TL;DR ๐ฆ
- โ๏ธ ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น means โthe principle of presumption of innocenceโ: a person is treated as not guilty until guilt is confirmed by a final court judgment.
- ๐งโโ๏ธ ํผ์์ is a โsuspectโ during investigation; ํผ๊ณ ์ธ is a โdefendantโ after prosecution. Mixing them up can make legal Korean wobble like a chair with one short leg.
- ๐ก๏ธ This principle protects ์ธ๊ถ (human rights), prevents premature punishment, and supports fair judicial procedure in ์ฌ๋ฒ (the judiciary/legal system).
๐ง Iru Helper Note
When a legal phrase feels dense, paste it into Korean Helper Widgets and listen slowly. Try phrases like ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น (the principle of presumption of innocence), ํผ์์์ ์ธ๊ถ (the suspectโs human rights), and ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ์ ๋๋ค (a guilty judgment becomes final).
ย
๐ The Big Picture
๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น is one of those legal phrases that looks intimidating until you split it into pieces:
- ๋ฌด์ฃ = innocence / not guilty
- ์ถ์ = presumption / assumption
- ์์น = principle
Together, it means: โTreat a person as not guilty unless and until guilt is legally confirmed.โ In Korean legal language, this is often expressed as ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ์ ๋ ๋๊น์ง ๋ฌด์ฃ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค (one is presumed innocent until a guilty judgment becomes final). โ๏ธ
This vocabulary matters because legal Korean often discusses not only crime, but also procedure, rights, media reporting, investigation, detention, and the role of courts. ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น connects directly to ์ธ๊ถ ๋ณดํธ (protection of human rights), ๊ณต์ ํ ์ฌํ (fair trial), and ์ฌ๋ฒ ์ ์ฐจ (judicial procedure). ๐งญ
ย
๐จ The Core Presumption-of-Innocence Family
โ๏ธ ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น โ the principle itself
Use ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น when discussing the legal principle that an accused person must not be treated as guilty before guilt is confirmed.
Natural pairings:
- ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค = to guarantee the presumption of innocence
- ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น์ ์งํค๋ค = to uphold the presumption of innocence
- ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น์ ์ด๊ธ๋๋ค = to go against the presumption of innocence
- ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น์ ์นจํดํ๋ค = to violate the presumption of innocence
๐งโโ๏ธ ํผ์์, ํผ๊ณ ์ธ, and ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ
- ํผ์์ = suspect; a person suspected of an offense during investigation
- ํผ๊ณ ์ธ = defendant; a person formally charged and standing trial
- ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ = guilty judgment
- ํ์ ๋๋ค = to become final/confirmed
A useful advanced sentence frame is: ํผ์์๋ ํผ๊ณ ์ธ์ ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ ๊น์ง ๋ฌด์ฃ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค (a suspect or defendant is presumed innocent until a guilty judgment becomes final).
๐ก๏ธ ์ธ๊ถ ๋ณดํธ and ์ฌ๋ฒ ์ ์ฐจ
์ธ๊ถ ๋ณดํธ means protection of human rights. In this lesson, it refers to protecting dignity, reputation, liberty, defense rights, and fair treatment before the law.
์ฌ๋ฒ means the judiciary or legal/judicial sphere, and ์ฌ๋ฒ ์ ์ฐจ means judicial procedure. The presumption of innocence keeps the process from turning an accusation into punishment before evidence is tested. Tiny phrase, big shield. ๐ก๏ธ
ย
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น์ ํผ์์์ ์ธ๊ถ์ ๋ณดํธํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ค์ํ ์ฅ์น์ด๋ค.
(The presumption of innocence is an important safeguard for protecting a suspectโs human rights.)
Notes: ์ฅ์น here means safeguard/mechanism; -๊ธฐ ์ํ means โfor the purpose of.โ
- ์ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋๊ฐ ํผ์์๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ก ๋จ์ ํ๋ฉด ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น์ ์ด๊ธ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
(If media reporting concludes that a suspect is a criminal, it can go against the presumption of innocence.)
Notes: ๋จ์ ํ๋ค means to conclude/assert decisively; ์ด๊ธ๋๋ค means to be contrary to.
- ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ ์๋ ํผ๊ณ ์ธ์ ์ฒ๋ฒ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋์ฒ๋ผ ๋ํ๋ฉด ์ ๋๋ค.
(Before a guilty judgment becomes final, a defendant should not be treated as if already punished.)
Notes: ํ์ ๋๋ค means to become final; ๋ํ๋ค means to treat someone in a certain way.
ย
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
This is vocabulary, not a conjugation lesson, so the main โformationโ skill is phrase-building:
- ๋ฌด์ฃ (innocence) + ์ถ์ (presumption) + ์ (of) + ์์น (principle) โ ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น (principle of presumption of innocence)
- ์ธ๊ถ (human rights) + ๋ณดํธ (protection) โ ์ธ๊ถ ๋ณดํธ (protection of human rights)
- ์ฌ๋ฒ (judicial sphere) + ์ ์ฐจ (procedure) โ ์ฌ๋ฒ ์ ์ฐจ (judicial procedure)
Use formal verbs with these nouns: ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค (to guarantee), ์นจํดํ๋ค (to violate), ์กด์คํ๋ค (to respect), ํ์ ๋๋ค (to become final), ๋จ์ ํ๋ค (to assert as certain), and ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค (to be applied).
ย
๐ Cross-check note
The key term ๋ฌด์ฃ ์์น and its synonym ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น were cross-checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์ / korean.go.kr, which defines the principle as treating a criminal defendant as innocent until a guilty judgment is finalized. โ
ย
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น = principle of presumption of innocence; the most explicit formal phrase
- ๋ฌด์ฃ ์์น = innocence principle; shorter legal term, also formal
- ๋ฌด์ฃ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค = to be presumed innocent; useful verb phrase in explanations
- ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ = innocence/being free from guilt in a broader personal or moral sense; not always the same as the legal principle
- ๋ฌดํ์ = no charge / no suspicion found; an investigative outcome, not the same as being presumed innocent
ย
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ํผ์์ = โcriminalโ โ โ ํผ์์ = โsuspectโ (a person suspected during investigation, not proven guilty).
- โ ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ means โthe person definitely did nothingโ โ โ It means the law must treat the person as not guilty until guilt is proven and finalized.
- โ ํผ์์ and ํผ๊ณ ์ธ are interchangeable โ โ ํผ์์ is used during investigation; ํผ๊ณ ์ธ is used after prosecution in trial.
- โ ๋ฌดํ์ = ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น โ โ ๋ฌดํ์ is a no-charge result; ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น is a general legal principle.
- โ Media or public opinion can freely label someone guilty before trial โ โ Prematurely treating someone as guilty can violate ์ธ๊ถ (human rights) and harm ๊ณต์ ํ ์ฌํ (fair trial).
ย
You now have the courtroom vocabulary shield: accusation is not conviction, suspicion is not guilt, and precise Korean keeps everyoneโs rights standing upright. โ๏ธ๐ก๏ธ
ย
Try this exercise
Practice choosing the most accurate legal term for each sentence. Read the Korean sentence, fill the blank, then open the Answer toggle to check the legal nuance.
1. ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ ๊น์ง ํผ๊ณ ์ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
The defendant is presumed innocent until a guilty judgment becomes final. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฌด์ฃ โ ๋ฌด์ฃ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค means โto be presumed innocent.โ
2. ์์ฌ ๋จ๊ณ์์ ๋ฒ์ฃ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
A person suspected of a crime during investigation is called a suspect. ๐ต๏ธ
Answer
ํผ์์ โ ํผ์์ is used before formal prosecution.
3. ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค.
A person standing trial is called a defendant. ๐งโโ๏ธ
Answer
ํผ๊ณ ์ธ โ ํผ๊ณ ์ธ is the trial-stage term.
4. ์ธ๋ก ์ด ํผ์์๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ฉด ์ธ๊ถ ์นจํด๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If the media declares a suspect a criminal, it can become a human-rights violation. ๐ฐ
Answer
๋จ์ โ ๋จ์ ํ๋ค means to assert something as certain too quickly.
5. ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น์ ํผ์์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ณดํธํ๋ค.
The presumption of innocence protects the suspectโs human rights. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์ธ๊ถ โ this principle is closely tied to protection of human rights.
6. ๋ฒ์์์ ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ด๋ ค์ง ์ ์ฃ ํ๋จ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
A guilty decision finally made by a court is called a guilty judgment. ๐
Answer
์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ โ ํ๊ฒฐ means a court judgment.
7. ํ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋ ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋์ง ์๋ ์ํ๊ฐ ๋๋ฉด ํ๊ฒฐ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
When a judgment can no longer be changed, it becomes final. ๐
Answer
ํ์ ๋๋ค โ ํ์ ๋๋ค means to become final or confirmed.
8. ๋ฒ๊ณผ ์ฌํ ์ ๋์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์์ญ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The area related to law and courts is called the judiciary/legal sphere. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ฌ๋ฒ โ ์ฌ๋ฒ refers to the judicial/legal sphere.
9. ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ณด๋๋ ์กฐ์ฌํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Reporting that goes against the presumption of innocence must be handled carefully. ๐ฆ
Answer
์ด๊ธ๋๋ โ ์ด๊ธ๋๋ค means to conflict with or go against something.
10. ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ ํผ์์์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํจ๋ถ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์๋ ์ ๋๋ค.
The state must not carelessly violate a suspectโs rights. ๐จ
Answer
์นจํด โ ์นจํดํ๋ค means to violate or infringe upon rights.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ฌด์ฃ โ innocence / not guilty
- ํผ์์ โ suspect during investigation
- ํผ๊ณ ์ธ โ defendant in trial
- ๋จ์ ํ๋ค โ to assert as certain
- ์ธ๊ถ โ human rights
- ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ โ guilty judgment
- ํ์ ๋๋ค โ to become final
- ์ฌ๋ฒ โ judiciary / legal sphere
- ์ด๊ธ๋๋ค โ to go against
- ์นจํดํ๋ค โ to violate
Tip ๐ก Legal Korean loves precise stage labels: investigation, trial, final judgment.
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns this principle into courtroom-ready vocabulary reflexes.
ย
๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Presumption of Innocence
ย
Welcome to your presumption-of-innocence workout, where legal Korean puts on a tiny judge robe and asks for precision. โ๏ธ Youโll practice the core terms ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น (presumption of innocence), ํผ์์ (suspect), ํผ๊ณ ์ธ (defendant), ์ธ๊ถ ๋ณดํธ (human-rights protection), and ์ฌ๋ฒ ์ ์ฐจ (judicial procedure) in formal, natural sentences.
ย
๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence before answering.
ย
๐ Instructions: Fill each blank with the best Korean term or phrase, then check the Answer toggle. Say the completed sentence aloud and notice whether the sentence is about investigation, trial, human rights, media reporting, or final judgment.
ย
Exercise 1 โ Core Terms โ๏ธ
A. ํผ๊ณ ์ธ์ ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ์ ๋ ๋๊น์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
The defendant is presumed innocent until a guilty judgment becomes final. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฌด์ฃ โ This is the central phrase ๋ฌด์ฃ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค, โto be presumed innocent.โ
B. ๋ฒ์ฃ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
A person under investigation because of criminal suspicion is a suspect. ๐ต๏ธ
Answer
ํผ์์ โ Investigation-stage term; not the same as ํผ๊ณ ์ธ.
C. ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ํ ๋ค ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
After prosecution, the person standing trial is a defendant. ๐งโโ๏ธ
Answer
ํผ๊ณ ์ธ โ Trial-stage term after formal prosecution.
D. ์ฌ๋์ ์กด์๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
Human dignity and basic rights are called human rights. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์ธ๊ถ โ ์ธ๊ถ is the rights-and-dignity core of this topic.
E. ๋ฒ์๊ณผ ์ฌํ ์ ๋์ ๊ดํ ์์ญ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ํ๋ค.
The area concerning courts and trials belongs to the judicial sphere. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ฌ๋ฒ โ ์ฌ๋ฒ refers to the judiciary/legal sphere.
F. ๋ฒ์์ด ๋ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณต์์ ์ธ ํ๋จ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The official decision made by a court is called a judgment. ๐
Answer
ํ๊ฒฐ โ In this lesson, notice ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ, a guilty judgment.
G. ์ฃ๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋จํ๋ ํ๊ฒฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
A judgment finding guilt is a guilty judgment. ๐
Answer
์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ โ ์ ์ฃ means guilty; ํ๊ฒฐ means judgment.
H. ํ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋ ์ด์ ๋คํฌ์ด์ง์ง ์๋ ์ํ๊ฐ ๋๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
When a judgment is no longer contestable, it becomes final. ๐
Answer
ํ์ ๋๋ค โ ํ์ ๋๋ค is essential in the phrase โuntil the judgment becomes final.โ
I. ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธํ๊ณ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ ์ผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
Protecting and guaranteeing rights is called protection of rights. ๐งฏ
Answer
๊ถ๋ฆฌ ๋ณดํธ โ A broader phrase; ์ธ๊ถ ๋ณดํธ is human-rights protection.
J. ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์งํ๋๋ ์ฌํ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
A court process carried out according to law is judicial procedure. ๐งญ
Answer
์ฌ๋ฒ ์ ์ฐจ โ ์ ์ฐจ means procedure or process.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ฌด์ฃ โ innocence / not guilty
- ํผ์์ โ suspect during investigation
- ํผ๊ณ ์ธ โ defendant in trial
- ์ธ๊ถ โ human rights
- ์ฌ๋ฒ โ judiciary / legal sphere
- ํ๊ฒฐ โ court judgment
- ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ โ guilty judgment
- ํ์ ๋๋ค โ to become final
- ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ๋ณดํธ โ protection of rights
- ์ฌ๋ฒ ์ ์ฐจ โ judicial procedure
Tip ๐ก The timeline matters: suspicion โ investigation โ prosecution โ trial โ final judgment.
ย
Exercise 2 โ Collocations and Formal Verbs ๐งฉ
A. ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The state must guarantee the presumption of innocence. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์ฅ โ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค means to guarantee.
B. ํผ์์์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํจ๋ถ๋ก ์ ํํ๋ฉด ์ธ๊ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
Carelessly restricting a suspectโs rights can violate human rights. ๐จ
Answer
์นจํด โ ์นจํดํ๋ค means to violate or infringe upon.
C. ์ธ๋ก ์ ํผ์์์ ๋ช
์๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ํํ์ ํผํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The media should avoid expressions that damage a suspectโs reputation. ๐ฐ
Answer
ํผ์ โ ํผ์ํ๋ค means to damage or harm.
D. ์์ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ์ ๋ฒํ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ ํ๋ค.
Investigative agencies must follow lawful procedure. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ๋ผ โ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ค means to follow procedure.
E. ๋ฒ์์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The court must judge the case according to evidence. ๐
Answer
ํ๋จ โ ํ๋จํ๋ค means to judge or determine.
F. ํผ๊ณ ์ธ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ํ๋๋ ์ํํ๋ค.
An attitude that already concludes the defendant is a criminal is dangerous. โ ๏ธ
Answer
๋จ์ โ ๋จ์ ํ๋ค means to assert as certain.
G. ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น์ ํ์ฌ ์ ์ฐจ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
The presumption of innocence is applied throughout criminal procedure. ๐งญ
Answer
์ ์ฉ โ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค means to be applied.
H. ๊ณต์ ํ ์ฌํ์ ์ํด ๋ฐฉ์ด๊ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
For a fair trial, defense rights must be guaranteed. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์ฅ โ Same verb family, different object: ๋ฐฉ์ด๊ถ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค.
I. ํผ์์๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If a suspect is exposed in a humiliating way, personality rights can be violated. ๐ซ
Answer
์นจํด โ ์นจํด๋๋ค is the passive form: to be violated.
J. ์ฌ๋ฒ ์ ์ฐจ๋ ์๋ฏผ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ด์๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Judicial procedure should operate in a way that respects citizensโ basic rights. ๐ฑ
Answer
์กด์ค โ ์กด์คํ๋ค means to respect.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค โ to guarantee
- ์นจํดํ๋ค โ to violate
- ํผ์ํ๋ค โ to damage
- ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ค โ to follow
- ํ๋จํ๋ค โ to judge / determine
- ๋จ์ ํ๋ค โ to assert as certain
- ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค โ to be applied
- ๋ฐฉ์ด๊ถ โ defense rights
- ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถ โ personality rights
- ์กด์คํ๋ค โ to respect
Tip ๐ก Legal nouns often pair with formal verbs: guarantee, violate, apply, respect.
ย
Exercise 3 โ Distinguish Similar Legal Ideas ๐
A. ์์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฒ์ฃ ํ์๊ฐ ์ธ์ ๋์ง ์๋ ์ฒ๋ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
A decision that no criminal suspicion is recognized after investigation is โno charge.โ ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ฌดํ์ โ Do not confuse this outcome with the broader principle of ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ .
B. ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฃ๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ ์ํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The state of being regarded as not guilty is innocence. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋ฌด์ฃ โ ๋ฌด์ฃ is a legal โnot guiltyโ concept.
C. ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ์ค์ ๋ก ์ฃ๊ฐ ์๋ค๋ ์๋ฏธ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ํํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
A general expression meaning someone is actually free from guilt is innocence/being clean. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ โ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ is broader and more personal than the legal principle.
D. ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋จ๊ณ์ด๋ค.
The stage of investigating a case is the investigation stage. ๐ต๏ธ
Answer
์์ฌ โ ์์ฌ ๋จ๊ณ comes before trial.
E. ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ฐ ํผ์์๋ฅผ ์ฌํ์ ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The act of a prosecutor sending a suspect to trial is prosecution/indictment. ๐
Answer
๊ธฐ์ โ After ๊ธฐ์, the person is usually called ํผ๊ณ ์ธ.
F. ํผ๊ณ ์ธ์ด ์ฌํ์์ ์ฃผ์ฅ๊ณผ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ก ์์ ์ ์งํฌ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The right of a defendant to defend themselves with arguments and evidence is defense rights. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐฉ์ด๊ถ โ This right supports a fair trial.
G. ์ฌํ์ด ํธ๊ฒฌ ์์ด ์งํ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ํํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฌํ์ด๋ค.
A trial that must proceed without bias is a fair trial. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ณต์ ํ โ ๊ณต์ ํ ์ฌํ means a fair trial.
H. ๋ฒ์ ์ ํด์ง ๋ฐฉ์๋๋ก ์งํ๋๋ ์ ์ฐจ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ค.
A procedure carried out according to law is lawful procedure. ๐
Answer
์ ๋ฒํ โ ์ ๋ฒํ ์ ์ฐจ is a key legal collocation.
I. ์์ง ํ์ ๋์ง ์์ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ฌ์ค์ฒ๋ผ ๋งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Speaking about an unconfirmed matter as fact is premature conclusion. ๐ฆ
Answer
๋จ์ โ This is risky in reporting about suspects.
J. ์ฃ๊ฐ ํ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ด์ต์ ์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ณด์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
Giving social disadvantages before guilt is finalized can look like premature punishment. โณ
Answer
์ฌ์ โ ์ฌ์ ์ฒ๋ฒ means punishment in advance; avoid this under the principle.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ฌดํ์ โ no charge / no suspicion found
- ๋ฌด์ฃ โ not guilty / innocence
- ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ โ innocence in a broader personal sense
- ์์ฌ โ investigation
- ๊ธฐ์ โ prosecution / indictment
- ๋ฐฉ์ด๊ถ โ defense rights
- ๊ณต์ ํ โ fair / impartial
- ์ ๋ฒํ โ lawful
- ๋จ์ โ premature assertion / conclusion
- ์ฌ์ ์ฒ๋ฒ โ punishment in advance
Tip ๐ก Similar legal words differ by stage, outcome, and level of certainty.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Formal Sentence Frames ๐๏ธ
A. ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น์ ๊ณต์ ํ ์ฌํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
The presumption of innocence becomes the foundation of a fair trial. ๐งฑ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ด โ A์/๋ B์ ๊ธฐ์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ค means โA becomes the foundation of B.โ
B. ํผ์์์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ณด์ฅ๋์ด์ผ ์ฌ๋ฒ ์ ์ฐจ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋์์ง๋ค.
When a suspectโs rights are guaranteed, trust in judicial procedure increases. ๐ค
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ โ ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ๋์์ง๋ค means trust increases.
C. ํ์ ํ๊ฒฐ ์ ์ ๋์ธ์ ์ธ๊ถ ๋ณดํธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค.
Stigma before a final judgment is closely related to human-rights protection. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ๋ฐ์ ํ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค means to be closely related.
D. ์ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋๋ ๊ณต์ต๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ด์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ ์งํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Media reporting must maintain balance between public interest and individual rights. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ท ํ โ ๊ท ํ์ ์ ์งํ๋ค means to maintain balance.
E. ํผ๊ณ ์ธ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ก ๋จ์ ํ๋ ํํ์ ์ฌํ์ ๊ณต์ ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค.
Expressions that label a defendant a criminal can weaken trial fairness. ๐งฏ
Answer
์ฝํ โ ์ฝํ์ํค๋ค means to weaken.
F. ์์ฌ ๋ด์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ํ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Disclosure of investigation details must be limited even when necessary. ๐ง
Answer
์ ํ โ ์ ํ๋๋ค means to be limited.
G. ์ฌ๋ฒ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ณด๋ค ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Judicial bodies must rely on evidence and legal reasoning rather than public opinion. ๐
Answer
์์กด โ ์์กดํ๋ค means to depend or rely on.
H. ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ๋จ์ฉ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ๋ค.
The presumption of innocence functions to prevent abuse of state power. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๋ฐฉ์ง โ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๋ค means to prevent.
I. ํ์ฌ ์ ์ฐจ์์ ํผ์์์ ์ง์๋ ์ ์คํ๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
In criminal procedure, the suspectโs status must be carefully distinguished. ๐งญ
Answer
๊ตฌ๋ณ โ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋๋ค means to be distinguished.
J. ํ์ ๋์ง ์์ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ค๋ก ๋ณด๋ํ๋ฉด ํ๋ณตํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๊ธธ ์ ์๋ค.
Reporting unconfirmed suspicion as fact can cause damage that is hard to repair. ๐
Answer
ํผํด โ ํผํด๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ๋ค means damage/harm arises.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ธฐ์ด โ foundation
- ์ ๋ขฐ โ trust
- ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ค โ to be close / closely related
- ๊ท ํ โ balance
- ์ฝํ์ํค๋ค โ to weaken
- ์ ํ๋๋ค โ to be limited
- ์์กดํ๋ค โ to rely on
- ๋ฐฉ์งํ๋ค โ to prevent
- ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋๋ค โ to be distinguished
- ํผํด โ damage / harm
Tip ๐ก These frames help you write formal essays about rights, courts, and media responsibility.
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. โ ํผ์์ = ๋ฒ์ฃ์ โ โ
ํผ์์๋ ์์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ ๋์ง ์์ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ค.
A suspect is someone whose guilt has not yet been finalized. ๐ฆ
Answer
์ ์ฃ โ Suspicion is not guilt; that is the heart of the lesson.
B. โ ๋ฌดํ์ = ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น โ โ
๋ฌดํ์๋ ์์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๊ณ , ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ๋ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
No charge is an investigation result; presumption of innocence is a legal principle. ๐
Answer
์์น โ Outcome vs principle: keep them separate.
C. โ ํผ์์์ ํผ๊ณ ์ธ์ ๊ฐ๋ค โ โ
ํผ๊ณ ์ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ดํ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ค.
A defendant is a person who stands trial after prosecution. ๐งโโ๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์ โ ๊ธฐ์ changes the procedural stage.
D. โ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ = ๋ฒ์ ์์น โ โ
๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ์ค์ ๋ก ์ฃ๊ฐ ์๋ค๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๊ฐํ๋ค.
Personal innocence strongly carries a broader, personal meaning. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ผ๋ฐ์ โ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ is broader than the formal legal principle.
E. โ ๋ณด๋๋ ์ธ์ ๋ ์์ ๋กญ๋ค โ โ
๋ณด๋๋ ํผ์์์ ๋ช
์์ ์ธ๊ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Reporting must also respect a suspectโs reputation and human rights. ๐ฐ
Answer
์กด์ค โ Freedom of reporting does not erase rights.
F. โ ํ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ = ์ฒ๋ฒ ๊ฐ๋ฅ โ โ
ํ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์๋ฏธํ์ง๋ ์๋๋ค.
Disclosure of suspicion does not immediately mean conviction/guilt judgment. ๐
Answer
์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ โ Public suspicion is not a court judgment.
G. โ ์ฌํ ์ ๋์ธ์ ๊ด์ฐฎ๋ค โ โ
์ฌํ ์ ๋์ธ์ ํ๋ณตํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋จ๊ธธ ์ ์๋ค.
Stigma before trial can leave harm that is hard to repair. ๐
Answer
ํผํด โ Reputation and social standing can be harmed before legal truth is settled.
H. โ ์์ฌ ํธ์๊ฐ ํญ์ ์ฐ์ ์ด๋ค โ โ
์์ฌ๋ ์ ๋ฒํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ์ผ ํ๋ค.
Investigation must also occur within lawful procedure. ๐
Answer
์ ์ฐจ โ Procedure prevents convenience from becoming abuse.
I. โ ์ฌ๋ก ์ด ํ๋จํ๋ค โ โ
ํ์ฌ ์ฑ
์์ ๋ฒ์์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
Criminal responsibility is judged by the court according to evidence. ๐๏ธ
Answer
ํ๋จ โ Courts, not public opinion, decide guilt in judicial procedure.
J. โ ์์น์ ์ฅ์์ด๋ค โ โ
๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น์ ์ธ๊ถ ๋ณดํธ์ ์ค์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The presumption of innocence is an important safeguard for human-rights protection. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
์ฅ์น โ ์ฅ์น means mechanism or safeguard here.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ์ฃ โ guilt / guilty
- ์์น โ principle
- ๊ธฐ์ โ prosecution / indictment
- ์ผ๋ฐ์ โ general
- ์กด์คํ๋ค โ to respect
- ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ โ guilty judgment
- ํผํด โ harm / damage
- ์ ์ฐจ โ procedure
- ํ๋จํ๋ค โ to judge / determine
- ์ฅ์น โ safeguard / mechanism
Tip ๐ก If a sentence treats accusation as conviction, the presumption-of-innocence alarm bell should ring.
ย
๐ Excellent work. You can now discuss ๋ฌด์ฃ ์ถ์ ์ ์์น with the right legal stage, the right human-rights nuance, and much less โTV courtroom dramaโ energy. โ๏ธ๐ก๏ธ