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜”๋‹ค.
The curriculum reform ran into resistance from some teacher groups. ๐Ÿ“š
Answer
์ €ํ•ญ โ€” ์ €ํ•ญ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋‹ค is a natural phrase.
B. ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ์‡„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์„ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ƒ€๋‹ค.
The sudden closure decision provoked strong backlash from merchants. ๐Ÿช
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ โ€” ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค means to provoke backlash.
C. ๋…ธ์กฐ๋Š” ์ž„๊ธˆ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ฐœํŽธ์•ˆ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The union publicly resisted the wage-system restructuring proposal. ๐Ÿชง
Answer
์ €ํ•ญ โ€” ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋‹ค fits organized opposition.
D. ์ƒˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์šฉ์ž ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ปธ๋‹ค.
User backlash against the new data policy was larger than expected. ๐Ÿ’ป
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ โ€” A reaction to a newly announced policy often takes ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ.
E. ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๊ฑฐ์„ธ์ง€์ž ๊ณต์ฒญํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ด๋ ธ๋‹ค.
As local residentsโ€™ resistance grew stronger, the public hearing was held again. ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
์ €ํ•ญ โ€” ๊ฑฐ์„ธ์ง€๋‹ค means to intensify.
F. ์ธ์‚ฌ ์ œ๋„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์™”๋‹ค.
The personnel-system change brought internal backlash. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ โ€” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ is a common phrase for internal pushback.
G. ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค.
The assembly passed the bill despite resistance from civic groups. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ €ํ•ญ โ€” ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  means โ€œdespite.โ€
H. ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ ์ธ์ƒ์€ ํŒ๋งค์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The platform-fee increase triggered collective backlash from sellers. ๐Ÿ›’
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ โ€” ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค means to trigger.
I. ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ถ”์ง„ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Unexpected resistance groups appeared during the reform process. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
์ €ํ•ญ โ€” ์ €ํ•ญ ์„ธ๋ ฅ means groups resisting change.
J. ์ƒˆ ๋…ธ์„  ํ์ง€๋Š” ํ†ต๊ทผ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The abolition of the new route caused immediate backlash from commuters. ๐Ÿš†
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ โ€” ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ is natural for a fast negative reaction.
๐Ÿ“š
Reference Hub
  • ๊ต์œก ๊ณผ์ • โ†’ curriculum
  • ๊ต์‚ฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด โ†’ teacher group
  • ์ƒ์ธ โ†’ merchant
  • ๋…ธ์กฐ โ†’ labor union
  • ์ž„๊ธˆ ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ wage system
  • ์ด์šฉ์ž โ†’ user
  • ๊ณต์ฒญํšŒ โ†’ public hearing
  • ์ธ์‚ฌ ์ œ๋„ โ†’ personnel system
  • ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด โ†’ civic group
  • ํ†ต๊ทผ์ž โ†’ commuter
  • ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋‹ค โ†’ to run into
  • ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to trigger
  • ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to cause
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Choose ์ €ํ•ญ for sustained opposition and ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ for sharp reaction.

Exercise 4 โ€” ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  and Deep Improvement ๐Ÿงฌ

A. ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๋งค์ถœ๋ณด๋‹ค ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The company focused on improving organizational fundamentals rather than short-term sales. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” The phrase emphasizes deep organizational health.
B. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž๋™ํ™” ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Experts said automation investment was necessary to improve manufacturing fundamentals. ๐Ÿค–
Answer
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ์ œ์กฐ์—…์˜ ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  is natural in industrial policy.
C. ์€ํ–‰์€ ๋ถ€์‹ค ๋Œ€์ถœ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ ์žฌ๋ฌด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The bank achieved financial structural improvement by reducing bad loans. ๐Ÿฆ
Answer
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋‹ค means to achieve deep improvement.
D. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค.
Improving public institutionsโ€™ fundamentals begins with a transparent evaluation system. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” This focuses on healthier internal systems.
E. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The institute presented measures for improving fundamentals to strengthen industrial competitiveness. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ means measure/plan.
F. ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
Without changing the workforce structure, long-term improvement of fundamentals is difficult. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” Workforce structure is an underlying system issue.
G. ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ๊ต์œก ๊ณผ์ • ํ˜์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Regional universities sought structural improvement through curriculum innovation. ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋‹ค means to seek/promote.
H. ์œ ํ†ต์—…๊ณ„๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The retail industry accelerated improvement of fundamentals through online transition. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to accelerate.
I. ๊ฐ๋… ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ๊ธˆ์œต๊ถŒ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Supervisory authorities introduced new standards to guide structural improvement in the financial sector. ๐Ÿ“‘
Answer
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋‹ค means to guide/induce.
J. ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
It is hard to expect improvement of a companyโ€™s fundamentals through simple cost-cutting alone. โœ‚๏ธ
Answer
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” Cost-cutting alone is not deep structural health.
๐Ÿ“š
Reference Hub
  • ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๋งค์ถœ โ†’ short-term sales
  • ์ œ์กฐ์—… โ†’ manufacturing industry
  • ์ž๋™ํ™” ํˆฌ์ž โ†’ automation investment
  • ๋ถ€์‹ค ๋Œ€์ถœ โ†’ bad loan
  • ์žฌ๋ฌด โ†’ finance/financial
  • ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ โ†’ public institution
  • ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ evaluation system
  • ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ โ†’ industrial competitiveness
  • ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ workforce structure
  • ์œ ํ†ต์—…๊ณ„ โ†’ retail industry
  • ๊ธˆ์œต๊ถŒ โ†’ financial sector
  • ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ โ†’ cost-cutting
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  sounds long-term, internal, and fundamental.

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ๋‚ก์€ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Fixing outdated permit procedures is not a simple repair but structural reform. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” โŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ โ†’ โœ… ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ for system-level reform.
B. ์–ธ๋ก ์€ ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ต๋ณด๋‹ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์šฐ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The media criticized the group for prioritizing vested interests over the public interest. ๐Ÿ“ฐ
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” โŒ โ€œrightsโ€ alone is too neutral; โœ… โ€œvested interestsโ€ captures the critical nuance.
C. ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐœํ‘œ ์งํ›„ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
Immediately after the policy announcement, a larger backlash than expected occurred. ๐Ÿ“ฃ
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ โ€” โœ… ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ fits a reaction after an announcement.
D. ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
Changing an old organizational culture is closer to improving fundamentals. ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” โŒ Do not read it literally as body improvement; โœ… it means deep structural improvement.
E. ๊ฐœํ˜์•ˆ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.
You should not brand everyone who opposed the reform proposal as an entrenched power group. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” โœ… Use ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ ์„ธ๋ ฅ only when the group benefits from the current structure.
F. ๋…ธ๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
Labor-market structural reform touches the interests of several groups. ๐Ÿ‘ท
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜ โ€” Labor-market reform often involves deep institutional change.
G. ์ƒˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์—…๊ณ„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜€ ์‹œํ–‰์ด ๋Šฆ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
The new standards ran into industry resistance, delaying implementation. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
์ €ํ•ญ โ€” ์ €ํ•ญ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋‹ค is the clean collocation.
H. ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ํ•™๊ณผ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๊ต์œก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The university tried to improve educational fundamentals by changing department operations. ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  โ€” This is deeper than one small course update.
I. ํŠน์ • ์—…์ฒด์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Rules favorable to certain companies can strengthen a vested-interest structure. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ โ€” ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means a structure preserving established advantages.
J. ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ธ ์š”๊ธˆ ๊ฐœํŽธ์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Radical fare restructuring can bring public backlash. ๐Ÿš•
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ โ€” ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๋‹ค means to bring about backlash.
๐Ÿ“š
Reference Hub
  • ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ†’ permit procedure
  • ๊ณต์ต โ†’ public interest
  • ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐœํ‘œ โ†’ policy announcement
  • ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ™” โ†’ organizational culture
  • ๊ฐœํ˜์•ˆ โ†’ reform proposal
  • ๋…ธ๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ โ†’ labor market
  • ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„ โ†’ interests/stakes
  • ์ƒˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ new standards
  • ์‹œํ–‰ โ†’ implementation
  • ํ•™๊ณผ ์šด์˜ โ†’ department operation
  • ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ธ โ†’ radical
  • ์š”๊ธˆ ๊ฐœํŽธ โ†’ fare restructuring
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Final audit: reform changes systems, vested interests protect advantages, resistance blocks change, backlash reacts, and ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  fixes fundamentals.
๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work. You can now read reform debates with sharper eyes: who wants ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœํ˜, who protects ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ, where ์ €ํ•ญ appears, and whether real ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„  is happening. ๐Ÿง