๐Ÿ›๏ธ

Public Accountability in Governance

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด / ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ / ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ 
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿ›๏ธ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿ›๏ธ ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด (public accountability/responsibility) means institutions and officials must explain decisions, accept evaluation, and act for the public.
  • ๐Ÿ‘€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ (citizen oversight) checks power by letting citizens, media, and civic groups monitor decisions and spending.
  • ๐Ÿ” ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  (enhancing transparency) strengthens trust by making information, procedures, and responsibility visible.
๐ŸŽง
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note
When you want to hear any phrase from this lesson, open
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
and type the Korean word or sentence into the widget. Governance phrases sound smoother when you read them in chunks: ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด โ†’ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ โ†’ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ . ๐ŸŽ›๏ธ
ย 

๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

๐Ÿงญ
Main idea: ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด asks how public power should be explained, monitored, and corrected. If decisions affect everyone, the decision-makers must not hide behind fog machines. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค (governance) is broader than ์ •๋ถ€ (government). It includes public institutions, rules, decision-making procedures, citizen participation, civic groups, monitoring systems, and accountability structures. In advanced Korean, this topic often appears in formal discussions about democracy, corruption prevention, public trust, and administrative reform. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
A strong answer connects three ideas: institutions have ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด (public accountability), citizens need ๊ฐ์‹œ (oversight), and information disclosure improves ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ (transparency). Together, they help prevent ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋‚จ์šฉ (abuse of power) and restore ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ (social trust). โš–๏ธ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Public Accountability Family

1. ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค โ€” governance ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค refers to how decisions are made, implemented, monitored, and evaluated across government, institutions, and civil society.
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋Š” ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • (Responsible governance requires information disclosure and citizen participation.) ๐Ÿ“‘
  • Useful phrase: ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค โ€” responsible governance.

2. ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด โ€” public accountability ๐Ÿ“œ

๊ณต์  means public or official, and ์ฑ…๋ฌด means duty or responsibility. ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด is stronger than simply โ€œa jobโ€; it means a responsibility tied to public power.
  • ๊ณต์ง์ž๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ด์ต๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • (Public officials should prioritize public responsibility over personal interest.) ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ’ผ
  • Useful phrase: ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹คํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to fulfill public responsibility.

3. ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ โ€” citizen oversight ๐Ÿ‘€

๊ฐ์‹œ can sound negative in private relationships, but ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ is normal and positive in public governance. It means citizens monitor public power to prevent abuse.
  • ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • (Citizen oversight of the budget execution process should be strengthened.) ๐Ÿ’ฐ
  • Useful phrase: ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to guarantee citizen oversight through formal systems.

4. ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  โ€” enhancing transparency ๐Ÿ”

ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ means transparency, and ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค means to enhance or raise an abstract value. Use it with institutional values, not concrete objects.
  • ํšŒ์˜๋ก ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • (Publishing meeting minutes contributes to enhancing transparency in the policy-making process.) ๐Ÿ“’
  • Useful phrase: ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to secure transparency.

5. ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ and ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ถ”๊ถ โ€” information disclosure and demand for responsibility ๐Ÿงพ

์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ means disclosure of information. ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ถ”๊ถ means demanding responsibility when something goes wrong.
  • ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๋ฏผ์€ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ถ”๊ถํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
    • (If information disclosure is insufficient, citizens find it difficult to demand accountability.) ๐Ÿ•ต๏ธ
  • Useful phrase: ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to clarify where responsibility lies.

6. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ and ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ€” democratic legitimacy and social trust โš–๏ธ

๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ means democratic legitimacy; ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ means social trust. These are the outcomes of responsible governance.
  • ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค.
    • (Transparent procedures increase democratic legitimacy and social trust.) ๐Ÿค
  • Useful phrase: ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” to restore trust.

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

Pattern 1: A๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด B๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค

Use this to connect a goal with a required mechanism.
  • ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
    • (Information disclosure and citizen oversight are necessary to strengthen public accountability.) ๐Ÿ‘€
      Notes: ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค = to strengthen; ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค = to be necessary.

Pattern 2: A ์—†์ด๋Š” B๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค

Use this to show that one condition is necessary for another result.
  • ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์—†์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
    • (Without transparency, it is difficult to gain citizensโ€™ trust.) ๐Ÿ”
      Notes: -๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค = it is difficult to do; ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋‹ค = to gain trust.

Pattern 3: Aํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ Bํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค

Use this to show how one action creates a governance result.
  • ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋‚จ์šฉ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • (By disclosing the decision-making process, abuse of power can be prevented.) ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
      Notes: -ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ = by doing; ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค = to prevent.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

This is a vocabulary-and-argument lesson, so the key skill is building a governance chain:
  1. Name the actor: ์ •๋ถ€ (government), ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ (public institution), ๊ณต์ง์ž (public official), ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด (local government)
  1. Name the risk: ์ •๋ณด ์€ํ (concealment of information), ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋‚จ์šฉ (abuse of power), ์ฑ…์ž„ ํšŒํ”ผ (avoidance of responsibility), ๋ถ€ํŒจ (corruption)
  1. Add the check: ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ (citizen oversight), ์–ธ๋ก  ๊ฐ์‹œ (media oversight), ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ (information disclosure)
  1. Add the outcome: ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  (enhanced transparency), ์‹ ๋ขฐ ํšŒ๋ณต (restoration of trust), ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด (securing democratic legitimacy)
Model:
๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Public institutions should formally guarantee citizen oversight and enhance transparency in the policy-making process in order to fulfill public accountability. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

๐Ÿšจ Exception Rule(s)

There are no irregular conjugation exceptions in this lesson. The important usage caution is lexical: ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค works naturally with abstract values such as ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ (transparency), ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ (efficiency), ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ (trust level), and ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ (accountability). Do not use it with concrete objects like documents or desks. Tiny grammar desk does not need โ€œenhancement.โ€ ๐Ÿช‘

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

Key Korean terms and usage in this lesson were cross-checked against Korean public-language and dictionary resources, including korean.go.kr, with special attention to institutional vocabulary such as ๊ณต์ , ์ฑ…๋ฌด, ๊ฐ์‹œ, ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ, ์ œ๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ฐœ, and ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด โ€” public duty/accountability; formal and institution-focused.
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ โ€” accountability; broader abstract noun.
  • ๋ฌธ์ฑ…์„ฑ โ€” answerability/accountability in some formal contexts; less common in everyday use.
  • ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ โ€” citizen oversight; public monitoring by citizens.
  • ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ โ€” oversight function; often used for media or civic groups.
  • ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  โ€” enhancing transparency; formal policy phrase.
  • ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ โ€” information disclosure; concrete mechanism for transparency.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์ œ๋„, ์ ˆ์ฐจ, ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. (Governance is wider than government.) ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
  • โŒ ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ณต์  ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„์ด๋‹ค. (It is institutional responsibility, not a casual chore.) ๐Ÿ“œ
  • โŒ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๊ณต๊ณต ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋‚จ์šฉ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์žฅ์น˜์ด๋‹ค. (Public oversight is a democratic tool.) ๐Ÿ‘€
  • โŒ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ โœ… ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค (Use ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค with abstract values.) ๐Ÿ”
  • โŒ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์ด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฌป๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. (Transparency needs accountability teeth.) ๐Ÿฆท

๐ŸŽ‰ If you can connect ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด, ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ, and ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ , your Korean governance argument becomes clear, formal, and pleasantly less foggy. Civic flashlight unlocked. ๐Ÿ”ฆ
ย 

Try this exercise

Practice the governance chain. Fill each blank with the best Korean expression, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance. No romanization here โ€” this is advanced vocabulary, and your Hangul is wearing its public-policy shoes. ๐Ÿ‘ž
1. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๊ณต์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค.
Public institutions bear public responsibility to explain themselves to citizens. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ฑ…๋ฌด โ€” ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด means public duty or accountability. ๐Ÿ“œ
2. ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋‚จ์šฉ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
Citizen oversight that checks budget execution helps prevent abuse of power. ๐Ÿ’ฐ
Answer
๊ฐ์‹œ โ€” ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ means citizen oversight. ๐Ÿ‘€
3. ํšŒ์˜๋ก ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
Publishing meeting minutes contributes to enhancing transparency in the policy process. ๐Ÿ“’
Answer
์ œ๊ณ  โ€” ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  means enhancing transparency. ๐Ÿ”
4. ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If information is hidden, a public institutionโ€™s accountability can be damaged. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
ํ›ผ์† โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์ด ํ›ผ์†๋˜๋‹ค means accountability is damaged. โš ๏ธ
5. ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋‚จ์šฉ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The monitoring system should be strengthened to prevent abuse of power. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™” โ€” ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to strengthen the monitoring system. ๐Ÿ”ง
6. ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the policy-making process is disclosed, citizensโ€™ trust can be gained. ๐Ÿค
Answer
์–ป์„ โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋‹ค means to gain trust. ๐Ÿงญ
7. ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์ •๋ณด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
Responsible governance requires citizen participation and information disclosure. ๐Ÿ“‘
Answer
๊ณต๊ฐœ โ€” ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ means information disclosure. ๐ŸชŸ
8. ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•ด์•ผ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.
Responsibility can be demanded only when where responsibility lies is clarified. ๐ŸŽฏ
Answer
์ถ”๊ถ โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ถ”๊ถ means demanding responsibility. โš–๏ธ
9. ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค.
Transparent procedures increase democratic legitimacy. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ •๋‹น โ€” The full word is ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ, meaning legitimacy. ๐Ÿ“œ
10. ์ข‹์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Good governance requires a balance between authority and responsibility. โš–๏ธ
Answer
์ฑ…์ž„ โ€” Public power should be paired with responsibility. No free authority snacks. ๐Ÿช
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ โ†’ public institution
  • ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด โ†’ public accountability/responsibility
  • ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰ โ†’ budget execution
  • ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ โ†’ citizen oversight
  • ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋‚จ์šฉ โ†’ abuse of power
  • ํšŒ์˜๋ก ๊ณต๊ฐœ โ†’ publication of meeting minutes
  • ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  โ†’ enhancing transparency
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์ด ํ›ผ์†๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ accountability is damaged
  • ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ monitoring system
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋‹ค โ†’ to gain trust
  • ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ โ†’ information disclosure
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ถ”๊ถ โ†’ demand for responsibility
  • ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ democratic legitimacy
  • ๊ถŒํ•œ๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„ โ†’ authority and responsibility
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Governance answers become stronger when you link power to explanation, monitoring, and correction.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Head into the Practice Hub below and make accountability vocabulary feel sturdy enough to hold up a city hall. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Public Accountability in Governance
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Welcome to your governance accountability workout. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ This Practice Hub trains you to discuss ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด, ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ, and ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  in formal, policy-ready Korean. You will practice how public power is checked, explained, and made trustworthy โ€” very civic, very serious, only mildly wearing a tiny judge wig. โš–๏ธ
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a Korean governance phrase or sentence aloud.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Complete each Korean sentence with the best expression. Say the completed sentence aloud, decide whether it describes responsibility, oversight, transparency, risk, or solution, then open the Answer toggle.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Public Duty and Responsible Governance ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

A. ๊ณต์ง์ž๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ด์ต๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Public officials should prioritize public responsibility over personal interest. ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
์ฑ…๋ฌด โ€” ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด is public responsibility tied to public authority. ๐Ÿ“œ
B. ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”๋‹ค.
Responsible governance treats citizen participation as an important condition. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค โ€” ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค includes institutions, procedures, participation, and monitoring. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
C. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
If public institutions do not explain decisions, accountability weakens. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
์•ฝํ™” โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means accountability weakens. โš ๏ธ
D. ๊ณต์  ๊ถŒํ•œ์€ ๊ณต์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Public authority should be exercised together with public responsibility. โš–๏ธ
Answer
์ฑ…์ž„ โ€” ๊ถŒํ•œ๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„ is a core governance pairing. ๐Ÿงญ
E. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The government must fulfill responsibility in policy decision-making and implementation. ๐Ÿ“‘
Answer
๋‹คํ•ด์•ผ โ€” ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹คํ•˜๋‹ค means to fulfill responsibility. โœ…
F. ์ฑ…์ž„ ํšŒํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
If avoidance of responsibility repeats, citizensโ€™ trust is damaged. ๐Ÿค
Answer
ํ›ผ์† โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ํ›ผ์†๋˜๋‹ค means trust is damaged. ๐Ÿงฑ
G. ๊ณต๊ณต ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To improve public service quality, institutional accountability should be strengthened. ๐Ÿฅ
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™” โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to strengthen accountability. ๐Ÿ”ง
H. ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์  ํ˜ธ์˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ œ๋„์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Public accountability is not a private favor but an institutional duty. ๐Ÿ“œ
Answer
์˜๋ฌด โ€” ์ œ๋„์  ์˜๋ฌด means institutional obligation. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
I. ์ •์ฑ… ์‹คํŒจ ํ›„ ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํžˆ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
After policy failure, where responsibility lies should be made clear. ๐ŸŽฏ
Answer
๋ช…ํ™• โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค means to clarify responsibility. ๐Ÿ”
J. ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
The higher public accountability is, the more democratic legitimacy is secured. โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํ™•๋ณด โ€” ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋˜๋‹ค means legitimacy is secured. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ณต์ง์ž โ†’ public official
  • ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ด์ต โ†’ personal interest
  • ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด โ†’ public responsibility/accountability
  • ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค โ†’ governance
  • ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ โ†’ citizen participation
  • ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ โ†’ public institution
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ โ†’ accountability
  • ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to weaken
  • ๊ณต์  ๊ถŒํ•œ โ†’ public authority
  • ๊ถŒํ•œ๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„ โ†’ authority and responsibility
  • ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹คํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to fulfill responsibility
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ํšŒํ”ผ โ†’ avoidance of responsibility
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ํ›ผ์†๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ trust is damaged
  • ๊ณต๊ณต ์„œ๋น„์Šค โ†’ public service
  • ์ œ๋„์  ์˜๋ฌด โ†’ institutional obligation
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ โ†’ where responsibility lies
  • ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to clarify
  • ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ democratic legitimacy
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์ฑ…๋ฌด is stronger than a casual task; it belongs to roles with public authority.
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Exercise 2 โ€” Citizen Oversight and Abuse Prevention ๐Ÿ‘€

A. ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Citizen oversight of budget execution can prevent corruption. ๐Ÿ’ฐ
Answer
๊ฐ์‹œ โ€” ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ checks public power. ๐Ÿ‘€
B. ์–ธ๋ก ์€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋‚จ์šฉ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฐ์‹œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The media performs an oversight function that prevents abuse of power. ๐Ÿ“ฐ
Answer
๊ธฐ๋Šฅ โ€” ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ means oversight function. ๐Ÿ”
C. ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Citizen oversight works practically only when it is institutionally guaranteed. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์žฅ โ€” ์ œ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜๋‹ค means to be guaranteed through formal systems. ๐Ÿ“œ
D. ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ํ•œ๊ณณ์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋ฉด ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋‚จ์šฉ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If authority is concentrated in one place, abuse of power can occur. ๐Ÿงฒ
Answer
๋ฐœ์ƒ โ€” ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค means to occur, often with problems. โš ๏ธ
E. ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ํ–‰์ • ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฒ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Civic groups inspect administrative procedures and perform an oversight role. ๐Ÿ“‹
Answer
์ˆ˜ํ–‰ โ€” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค means to perform a role. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
F. ๊ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฑ…์ž„ ํšŒํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค.
If oversight is weak, avoidance of responsibility is likely to repeat. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ณต โ€” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋‹ค means to repeat. ๐Ÿงฑ
G. ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžˆ๋ฉด ๊ฐ์‹œ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค.
If opportunities for citizen participation are broadened, the effectiveness of oversight increases. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
์‹คํšจ โ€” The full word is ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ, meaning effectiveness. ๐ŸŽฏ
H. ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.
If information is not disclosed, citizen oversight has limits. ๐Ÿšง
Answer
ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ€” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค means to have limitations. ๐Ÿงฑ
I. ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค.
An oversight system functions as a democratic device that controls power. โš™๏ธ
Answer
์žฅ์น˜ โ€” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์žฅ์น˜ means democratic mechanism or device. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
J. ๊ณต๊ณต ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์‹  ์กฐ์žฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋‹ค.
In the public sphere, oversight is not inciting distrust but a means of securing accountability. ๐Ÿค
Answer
ํ™•๋ณด โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด means securing accountability. ๐Ÿ”
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰ โ†’ budget execution
  • ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ โ†’ citizen oversight
  • ๋ถ€ํŒจ โ†’ corruption
  • ์–ธ๋ก  โ†’ media
  • ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋‚จ์šฉ โ†’ abuse of power
  • ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ โ†’ oversight function
  • ์ œ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be institutionally guaranteed
  • ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ authority is concentrated
  • ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to occur
  • ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด โ†’ civic group
  • ํ–‰์ • ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ†’ administrative procedure
  • ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to perform a role
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ํšŒํ”ผ โ†’ avoidance of responsibility
  • ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ โ†’ effectiveness
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limitation
  • ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ democratic mechanism
  • ๊ณต๊ณต ์˜์—ญ โ†’ public sphere
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด โ†’ securing accountability
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก In public governance, ๊ฐ์‹œ is not nosiness; it is a democratic safety rail.
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Exercise 3 โ€” Transparency, Disclosure, and Trust ๐Ÿ”

A. ํšŒ์˜๋ก ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Publishing meeting minutes enhances transparency in the decision-making process. ๐Ÿ“’
Answer
์ œ๊ณ  โ€” ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค is a formal policy phrase. ๐Ÿ”
B. ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
If information disclosure is insufficient, citizensโ€™ trust weakens. ๐Ÿค
Answer
์•ฝํ™” โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means trust weakens. ๐Ÿ“‰
C. ์ •์ฑ… ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํžˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If policy materials are disclosed, where responsibility lies can be clarified. ๐Ÿ“‘
Answer
๋ช…ํ™• โ€” ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค means to clarify. ๐ŸŽฏ
D. ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์˜์‹ฌ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Procedures lacking transparency can increase citizensโ€™ suspicion. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
ํ‚ค์šธ โ€” ์˜์‹ฌ์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋‹ค means to increase suspicion. ๐Ÿงฉ
E. ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ์ •๋ณด ์€ํ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Disclosure standards must be clear to prevent concealment of information. ๐Ÿšช
Answer
๋ฐฉ์ง€ โ€” ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค means to prevent. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
F. ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
Transparent procedures contribute to restoring social trust. ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
ํšŒ๋ณต โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ ํšŒ๋ณต means restoration of trust. ๐Ÿค
G. ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Democratic legitimacy can be secured by disclosing the policy-making process. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
ํ™•๋ณด โ€” ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค means to secure legitimacy. โš–๏ธ
H. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉด ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
If access to materials is low, citizen oversight is restricted. ๐Ÿ”’
Answer
์ œํ•œ โ€” ๊ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋‹ค means oversight is restricted. ๐Ÿšง
I. ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ™๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ œ๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‹ค.
Enhancing transparency is not simple publicity but a matter of institutional improvement. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„  means institutional improvement. ๐Ÿ”ง
J. ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹œ๋ฏผ์€ ์ •์ฑ… ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค.
The more procedures are disclosed, the easier it is for citizens to understand the basis of policy judgment. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ means basis of judgment. ๐Ÿ“Œ
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํšŒ์˜๋ก ๊ณต๊ฐœ โ†’ publication of meeting minutes
  • ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ • โ†’ decision-making process
  • ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to enhance transparency
  • ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ โ†’ information disclosure
  • ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ†’ citizensโ€™ trust
  • ์ •์ฑ… ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ policy materials
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ โ†’ where responsibility lies
  • ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to clarify
  • ์˜์‹ฌ์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋‹ค โ†’ to increase suspicion
  • ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ disclosure standard
  • ์ •๋ณด ์€ํ โ†’ concealment of information
  • ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to prevent
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ ํšŒ๋ณต โ†’ restoration of social trust
  • ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ democratic legitimacy
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ โ†’ access to materials
  • ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be restricted
  • ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„  โ†’ institutional improvement
  • ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ basis of judgment
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค likes abstract values: transparency, efficiency, trust, accountability.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Risk, Corruption, and Institutional Repair ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ์ •๋ณด ์€ํ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Concealment of information damages trust in public institutions. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
ํ›ผ์† โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๋‹ค means to damage trust. โš ๏ธ
B. ์ฑ…์ž„ ํšŒํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋ฉด ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
If avoidance of responsibility repeats, public accountability weakens. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
์•ฝํ™” โ€” ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means public accountability weakens. ๐Ÿงฑ
C. ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ์‹œ์™€ ์ œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To prevent corruption, oversight and sanctions must function together. โš–๏ธ
Answer
์ž‘๋™ โ€” ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‹ค means to function or operate. โš™๏ธ
D. ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฒฌ์ œ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The more authority is concentrated, the more checks should be strengthened. ๐Ÿงฒ
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™” โ€” ๊ฒฌ์ œ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to strengthen checks. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
E. ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์ถ•๋˜๋ฉด ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋‚จ์šฉ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
If citizen oversight is discouraged, it is difficult to prevent abuse of power. ๐Ÿ‘€
Answer
๋ฐฉ์ง€ โ€” ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค means it is difficult to prevent. ๐Ÿšง
F. ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ์ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ถ”๊ถ์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
If the disclosure system is weak, the effectiveness of demanding responsibility is reduced. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
์ €ํ•˜ โ€” ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋‹ค means effectiveness decreases. ๐Ÿ”ป
G. ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹์€ ์›์น™๋„ ์„ ์–ธ์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Without institutional mechanisms, even good principles can remain only declarations. ๐Ÿ“ข
Answer
๊ทธ์น  โ€” ์„ ์–ธ์— ๊ทธ์น˜๋‹ค means to remain only a declaration. ๐Ÿงพ
H. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด ํ–‰์ •์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Disclosing audit results can strengthen administrative accountability. ๐Ÿงฎ
Answer
๋†’์ผ โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋‹ค means to increase accountability. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
I. ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ๋ถ€์กฑ์€ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ถˆ์‹ ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
Lack of transparency becomes a factor that causes policy distrust. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
์ดˆ๋ž˜ โ€” ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค often means to cause a negative result. โš ๏ธ
J. ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ฑ…์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A responsible institution should present improvement measures when wrongdoing is revealed. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์ œ์‹œ โ€” ๊ฐœ์„ ์ฑ…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค means to present improvement measures. ๐Ÿ“‹
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ •๋ณด ์€ํ โ†’ concealment of information
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to damage trust
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ํšŒํ”ผ โ†’ avoidance of responsibility
  • ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑ โ†’ public accountability
  • ๋ถ€ํŒจ โ†’ corruption
  • ๊ฐ์‹œ์™€ ์ œ์žฌ โ†’ oversight and sanctions
  • ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to function
  • ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ authority is concentrated
  • ๊ฒฌ์ œ ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ check mechanism
  • ์œ„์ถ•๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be discouraged, shrink
  • ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ œ๋„ โ†’ disclosure system
  • ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ effectiveness decreases
  • ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ institutional mechanism
  • ์„ ์–ธ์— ๊ทธ์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ to remain only a declaration
  • ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ audit result
  • ์ •์ฑ… ๋ถˆ์‹  โ†’ policy distrust
  • ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to cause
  • ๊ฐœ์„ ์ฑ…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to present improvement measures
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก A governance solution should not stop at values; it needs procedures, monitoring, sanctions, and repair.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ์ œ๋„์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
Governance includes not only government but also civil society and institutional procedures. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
ํฌํ•จ โ€” Pitfall reminder: โŒ governance = only government โ†’ โœ… governance includes institutions, procedures, and civil society. ๐Ÿงญ
B. ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์—…๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณต์  ๊ถŒํ•œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Public accountability is not a simple task but responsibility that follows public authority. ๐Ÿ“œ
Answer
์ฑ…์ž„ โ€” โŒ casual โ€œthing to doโ€ โ†’ โœ… institutional responsibility tied to public power. โš–๏ธ
C. ๊ณต๊ณต ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋‚จ์šฉ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
In the public sphere, citizen oversight is a democratic mechanism that prevents abuse of power. ๐Ÿ‘€
Answer
์žฅ์น˜ โ€” โŒ treating oversight as only negative โ†’ โœ… public oversight is a democratic mechanism. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
D. ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋†’์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋‹ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
When raising an abstract value, you can say โ€œenhance transparency.โ€ ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์ œ๊ณ  โ€” โŒ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ โœ… ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค. Use it with abstract values. ๐Ÿ“š
E. ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋‹ค.
Information disclosure alone is insufficient; a structure for demanding responsibility is also necessary. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
ํ•„์š” โ€” โŒ transparency alone solves everything โ†’ โœ… disclosure plus accountability. ๐Ÿฆท
F. ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ์™€ ๊ฒฌ์ œ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
If authority is concentrated, citizen oversight and checks should be strengthened. ๐Ÿงฒ
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™” โ€” Concentrated power needs stronger monitoring and checks. โš–๏ธ
G. ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Enhancing transparency can become the starting point for restoring social trust. ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
ํšŒ๋ณต โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ ํšŒ๋ณต is a natural outcome phrase. ๐Ÿค
H. ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ถ”๊ถ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
If where responsibility lies is unclear, demanding responsibility is difficult. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
์–ด๋ ต โ€” Full form: ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. Clear responsibility enables accountability. ๐ŸŽฏ
I. ์ข‹์€ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์€ ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด, ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ, ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
A good answer connects public accountability, citizen oversight, and enhanced transparency with each other. ๐Ÿ”—
Answer
์—ฐ๊ฒฐ โ€” Do not list terms separately; show how they work together. ๐Ÿงฉ
J. ์ฑ…์ž„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
Responsible governance makes the exercise of power explainable and monitorable. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
๋งŒ๋“  โ€” Final checklist: โœ… explain power, disclose information, enable oversight, demand responsibility. ๐Ÿ”ฆ
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ โ†’ civil society
  • ์ œ๋„์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ†’ institutional procedure
  • ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to include
  • ๊ณต์  ๊ถŒํ•œ โ†’ public authority
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ โ†’ responsibility
  • ๊ณต๊ณต ์˜์—ญ โ†’ public sphere
  • ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ democratic mechanism
  • ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ โ†’ abstract value
  • ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to enhance transparency
  • ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ โ†’ information disclosure
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ structure for demanding responsibility
  • ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ authority is concentrated
  • ๊ฒฌ์ œ ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ check mechanism
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ ํšŒ๋ณต โ†’ restoration of trust
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ์†Œ์žฌ โ†’ where responsibility lies
  • ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ถ”๊ถ โ†’ demand for responsibility
  • ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to connect
  • ์„ค๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be explainable
  • ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be monitorable
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol formula: โŒ vague โ€œgovernment should be goodโ€ โ†’ โœ… public duty, citizen oversight, transparent procedures, accountability.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work โ€” you can now discuss ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ๊ณต์  ์ฑ…๋ฌด with formal precision. Keep the civic flashlight on: public power should be explainable, visible, monitored, and answerable. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ๐Ÿ”ฆ