๐ŸŽถ

Sound Changes: Liaison

Keywords
์—ฐ์Œ ๋ฒ•์น™
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Korean Basics
๐ŸŽฏ
TL;DR
  • ๐ŸŽถ Korean has 6 major sound-change rules triggered when batchims meet vowels or other consonants โ€” together they're called ์—ฐ์Œ ๋ฒ•์น™.
  • โœจ The big six: ์—ฐ์Œ (link) ๐ŸŽถ โ€ข ใ…Ž ํƒˆ๋ฝ (drop) ๐Ÿ’จ โ€ข ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™” (aspirate) ๐Ÿ”ฅ โ€ข ๊ฒฝ์Œํ™” (tense) ๐Ÿ’ช โ€ข ๋น„์Œํ™” (nasalize) ๐Ÿ‘ƒ โ€ข ์œ ์Œํ™” (lateralize) ๐ŸŒŠ.
  • ๐Ÿชœ These aren't optional โ€” they're automatic spoken Korean. Master them and your speech will instantly sound 10ร— more native.
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๐ŸฆŠ
Iru Helper Note: This lesson goes BEYOND simple liaison. You already know batchim + ใ…‡ = jump (covered in Batchims). Now we tackle what happens when batchims meet ใ…Ž, plain stops, nasals, and ใ„น โ€” six chain reactions that turn written Korean into spoken Korean. Learn the trigger pattern for each rule and you'll never mispronounce a word again. ๐ŸฆŠ
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๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Need to hear it? Open the
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets page for audio playback of every example word in this lesson.
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

Korean is a phonetic language โ€” what you write and what you say are usually identical. Except when consonants meet at syllable boundaries. Then chain reactions happen, and the spoken sound diverges from the spelling.
These chain reactions are called ์—ฐ์Œ ๋ฒ•์น™ (the laws of sound linking), and there are 6 major ones. Once you spot the trigger pattern, every "weird" Korean pronunciation suddenly makes sense. ๐ŸŽฏ

๐ŸŽถ Rule 1 โ€” ์—ฐ์Œ (Basic Liaison)

Trigger: batchim + syllable starting with silent ใ…‡ + vowel
Action: the batchim jumps over to fill the empty ใ…‡ chair.
  • ์ฑ…์ด โ†’ [chae-gi] ๐Ÿ“– (ใ„ฑ jumps)
  • ์Œ์•… โ†’ [eu-mak] ๐ŸŽต (ใ… jumps from ์Œ to ์•…)
  • ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด โ†’ [han-gu-geo] ๐Ÿ‡ฐ๐Ÿ‡ท (ใ„ฑ jumps from ๊ตญ to ์–ด)
  • ๋ฐœ์Œ โ†’ [ba-reum] ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ (ใ„น jumps from ๋ฐœ to ์Œ)
๐Ÿ’ก Already mastered? Basic liaison was covered in depth in the Batchims lesson โ€” Exercise 4 in that Practice Hub has 10 drill questions. We'll just refresh here.

๐Ÿ’จ Rule 2 โ€” ใ…Ž ํƒˆ๋ฝ (ใ…Ž Deletion)

Trigger: ใ…Ž batchim (or ใ„ถ, ใ…€) + syllable starting with silent ใ…‡ + vowel
Action: the ใ…Ž disappears entirely โ€” no jump, no sound.
  • ์ข‹์•„ โ†’ [jo-a] ๐Ÿ˜Š (ใ…Ž vanishes โ€” NOT "jo-ha")
  • ๋งŽ์•„ โ†’ [ma-na] ๐Ÿ“ˆ (ใ„ถ โ†’ ใ„ด stays, ใ…Ž vanishes)
  • ์‹ซ์–ด โ†’ [si-reo] ๐Ÿ™… (ใ…€ โ†’ ใ„น stays, ใ…Ž vanishes)
  • ๋„ฃ์–ด โ†’ [neo-eo] ๐Ÿชฃ (ใ…Ž vanishes)
๐Ÿ’ก The ghost rule: ใ…Ž at the bottom is a ghost โ€” silent on its own, and it disappears entirely before vowels. ๐Ÿ‘ป

๐Ÿ”ฅ Rule 3 โ€” ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™” (Aspiration)

Trigger: ใ…Ž meets a plain stop (ใ„ฑ, ใ„ท, ใ…‚, ใ…ˆ) โ€” in either direction
Action: the plain stop aspirates into its strong cousin (ใ…‹, ใ…Œ, ใ…, ใ…Š). The ใ…Ž is consumed.
  • ใ„ฑ + ใ…Ž or ใ…Ž + ใ„ฑ โ†’ ใ…‹: ์ถ•ํ•˜ โ†’ [chu-ka] ๐ŸŽ‰, ์ข‹๊ณ  โ†’ [jo-ko]
  • ใ„ท + ใ…Ž or ใ…Ž + ใ„ท โ†’ ใ…Œ: ์ข‹๋‹ค โ†’ [jo-ta] ๐Ÿ‘, ๋งํ˜• โ†’ [ma-tyeong] ๐Ÿ‘จ
  • ใ…‚ + ใ…Ž or ใ…Ž + ใ…‚ โ†’ ใ…: ์ž…ํ•™ โ†’ [i-pak] ๐ŸŽ“
  • ใ…ˆ + ใ…Ž or ใ…Ž + ใ…ˆ โ†’ ใ…Š: ์ข‹์ง€ โ†’ [jo-chi] โœ…, ๋งžํžˆ๋‹ค โ†’ [ma-chi-da] ๐ŸŽฏ
๐Ÿ’ก The aspiration trade: ใ…Ž + plain stop = aspirated stop. The ใ…Ž "donates" its breath to make the stop stronger. ๐Ÿซ

๐Ÿ’ช Rule 4 โ€” ๊ฒฝ์Œํ™” (Tensing/Fortis)

Trigger: plain stop batchim ([k], [t], [p]) + plain consonant initial (ใ„ฑ, ใ„ท, ใ…‚, ใ……, ใ…ˆ)
Action: the following consonant tenses (doubles): ใ„ฑโ†’ใ„ฒ, ใ„ทโ†’ใ„ธ, ใ…‚โ†’ใ…ƒ, ใ……โ†’ใ…†, ใ…ˆโ†’ใ…‰.
  • ํ•™๊ต โ†’ [hak-kyo] ๐Ÿซ (ใ„ฑ batchim + ใ„ฑ โ†’ ใ„ฒ)
  • ์‹๋‹น โ†’ [sik-ttang] ๐Ÿฑ (ใ„ฑ batchim + ใ„ท โ†’ ใ„ธ)
  • ์žก์ง€ โ†’ [jap-jji] ๐Ÿ“ฐ (ใ…‚ batchim + ใ…ˆ โ†’ ใ…‰)
  • ๋ฐ›๋‹ค โ†’ [bat-tta] ๐Ÿคฒ (ใ„ท batchim + ใ„ท โ†’ ใ„ธ)
  • ์ž…๊ตญ โ†’ [ip-kkuk] โœˆ๏ธ (ใ…‚ batchim + ใ„ฑ โ†’ ใ„ฒ)
๐Ÿ’ก The pressure rule: a hard stop followed by another consonant squeezes that consonant tense. Mouth pressure builds โ†’ next sound pops out doubled. ๐Ÿ’ฅ

๐Ÿ‘ƒ Rule 5 โ€” ๋น„์Œํ™” (Nasalization)

Trigger: plain stop batchim ([k], [t], [p]) + nasal initial (ใ„ด or ใ…)
Action: the batchim turns into its matching nasal โ€” [k]โ†’[ng], [t]โ†’[n], [p]โ†’[m].
  • ใ„ฑ batchim + ใ„ด/ใ… โ†’ ใ…‡: ํ•™๋…„ โ†’ [hang-nyeon] ๐Ÿ“š, ๊ตญ๋ฌผ โ†’ [gung-mul] ๐Ÿœ
  • ใ„ท batchim + ใ„ด/ใ… โ†’ ใ„ด: ๋‹ซ๋Š” โ†’ [dan-neun] ๐Ÿšช, ์˜›๋‚  โ†’ [yen-nal] ๐Ÿ“œ
  • ใ…‚ batchim + ใ„ด/ใ… โ†’ ใ…: ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ†’ [im-ni-da] ๐Ÿ™‡, ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ†’ [ham-ni-da] ๐Ÿ™
๐Ÿ’ก The nasal infection: when a stop meets a nasal, the stop catches the nasal vibe and turns into its nose-friend. ๐Ÿคง

๐ŸŒŠ Rule 6 โ€” ์œ ์Œํ™” (Lateralization)

Trigger: ใ„ด meets ใ„น (in either direction) within or across syllables
Action: both become ใ„น โ€” the ใ„ด "melts" into the ใ„น family.
  • ์‹ ๋ผ โ†’ [sil-la] ๐Ÿ›๏ธ (ใ„ด + ใ„น โ†’ ใ„นใ„น)
  • ์—ฐ๋ฝ โ†’ [yeol-lak] ๐Ÿ“ž (ใ„ด + ใ„น โ†’ ใ„นใ„น)
  • ์„ค๋‚  โ†’ [seol-lal] ๐ŸŽŠ (ใ„น + ใ„ด โ†’ ใ„นใ„น)
  • ์ผ๋…„ โ†’ [il-lyeon] ๐Ÿ“… (ใ„น + ใ„ด โ†’ ใ„นใ„น)
  • ์ง„๋ฆฌ โ†’ [jil-li] ๐Ÿ’Ž (ใ„ด + ใ„น โ†’ ใ„นใ„น)
๐Ÿ’ก The melting rule: ใ„น is the smoothest Korean consonant โ€” it pulls neighboring ใ„ด into its flow. ๐ŸŒŠ

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

All six sound-change rules and example words above were cross-checked against the National Institute of Korean Language (korean.go.kr) official Hangul orthography and standard pronunciation rules (ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋ฒ•). โœ…

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Avoid

  • โŒ Pronouncing ใ…Ž in ์ข‹์•„ (saying "jo-ha") โ†’ โœ… ใ…Ž deletes entirely โ†’ [jo-a]. ๐Ÿ˜Š
  • โŒ Reading ํ•™๊ต as "hak-gyo" โ†’ โœ… Tensing! โ†’ [hak-kyo] with strong ใ„ฒ. ๐Ÿซ
  • โŒ Saying "hap-ni-da" for ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ†’ โœ… Nasalization! ใ…‚ + ใ„ด = ใ… โ†’ [ham-ni-da]. ๐Ÿ™
  • โŒ Pronouncing ์‹ ๋ผ as "sin-ra" โ†’ โœ… Lateralization! ใ„ด + ใ„น = ใ„นใ„น โ†’ [sil-la]. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
  • โŒ Treating spelling as pronunciation โ†’ โœ… Korean spelling is morphological (preserves meaning); pronunciation runs the 6 sound-change rules. ๐Ÿง 
  • โŒ Ignoring direction in ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™” โ†’ โœ… ใ…Ž + plain or plain + ใ…Ž both work โ€” aspiration fires in both directions. ๐Ÿ”ฅ
๐ŸŽ‰ Six sound-change rules unlocked! You now understand WHY Korean spelling and pronunciation diverge โ€” and how to predict the spoken form from any spelling. This is the difference between reading Korean and speaking it. ๐Ÿš€
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๐ŸŽฎ Try this exercise

๐Ÿ’ก
Vocabulary Box โ€” 6 rules: ์—ฐ์Œ (link) ๐ŸŽถ โ€ข ใ…Ž ํƒˆ๋ฝ (drop) ๐Ÿ’จ โ€ข ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™” (aspirate) ๐Ÿ”ฅ โ€ข ๊ฒฝ์Œํ™” (tense) ๐Ÿ’ช โ€ข ๋น„์Œํ™” (nasalize) ๐Ÿ‘ƒ โ€ข ์œ ์Œํ™” (lateralize) ๐ŸŒŠ โ€ข Always check: what's the batchim + what follows?
1. ์ข‹์•„ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[jo-a] โ€” ใ…Ž ํƒˆ๋ฝ โ€” ใ…Ž batchim vanishes before vowels.
2. ํ•™๊ต โ†’ [____]
Answer
[hak-kyo] โ€” ๊ฒฝ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ„ฑ batchim tenses the next ใ„ฑ to ใ„ฒ.
3. ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ†’ [____]
Answer
[ham-ni-da] โ€” ๋น„์Œํ™” โ€” ใ…‚ + ใ„ด โ†’ ใ… + ใ„ด.
4. ์‹ ๋ผ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[sil-la] โ€” ์œ ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ„ด + ใ„น โ†’ ใ„น + ใ„น.
5. ์ถ•ํ•˜ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[chu-ka] โ€” ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ„ฑ + ใ…Ž aspirates to ใ…‹.
6. ๋ฐœ์Œ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[ba-reum] โ€” ์—ฐ์Œ โ€” ใ„น batchim jumps over the silent ใ…‡.
7. ํ•™๋…„ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[hang-nyeon] โ€” ๋น„์Œํ™” โ€” ใ„ฑ + ใ„ด โ†’ ใ…‡ + ใ„ด.
8. ์ž…ํ•™ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[i-pak] โ€” ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ…‚ + ใ…Ž aspirates to ใ….
9. True or false: ใ…Ž batchim is pronounced clearly when it's at the end of a syllable.
Answer
False โ€” ใ…Ž batchim is a ghost โ€” usually silent, deletes before vowels, aspirates following stops.
10. Which rule fires when ์ž…๊ตญ is pronounced [ip-kkuk]?
Answer
๊ฒฝ์Œํ™” (tensing) โ€” ใ…‚ batchim + ใ„ฑ โ†’ ใ…‚ + ใ„ฒ. Plain stop after stop tenses.
๐ŸŽฏ
Want more reps? The full 50-question Practice Hub is right below โ€” drag it into
Practice Hub
Practice Hub when you're ready! ๐Ÿš€
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Sound Changes / ์—ฐ์Œ ๋ฒ•์น™ (50 Questions)
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Welcome to your Sound Change Mastery drill set! ๐ŸŽถ 50 questions across all six ์—ฐ์Œ ๋ฒ•์น™ rules โ€” basic liaison, ใ…Ž deletion, aspiration, tensing, nasalization, and lateralization. ๐Ÿš€
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Open the
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets page anytime you want to hear how a sound change actually sounds.
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๐Ÿ“ How to use this: Read each question, say the answer aloud, then click "Answer" to check yourself. Don't peek!
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Exercise 1 โ€” Basic Liaison Refresh ๐ŸŽถ
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๐Ÿ“š Vocabulary Box โ€” batchim + silent ใ…‡ vowel = batchim jumps over โ€ข Single batchim: whole consonant moves โ€ข Double batchim: SECOND letter jumps, FIRST stays
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๐Ÿ’ก Tip: Spot the silent ใ…‡ at the start of the next syllable โ€” that's your trigger.
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A. ์ฑ…์„ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[chae-geul] โ€” ใ„ฑ batchim jumps to fill the empty ใ…‡ chair.
B. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด โ†’ [____]
Answer
[han-gu-geo] โ€” ใ„ฑ batchim jumps from ๊ตญ to ์–ด.
C. ๋ฐœ์Œ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[ba-reum] โ€” ใ„น batchim jumps over to start the next syllable.
D. ์Œ์•… โ†’ [____]
Answer
[eu-mak] โ€” ใ… batchim jumps from ์Œ to ์•….
E. ์ง์—… โ†’ [____]
Answer
[ji-geop] โ€” ใ„ฑ batchim jumps from ์ง to ์—….
F. ๋‹ญ์ด โ†’ [____]
Answer
[dal-gi] โ€” Double batchim ใ„บ splits โ€” ใ„น stays, ใ„ฑ jumps.
G. True or false: liaison only happens with single batchims.
Answer
False โ€” Double batchims also liaise โ€” they SPLIT, with the second letter jumping over.
H. ์˜ท์ด โ†’ [____]
Answer
[o-shi] โ€” ใ…… batchim jumps and softens before ใ…ฃ.
I. What's the trigger condition for ์—ฐ์Œ?
Answer
Batchim + silent ใ…‡ + vowel โ€” The next syllable must START with ใ…‡, otherwise no liaison.
J. Why does ๊ณต์› NOT trigger basic liaison?
Answer
ใ…‡ batchim doesn't jump โ€” ใ…‡ at the bottom is [ng] โ€” it stays as a batchim sound. Liaison needs a non-ใ…‡ batchim to jump.
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Exercise 2 โ€” ใ…Ž Sound Changes (ํƒˆ๋ฝ + ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™”) ๐Ÿ’จ๐Ÿ”ฅ
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๐Ÿ“š Vocabulary Box โ€” ใ…Ž + vowel = ใ…Ž deletes โ€ข ใ…Ž + ใ„ฑ/ใ„ท/ใ…‚/ใ…ˆ (or reverse) = aspirates to ใ…‹/ใ…Œ/ใ…/ใ…Š
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๐Ÿ’ก Tip: ใ…Ž is a ghost โ€” it disappears before vowels and donates its breath to neighboring stops.
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A. ์ข‹์•„ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[jo-a] โ€” ใ…Ž ํƒˆ๋ฝ โ€” ใ…Ž vanishes before vowel.
B. ์ข‹๋‹ค โ†’ [____]
Answer
[jo-ta] โ€” ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ…Ž + ใ„ท aspirates to ใ…Œ.
C. ์ข‹๊ณ  โ†’ [____]
Answer
[jo-ko] โ€” ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ…Ž + ใ„ฑ aspirates to ใ…‹.
D. ์ข‹์ง€ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[jo-chi] โ€” ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ…Ž + ใ…ˆ aspirates to ใ…Š.
E. ์ถ•ํ•˜ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[chu-ka] โ€” ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ„ฑ + ใ…Ž aspirates to ใ…‹.
F. ์ž…ํ•™ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[i-pak] โ€” ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ…‚ + ใ…Ž aspirates to ใ….
G. ๋งŽ์•„ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[ma-na] โ€” ใ…Ž ํƒˆ๋ฝ โ€” ใ„ถ โ†’ ใ„ด stays, ใ…Ž vanishes.
H. ์‹ซ์–ด โ†’ [____]
Answer
[si-reo] โ€” ใ…Ž ํƒˆ๋ฝ โ€” ใ…€ โ†’ ใ„น stays, ใ…Ž vanishes.
I. Which rule covers ์ข‹์•„ vs. ์ข‹๋‹ค?
Answer
ใ…Ž ํƒˆ๋ฝ (์ข‹์•„) vs. ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™” (์ข‹๋‹ค) โ€” Same ใ…Ž batchim, different next-syllable triggers โ€” vowel deletes, stop aspirates.
J. True or false: ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™” only fires when ใ…Ž comes BEFORE the stop.
Answer
False โ€” Aspiration fires in both directions โ€” ใ„ฑ + ใ…Ž AND ใ…Ž + ใ„ฑ both produce ใ…‹.
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Exercise 3 โ€” Tensing ๊ฒฝ์Œํ™” ๐Ÿ’ช
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๐Ÿ“š Vocabulary Box โ€” [k]/[t]/[p] batchim + plain ใ„ฑใ„ทใ…‚ใ……ใ…ˆ = next consonant tenses to ใ„ฒใ„ธใ…ƒใ…†ใ…‰
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๐Ÿ’ก Tip: A hard stop at the bottom squeezes the next consonant doubled.
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A. ํ•™๊ต โ†’ [____]
Answer
[hak-kyo] โ€” ใ„ฑ batchim + ใ„ฑ โ†’ ใ„ฒ. School.
B. ์‹๋‹น โ†’ [____]
Answer
[sik-ttang] โ€” ใ„ฑ batchim + ใ„ท โ†’ ใ„ธ. Restaurant.
C. ์žก์ง€ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[jap-jji] โ€” ใ…‚ batchim + ใ…ˆ โ†’ ใ…‰. Magazine.
D. ๋ฐ›๋‹ค โ†’ [____]
Answer
[bat-tta] โ€” ใ„ท batchim + ใ„ท โ†’ ใ„ธ. To receive.
E. ์ž…๊ตญ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[ip-kkuk] โ€” ใ…‚ batchim + ใ„ฑ โ†’ ใ„ฒ. Entry into a country.
F. ํ•™์ƒ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[hak-ssaeng] โ€” ใ„ฑ batchim + ใ…… โ†’ ใ…†. Student.
G. ์˜ท์žฅ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[ot-jjang] โ€” ใ…… batchim โ†’ [t] bucket, then + ใ…ˆ โ†’ ใ…‰. Wardrobe.
H. What three batchim sound buckets trigger tensing?
Answer
[k], [t], [p] โ€” The three "stop" batchim families. Nasal/liquid batchims ([n] [m] [ng] [l]) don't trigger tensing.
I. True or false: ๊ฒฝ์Œํ™” only happens when the next consonant is ใ„ฑ.
Answer
False โ€” All five plain consonants tense: ใ„ฑโ†’ใ„ฒ, ใ„ทโ†’ใ„ธ, ใ…‚โ†’ใ…ƒ, ใ……โ†’ใ…†, ใ…ˆโ†’ใ…‰.
J. Why does ํ•™๊ต sound like [hak-kyo] not [hak-gyo]?
Answer
๊ฒฝ์Œํ™” โ€” [k] batchim builds mouth pressure, the next ใ„ฑ pops out doubled as ใ„ฒ.
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Exercise 4 โ€” Nasalization ๋น„์Œํ™” ๐Ÿ‘ƒ
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๐Ÿ“š Vocabulary Box โ€” ใ„ฑ + ใ„ด/ใ… โ†’ ใ…‡ + ใ„ด/ใ… โ€ข ใ„ท + ใ„ด/ใ… โ†’ ใ„ด + ใ„ด/ใ… โ€ข ใ…‚ + ใ„ด/ใ… โ†’ ใ… + ใ„ด/ใ…
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๐Ÿ’ก Tip: When a stop meets a nasal, the stop catches the nasal and turns into its nose-friend.
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A. ํ•™๋…„ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[hang-nyeon] โ€” ใ„ฑ + ใ„ด โ†’ ใ…‡ + ใ„ด. School year.
B. ๊ตญ๋ฌผ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[gung-mul] โ€” ใ„ฑ + ใ… โ†’ ใ…‡ + ใ…. Broth.
C. ๋‹ซ๋Š” โ†’ [____]
Answer
[dan-neun] โ€” ใ„ท + ใ„ด โ†’ ใ„ด + ใ„ด. (The closing-X modifier form.)
D. ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ†’ [____]
Answer
[ham-ni-da] โ€” ใ…‚ + ใ„ด โ†’ ใ… + ใ„ด. To do (formal).
E. ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค โ†’ [____]
Answer
[im-ni-da] โ€” ใ…‚ + ใ„ด โ†’ ใ… + ใ„ด. To be (formal).
F. ์˜›๋‚  โ†’ [____]
Answer
[yen-nal] โ€” ใ…… โ†’ [t] bucket โ†’ ใ„ด before ใ„ด. Old times.
G. Match: [k] batchim + nasal โ†’ ?
Answer
ใ…‡ [ng] โ€” The [k] family nasalizes to ใ…‡ before ใ„ด or ใ….
H. Match: [p] batchim + nasal โ†’ ?
Answer
ใ… [m] โ€” The [p] family nasalizes to ใ… before ใ„ด or ใ….
I. Match: [t] batchim + nasal โ†’ ?
Answer
ใ„ด [n] โ€” The [t] family nasalizes to ใ„ด before ใ„ด or ใ….
J. True or false: nasalization ONLY happens before ใ„ด.
Answer
False โ€” Both ใ„ด AND ใ… trigger nasalization on a preceding stop batchim.
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Exercise 5 โ€” Lateralization ์œ ์Œํ™” + Mixed Pitfall Patrol ๐ŸŒŠ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
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๐Ÿ“š Vocabulary Box โ€” ใ„ด + ใ„น โ†’ ใ„น + ใ„น โ€ข ใ„น + ใ„ด โ†’ ใ„น + ใ„น โ€ข All 6 rules: ์—ฐ์Œ, ใ…Ž ํƒˆ๋ฝ, ๊ฒฉ์Œํ™”, ๊ฒฝ์Œํ™”, ๋น„์Œํ™”, ์œ ์Œํ™”
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๐Ÿ’ก Tip: ใ„น is the smoothest consonant โ€” it pulls neighboring ใ„ด into its flow.
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A. ์‹ ๋ผ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[sil-la] โ€” ์œ ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ„ด + ใ„น โ†’ ใ„น + ใ„น. (Silla dynasty.)
B. ์—ฐ๋ฝ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[yeol-lak] โ€” ์œ ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ„ด + ใ„น โ†’ ใ„น + ใ„น. Contact.
C. ์„ค๋‚  โ†’ [____]
Answer
[seol-lal] โ€” ์œ ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ„น + ใ„ด โ†’ ใ„น + ใ„น. Lunar New Year.
D. ์ง„๋ฆฌ โ†’ [____]
Answer
[jil-li] โ€” ์œ ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ„ด + ใ„น โ†’ ใ„น + ใ„น. Truth.
E. โŒ โ†’ โœ…: A learner says ์ข‹์•„ as "jo-ha". Fix it.
Answer
[jo-a] โ€” ใ…Ž ํƒˆ๋ฝ โ€” ใ…Ž batchim deletes entirely before vowels.
F. โŒ โ†’ โœ…: A learner says ํ•™๊ต as "hak-gyo" with a soft [g]. Fix it.
Answer
[hak-kyo] โ€” ๊ฒฝ์Œํ™” โ€” [k] batchim tenses the next ใ„ฑ to ใ„ฒ.
G. โŒ โ†’ โœ…: A learner says ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค as "hap-ni-da". Fix it.
Answer
[ham-ni-da] โ€” ๋น„์Œํ™” โ€” ใ…‚ + ใ„ด โ†’ ใ… + ใ„ด.
H. โŒ โ†’ โœ…: A learner says ์‹ ๋ผ as "sin-ra". Fix it.
Answer
[sil-la] โ€” ์œ ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ„ด + ใ„น โ†’ ใ„น + ใ„น. Both letters become ใ„น.
I. Which rule fires in ์ผ๋…„?
Answer
์œ ์Œํ™” โ€” ใ„น + ใ„ด โ†’ ใ„น + ใ„น. [il-lyeon]. One year.
J. Final boss โ€” read aloud and name the rule(s) in ์ข‹์€ ํ•™์ƒ ๐Ÿ˜Š๐ŸŽ“
Answer
[jo-eun hak-ssaeng] โ€” ์ข‹์€ = ใ…Ž ํƒˆ๋ฝ (ใ…Ž vanishes before ์€). ํ•™์ƒ = ๊ฒฝ์Œํ™” ([k] batchim tenses ใ…… to ใ…†).
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๐ŸŽ‰ You crushed all 50! That's all six ์—ฐ์Œ ๋ฒ•์น™ rules โ€” basic liaison, ใ…Ž deletion, aspiration, tensing, nasalization, and lateralization. Korean spelling and pronunciation just clicked into place. You've unlocked the secret code of spoken Korean. ๐Ÿš€