๐Ÿ›๏ธ

Social Stratification

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณ„์ธตํ™” / ์„œ์—ด / ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ / ์œ„๊ณ„
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐ŸŽฏ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿ›๏ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณ„์ธตํ™” means โ€œsocial stratificationโ€: society becoming arranged into layered groups by wealth, education, occupation, status, or power.
  • ๐Ÿชœ ์„œ์—ด and ์œ„๊ณ„ both point to ranking, but ์„œ์—ด often feels like an order of rank, while ์œ„๊ณ„ sounds more structural or institutional.
  • โš–๏ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ means โ€œstructural inequalityโ€: unequal outcomes built into systems, not just one personโ€™s bad attitude.
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” When a term feels dense, copy it into
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
and listen to the rhythm. Academic Korean gets less scary once your ears recognize the chunks. ๐Ÿง 
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

Advanced vocabulary loves โ€œcompressed meaning.โ€ One Korean noun phrase can carry a whole sociology paragraph in a trench coat. ๐Ÿ•ต๏ธโ€โ™€๏ธ This lesson gives you the core vocabulary for talking about how society sorts people into layers, ranks, and opportunity gaps.
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The key idea is not just โ€œsome people are rich and others are not.โ€ It is about patterns: who gets access to education, housing, networks, prestige, safety, and political voice. That is where terms like ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณ„์ธตํ™” (social stratification), ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ (class structure), and ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ (structural inequality) become useful. ๐Ÿงฉ
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You will also learn how to separate neutral analysis from loaded wording. ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต (upper class), ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต (middle class), and ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต (low-income group) are descriptive, while words like ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ (lower-class people) can sound stigmatizing depending on context. Choose carefully. ๐ŸŽš๏ธ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Social Stratification Family

  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณ„์ธตํ™” โ†’ social stratification; the process or condition in which society is divided into layers by resources, status, and power. Use it when the focus is the layered structure itself. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
  • ๊ณ„์ธต โ†’ social stratum/layer; a group sharing similar social or economic position. It is broader and often safer than ๊ณ„๊ธ‰. ๐Ÿงฑ
  • ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ โ†’ class; often more theoretical, historical, or conflict-focused than ๊ณ„์ธต. Use it carefully in academic or ideological discussions. ๐Ÿ“š
  • ์„œ์—ด โ†’ rank/order; emphasizes who is above or below whom in a ranked sequence. ๐Ÿชœ
  • ์œ„๊ณ„ โ†’ hierarchy; emphasizes an organized structure of levels, authority, or status. ๐Ÿข
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ structural inequality; inequality produced or maintained by institutions, norms, policies, markets, and social arrangements. โš–๏ธ
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ด๋™์„ฑ โ†’ social mobility; the ability to move upward or downward between social positions. ๐Ÿšช
  • ๊ธฐํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ opportunity structure; the social conditions that shape who can access education, work, housing, and influence. ๐Ÿ—๏ธ
  • ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ inequality deepens; use ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค (to intensify/deepen) with abstract problems like inequality, conflict, or polarization. ๐ŸŒŠ
  • ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ the gap widens; a natural phrase for income, wealth, education, regional, or digital gaps. ๐Ÿ“

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณ„์ธตํ™”๋ฅผ ๋” ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • (Differences in educational opportunity can make social stratification more pronounced.) ๐ŸŽ“
      Notes: ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ = educational opportunity; ์ฐจ์ด = difference; ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๋‹ค = clear/distinct.
  • ์กฐ์ง ์•ˆ์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์ง๋˜๋ฉด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ฌปํžˆ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค.
    • (When hierarchy inside an organization becomes too rigid, new opinions are easily buried.) ๐Ÿข
      Notes: ์กฐ์ง = organization; ๊ฒฝ์ง๋˜๋‹ค = to become rigid; ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ฌปํžˆ๋‹ค = an opinion gets buried/ignored.
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
    • (Structural inequality is difficult to solve through individual effort alone.) โš–๏ธ
      Notes: ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ = individual effort; ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜๋‹ค = to be solved; -๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค = is difficult to do.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

Academic Korean often builds big concepts by stacking smaller Sino-Korean nouns:
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ (society) + ๊ณ„์ธต (stratum/layer) + -ํ™” (becoming/turning into) โ†’ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณ„์ธตํ™” (social stratification)
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ (structure) + -์  (structural/adjectival) + ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ (inequality) โ†’ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ (structural inequality)
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ (society) + ์ด๋™์„ฑ (mobility) โ†’ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ด๋™์„ฑ (social mobility)
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When you see -ํ™”, think โ€œbecoming Xโ€ or โ€œturning into X.โ€ When you see -์ , think โ€œX-like / X-related / X-based.โ€ Tiny suffixes, big academic muscles. ๐Ÿ’ช

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

Core terms and usage patterns were checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์–ด์› resources and Korean dictionary examples, including entries and usage around ๊ณ„์ธตํ™”, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ, ๊ณ„์ธต, and related sociological vocabulary. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณ„์ธตํ™” (social stratification) vs. ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ (stratified/class-layer structure): the first often emphasizes the process or phenomenon; the second emphasizes the resulting structure.
  • ์„œ์—ด (rank/order) vs. ์œ„๊ณ„ (hierarchy): ์„œ์—ด can sound like a ranked list; ์œ„๊ณ„ sounds more systematic or organizational.
  • ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ (inequality) vs. ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ (gap): ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ stresses unfairness or unequal distribution; ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ stresses measurable difference.
  • ์†Œ์™ธ ๊ณ„์ธต (marginalized group) vs. ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต (vulnerable group): both appear in policy contexts, but ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต often emphasizes vulnerability and need for support.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ๊ณ„์ธต = always โ€œclassโ€ โ†’ โœ… ๊ณ„์ธต can mean stratum, layer, or demographic group; ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ is the stronger โ€œclassโ€ term.
  • โŒ ์„œ์—ด and ์œ„๊ณ„ are perfectly interchangeable โ†’ โœ… ์„œ์—ด highlights rank order; ์œ„๊ณ„ highlights hierarchical structure.
  • โŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ means one person was unfair โ†’ โœ… it points to unequal patterns maintained by systems, institutions, or repeated social arrangements.
  • โŒ Use ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ casually for โ€œpoor peopleโ€ โ†’ โœ… prefer more neutral terms like ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต (low-income group) or ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต (vulnerable group), depending on meaning.
  • โŒ Translate every ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ as โ€œinequalityโ€ โ†’ โœ… often โ€œgapโ€ is more precise: ์†Œ๋“ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ = income gap, ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ = education gap.
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You now have the vocabulary to discuss social layers without sounding like a dictionary fell down the stairs. Elegant, precise, and slightly dangerous at seminars. ๐ŸŽ“โœจ
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Try this exercise

Instructions: Complete each sentence with the most natural term from this lesson, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance. Focus on whether the sentence is about layers, rank, hierarchy, inequality, mobility, or gaps.
1. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์›์ด ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Economic resources concentrated in certain groups can strengthen social stratification.) ๐Ÿ’ฐ
Answer
๊ณ„์ธตํ™” โ€” The sentence describes society becoming more layered by resource distribution.
2. ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์•ˆ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง์›๋“ค์ด ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
(If the hierarchy inside a company is too strong, employees find it hard to speak freely.) ๐Ÿข
Answer
์œ„๊ณ„ โ€” An organized internal hierarchy fits a company context.
3. ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ž…์‹œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ๊ต์œก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
(In college entrance results, the education gap between regions appeared clearly.) ๐Ÿซ
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” A measurable difference between regions is a gap.
4. ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์„ ํƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋” ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
(The study focuses more on structural inequality than individual choice.) ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ์  โ€” The phrase is ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ, inequality built into systems.
5. ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ง์—…์ด ์ž๋…€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถ„์„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Some analyses say parentsโ€™ occupations affect childrenโ€™s social mobility.) ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ‘ง
Answer
์‚ฌํšŒ โ€” The full term is ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ด๋™์„ฑ, movement between social positions.
6. ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(The policy focused on widening the opportunity structure for young people.) ๐Ÿ—๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐํšŒ โ€” ๊ธฐํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means the conditions that shape access to opportunity.
7. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ถœ์‹  ํ•™๊ต์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๋‹ค.
(In that society, rank based on school background is very clear.) ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
์„œ์—ด โ€” The sentence emphasizes rank order by educational background.
8. ๋ณต์ง€ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(The welfare system supports the life stability of vulnerable groups.) ๐Ÿ›Ÿ
Answer
์ทจ์•ฝ โ€” ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต is a common policy term for vulnerable groups.
9. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉด ์ •๋ณด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(If access to digital technology is low, the information gap can grow.) ๐Ÿ’ป
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” ์ •๋ณด ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means information gap or digital divide.
10. ๊ทธ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถฐ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(That expression may disparage poor people, so one should be cautious.) โš ๏ธ
Answer
์ฃผ์˜ โ€” Use neutral wording; avoid stigmatizing labels when discussing class or poverty.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณ„์ธตํ™” โ†’ social stratification
  • ์œ„๊ณ„ โ†’ hierarchy
  • ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ gap
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ structural inequality
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ด๋™์„ฑ โ†’ social mobility
  • ๊ธฐํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ opportunity structure
  • ์„œ์—ด โ†’ rank/order
  • ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต โ†’ vulnerable group
  • ์ •๋ณด ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ information gap
  • ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be cautious
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก If the sentence measures distance between groups, try ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ; if it describes layered society, try ๊ณ„์ธตํ™”.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Head into the Practice Hub below when you're ready to make these terms yours. ๐Ÿง 
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Social Stratification
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Welcome to your Social Stratification Practice Hub. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ Here you will train the difference between layers, ranks, hierarchy, structural inequality, mobility, and opportunity gaps, so your Korean sounds analytical instead of vaguely dramatic. ๐ŸŽš๏ธ
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a term or sentence aloud.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Complete each Korean sentence with the best word or phrase, say the full sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle. Watch the nuance: many answers are grammatically possible, but only one best matches the social-analysis meaning.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Layered Society Terms ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

A. ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์†Œ๋“์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.
(Urban housing forms show clear social layers according to income.) ๐Ÿ™๏ธ
Answer
๊ณ„์ธต โ€” The focus is social layers grouped by income.
B. ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ์ดํ›„ ์ง์—… ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
(After industrialization, social stratification became more complex as occupational differentiation accelerated.) ๐Ÿญ
Answer
๊ณ„์ธตํ™” โ€” The sentence describes the phenomenon of society becoming layered.
C. ๊ทธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ž๋ณธ ์†Œ์œ  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(The paper analyzes class conflict based on ownership of capital.) ๐Ÿ“š
Answer
๊ณ„๊ธ‰ โ€” Ownership and conflict make ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ more suitable than the broader ๊ณ„์ธต.
D. ์ „๋ฌธ์ง๊ณผ ๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ง ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ์–‘์‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
(The lifestyle difference between professionals and temporary workers connects to class-layer structure.) ๐Ÿงฐ
Answer
๊ณ„์ธต โ€” ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ names the layered social arrangement.
E. ๋†์ดŒ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(The difference in medical access between rural areas and big cities can be seen as a regional stratification issue.) ๐Ÿฅ
Answer
๊ณ„์ธตํ™” โ€” Here it describes uneven layering by region and access.
F. ํ•™๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜๋ฉด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(When education and assets combine, a new social stratum may form.) ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
๊ณ„์ธต โ€” A group sharing a similar social position is a ๊ณ„์ธต.
G. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ถ„์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(In history class, they also covered the class structure of status-based society.) ๐Ÿฐ
Answer
๊ณ„๊ธ‰ โ€” Historical status and class relations often fit ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ.
H. ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(The status of platform workers has aspects difficult to explain through existing stratum classifications.) ๐Ÿ“ฑ
Answer
๊ณ„์ธต โ€” ๊ณ„์ธต ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ means classification by social stratum.
I. ๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฌผ๋ฆผ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
(The inheritance of wealth entrenches social stratification over the long term.) ๐Ÿ’Ž
Answer
๊ณ„์ธตํ™” โ€” The process or condition of layered inequality becomes fixed.
J. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„ ์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
(The researcher distinguished detailed strata within the middle class through consumption tastes.) ๐Ÿ›’
Answer
๊ณ„์ธต โ€” Subgroups inside a larger class are naturally called ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณ„์ธต.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ณ„์ธต โ†’ stratum/layer
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณ„์ธตํ™” โ†’ social stratification
  • ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ โ†’ class
  • ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ stratified structure
  • ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ โ†’ class conflict
  • ์ง์—… ๋ถ„ํ™” โ†’ occupational differentiation
  • ๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ง โ†’ temporary/non-regular worker
  • ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ โ†’ medical access
  • ๋Œ€๋ฌผ๋ฆผ โ†’ inheritance across generations
  • ๊ณ ์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค โ†’ to entrench/fix in place
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Use ๊ณ„์ธต for layers or groups; use ๊ณ„์ธตํ™” for the phenomenon or process.
ย 

Exercise 2 โ€” Rank vs. Hierarchy ๐Ÿชœ

A. ์ž…์‚ฌ ๋™๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„๊ณต์‹ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค.
(Even among employees hired together, an informal rank order formed through performance evaluation.) ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์„œ์—ด โ€” A ranked order among peers is ์„œ์—ด.
B. ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ ์กฐ์ง์€ ๋ช…๋ น ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.
(A military organization has a strong hierarchy centered on command structure.) ๐Ÿช–
Answer
์œ„๊ณ„ โ€” Command structure points to institutional hierarchy.
C. ๋ช…๋ฌธ๋Œ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํ•™๋ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ์ฑ„์šฉ ๊ณผ์ •์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค.
(A school-prestige ranking centered on elite universities affects hiring too.) ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
์„œ์—ด โ€” ํ•™๋ฒŒ ์„œ์—ด is a natural phrase for ranking by educational prestige.
D. ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์˜์‹์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(To create horizontal meetings, excessive hierarchical consciousness should be reduced.) ๐Ÿช‘
Answer
์œ„๊ณ„ โ€” ์œ„๊ณ„ ์˜์‹ refers to awareness of hierarchy and status levels.
E. ๊ทธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ธ๋ก ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์ธ๊ธฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ํฐ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๋А๊ผˆ๋‹ค.
(The athlete felt great pressure from the popularity ranking created by the media.) ๐Ÿ…
Answer
์„œ์—ด โ€” A list-like popularity rank is ์„œ์—ด.
F. ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(Bureaucracy presupposes a hierarchical structure where roles and authority are divided by level.) ๐Ÿ—‚๏ธ
Answer
์œ„๊ณ„ โ€” Layered authority and roles create ์œ„๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ.
G. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋งˆ์Œ์†์—์„œ ์•”๋ฌต์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค.
(Brand image forms an implicit ranking in consumersโ€™ minds.) ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์„œ์—ด โ€” Implicit order of preference is rank order.
H. ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์„ ๋…์ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํšŒ์˜์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋šœ๋ ทํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
(When a supervisor monopolizes speaking, the hierarchy of the meeting becomes clearer.) ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Answer
์œ„๊ณ„ โ€” Supervisor/subordinate dynamics are hierarchical.
I. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์—์„œ๋„ ํ™œ๋™ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค.
(Even in online communities, a ranking culture based on activity duration appears.) ๐Ÿ’ฌ
Answer
์„œ์—ด โ€” The sentence emphasizes rank by tenure.
J. ์ „ํ†ต ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์•ˆ์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ๊ถŒํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Differences in authority by generation within a traditional family can be explained as hierarchical relations.) ๐Ÿ‘ต
Answer
์œ„๊ณ„ โ€” Authority differences by level are ์œ„๊ณ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์„œ์—ด โ†’ rank/order
  • ์œ„๊ณ„ โ†’ hierarchy
  • ๋น„๊ณต์‹ ์„œ์—ด โ†’ informal ranking
  • ๋ช…๋ น ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ command structure
  • ํ•™๋ฒŒ ์„œ์—ด โ†’ school-prestige ranking
  • ์œ„๊ณ„ ์˜์‹ โ†’ hierarchical consciousness
  • ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ โ†’ bureaucracy
  • ๊ถŒํ•œ โ†’ authority
  • ์•”๋ฌต์  โ†’ implicit
  • ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ โ†’ by generation
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์„œ์—ด sounds like a rank list; ์œ„๊ณ„ sounds like a layered authority system.
ย 

Exercise 3 โ€” Inequality, Gaps, and Mobility โš–๏ธ

A. ์ž„๊ธˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ๋งŒ๋„ ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(When the wage gap grows, social dissatisfaction can also rise.) ๐Ÿ’ต
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” A measurable difference in wages is a gap.
B. ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
(When discriminatory institutions accumulate, structural inequality is reproduced.) ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ์  โ€” Institutions maintaining inequality point to ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ.
C. ์žฅํ•™๊ธˆ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(A scholarship system can become a device that increases social mobility for low-income students.) ๐ŸŽ’
Answer
์ด๋™์„ฑ โ€” Moving between social positions is ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ด๋™์„ฑ.
D. ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋น„ ์ƒ์Šน์€ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
(Rising housing costs expanded the asset gap among younger generations.) ๐Ÿ 
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means wealth or asset gap.
E. ์ฑ„์šฉ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€ ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
(Bias in the hiring market weakens a fair opportunity structure.) ๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
๊ธฐํšŒ โ€” ๊ธฐํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ names the conditions shaping access to opportunity.
F. ๋Œ๋ด„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ํŠน์ • ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋ฉด ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค.
(When care burdens concentrate on a particular gender, labor-market inequality emerges.) ๐Ÿ‘ถ
Answer
๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ€” The sentence stresses unfair unequal distribution, not just a measured gap.
G. ๊ต์œก๋น„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์€ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์†Œ๋“์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™์Šต ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Education expenses can widen learning gaps according to household income.) ๐Ÿ“˜
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” Use ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค for โ€œwiden a gap.โ€
H. ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ตํ†ต๋ง์€ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(Public transportation networks sometimes change the opportunity structure for local residents.) ๐Ÿš†
Answer
๊ธฐํšŒ โ€” Transportation can change access to jobs, schools, and services.
I. ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ž๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„๋‹ค.
(When parentsโ€™ social status carries over to children, intergenerational mobility decreases.) ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ‘งโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆ
Answer
์ด๋™์„ฑ โ€” ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋™์„ฑ is intergenerational mobility.
J. ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Differences in working hours can lead to a health gap.) ๐Ÿฉบ
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ is a natural phrase for health gap.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ gap
  • ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ inequality
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ structural inequality
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ด๋™์„ฑ โ†’ social mobility
  • ๊ธฐํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ opportunity structure
  • ์ž„๊ธˆ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ wage gap
  • ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ asset/wealth gap
  • ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต โ†’ low-income group
  • ์ฑ„์šฉ ์‹œ์žฅ โ†’ hiring market
  • ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ โ†’ intergenerational
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ measures distance; ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ evaluates unequal social distribution.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Policy-Safe Vocabulary ๐Ÿ›Ÿ

A. ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋นˆ๊ณค์ธต๋ณด๋‹ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณ„์ธต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
(The report used the expression vulnerable group rather than poor people.) ๐Ÿ“„
Answer
์ทจ์•ฝ โ€” ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต is common in policy writing.
B. ์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ๋ฌธํ™” ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(The support project targets marginalized groups excluded from cultural activities.) ๐ŸŽญ
Answer
์†Œ์™ธ โ€” ์†Œ์™ธ ๊ณ„์ธต emphasizes exclusion or marginalization.
C. ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒญ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ธต์˜ ์†Œ๋น„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
(The statistics office separately analyzed consumption changes among the middle class.) ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์ค‘์‚ฐ โ€” ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต means middle class.
D. ์˜๋ฃŒ๋น„ ๋ณด์กฐ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ธต ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Medical cost subsidies aim to reduce the burden on low-income households.) ๐Ÿ’Š
Answer
์ €์†Œ๋“ โ€” ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต is neutral and income-specific.
E. ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ณด์œ  ๋น„์œจ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ธต์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
(The ownership rate of expensive housing appeared especially high among the upper class.) ๐Ÿก
Answer
์ƒ๋ฅ˜ โ€” ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต refers to the upper class.
F. ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถฐ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋А๋‚Œ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(That word feels disparaging toward people, so official documents should be cautious.) ๐Ÿ–‹๏ธ
Answer
์ฃผ์˜ โ€” Use neutral policy vocabulary instead of stigmatizing labels.
G. ๋ณต์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ˜„๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋ณด๋‹ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค.
(The welfare policy aimed to improve opportunity structure rather than simple cash payments.) ๐ŸŽฏ
Answer
๊ธฐํšŒ โ€” Improving access conditions means improving ๊ธฐํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ.
H. ์žฅ์•  ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ ‘๊ทผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ œ๋‹ค.
(Reducing the service-access gap by disability status is a key task.) โ™ฟ
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” A difference in access is an access gap.
I. ๊ทธ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์€ ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(The campaign was designed not to stigmatize a particular group as the cause of the problem.) ๐Ÿงท
Answer
๋‚™์ธ์ฐ๋‹ค โ€” ๋‚™์ธ์ฐ๋‹ค means to stigmatize or brand negatively.
J. ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
(The government announcement presented housing stability for vulnerable groups as a major goal.) ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
์ทจ์•ฝ โ€” ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต fits policy support contexts.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต โ†’ vulnerable group
  • ์†Œ์™ธ ๊ณ„์ธต โ†’ marginalized group
  • ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต โ†’ middle class
  • ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต โ†’ low-income group
  • ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต โ†’ upper class
  • ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be cautious
  • ๊ธฐํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ opportunity structure
  • ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ access gap
  • ๋‚™์ธ์ฐ๋‹ค โ†’ to stigmatize
  • ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ • โ†’ housing stability
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก In public or academic writing, prefer precise neutral terms over labels that may shame people.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. โŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณ„์ธต = ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰. โœ… ์‚ฌํšŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๋” ๋„“์€ ์ธต์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(โŒ Social stratum always equals class. โœ… Social stratum can refer to broader layers.) ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๊ณ„์ธต โ€” Pitfall fixed: ๊ณ„์ธต is broader than ๊ณ„๊ธ‰.
B. โŒ ์œ„๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์ˆœ์œ„๋‹ค. โœ… ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(โŒ Hierarchy is just a popularity ranking. โœ… An organizationโ€™s authority structure is explained as hierarchy.) ๐Ÿข
Answer
์œ„๊ณ„ โ€” Pitfall fixed: ์œ„๊ณ„ is structural, not just list-like ranking.
C. โŒ ์„œ์—ด์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ œ๋„์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‹ค. โœ… ์ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆœ์œ„๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
(โŒ Rank order is always an institutional structure. โœ… Ranking by score is closer to rank order.) ๐Ÿงฎ
Answer
์„œ์—ด โ€” Pitfall fixed: ์„œ์—ด highlights ordering.
D. โŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ํƒ“์ด๋‹ค. โœ… ์ œ๋„์™€ ๊ด€ํ–‰์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค.
(โŒ Structural inequality is an individualโ€™s fault. โœ… Inequality made by institutions and practices is structural inequality.) โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ์  โ€” Pitfall fixed: structural means system-level, not personal blame.
E. โŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋œ๋‹ค. โœ… ์†Œ๋“ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์†Œ๋“ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(โŒ Every gap translates as inequality. โœ… Income difference is usually called an income gap.) ๐Ÿ“
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” Pitfall fixed: ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ often means measurable gap.
F. โŒ ํ•˜์ธต๋ฏผ์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๋‹ค. โœ… ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ธต์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๋‚ซ๋‹ค.
(โŒ โ€œLower-class peopleโ€ is always neutral. โœ… In official documents, a specific term like low-income group is better.) ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์ €์†Œ๋“ โ€” Pitfall fixed: avoid stigmatizing wording; choose neutral specificity.
G. โŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์€ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. โœ… ์‚ฌํšŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ฐ„ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค.
(โŒ Social mobility is the ability to move houses. โœ… Social mobility is the possibility of changing position between strata.) ๐Ÿšช
Answer
์ด๋™์„ฑ โ€” Pitfall fixed: this is movement in social position, not physical relocation.
H. โŒ ๊ธฐํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. โœ… ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ ์ ‘๊ทผ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(โŒ Opportunity structure only means personal will. โœ… Access conditions in education and labor markets belong to opportunity structure.) ๐Ÿ—๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐํšŒ โ€” Pitfall fixed: opportunity structure is about access conditions.
I. โŒ ์†Œ์™ธ ๊ณ„์ธต๊ณผ ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. โœ… ๋ฐฐ์ œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ๋” ์•Œ๋งž๋‹ค.
(โŒ Marginalized group and vulnerable group are completely identical. โœ… When emphasizing exclusion, marginalized group is more suitable.) ๐Ÿšง
Answer
์†Œ์™ธ โ€” Pitfall fixed: ์†Œ์™ธ ๊ณ„์ธต stresses exclusion or marginalization.
J. โŒ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ์ €์ ˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. โœ… ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ฉด ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(โŒ Inequality disappears by itself. โœ… If institutions remain the same, inequality can be reproduced.) ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ โ€” Pitfall fixed: ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋‹ค means inequality is reproduced through repeated social conditions.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ณ„์ธต โ†’ stratum/layer
  • ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ โ†’ class
  • ์œ„๊ณ„ โ†’ hierarchy
  • ์„œ์—ด โ†’ rank/order
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ structural inequality
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ income gap
  • ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต โ†’ low-income group
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ด๋™์„ฑ โ†’ social mobility
  • ๊ธฐํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ opportunity structure
  • ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be reproduced
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Your safest move: identify whether the sentence is about a group, a process, a ranked order, a hierarchy, a measurable gap, or a system-level unfairness.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work. You can now discuss ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ณ„์ธตํ™”, ์„œ์—ด, ์œ„๊ณ„, and ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ with the precision of someone who came prepared โ€” and the calm of someone who knows which noun is doing the heavy lifting. ๐Ÿง โœจ