๐Ÿ’ฐ

Polarization of Wealth

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ / ์–‘๊ทนํ™” / ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• / ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
โš–๏ธ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • โš–๏ธ ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means the gap between rich and poor; it focuses on how far living conditions, income, and opportunities have separated.
  • ๐Ÿงฒ ์–‘๊ทนํ™” means polarization; society or wealth pulls toward two extremes instead of staying balanced in the middle.
  • ๐Ÿชœ ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ means social mobility; it asks whether people can realistically move to a different social or economic class.
๐ŸŽง
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note
Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
when you want to hear any Korean word or sentence from this lesson. Type a sentence like ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค (income imbalance is worsening) and listen for the natural chunks. ๐Ÿ”Š
๐Ÿ”Ž
Scope note
This lesson is about wealth inequality and social mobility: ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ (wealth gap), ์–‘๊ทนํ™” (polarization), ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• (income imbalance), and ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ (social mobility). It is related to, but not the same as, ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ ฅ ์ง‘์ค‘ (concentration of economic power), which focuses more on market power and corporate control.

๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

In advanced Korean reading, news, debate, and essay writing, inequality vocabulary helps you explain structure, not just emotion. Instead of saying โ€œsome people are rich and some people are poor,โ€ Korean often frames the issue through precise nouns like ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ (gap), ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• (imbalance), ์–‘๊ทนํ™” (polarization), and ๊ณ„์ธต (class/stratum). ๐Ÿ“Š
The key question is not only โ€œWho has more money?โ€ It is also:
  • ๐Ÿงพ Who has stable income?
  • ๐Ÿ  Who can access housing?
  • ๐ŸŽ“ Who can receive quality education?
  • ๐Ÿชœ Can people move upward through effort, education, or opportunity?
A strong advanced sentence usually connects cause โ†’ change โ†’ result:
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋ฉด ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • (If income imbalance worsens, the possibility of social mobility may decrease.) ๐Ÿชœ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Polarization of Wealth Family

1. ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” wealth gap / gap between rich and poor โš–๏ธ

๋นˆ๋ถ€ means โ€œrich and poor,โ€ and ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means โ€œgapโ€ or โ€œdifference in degree.โ€ Together, ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ refers to the gap between wealthy and poor groups.
Natural patterns:
  • ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ the wealth gap grows
  • ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ the wealth gap worsens/deepens
  • ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reduce/alleviate the wealth gap
  • ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to resolve the wealth gap

2. ์–‘๊ทนํ™” โ€” polarization ๐Ÿงฒ

์–‘๊ทนํ™” literally points to movement toward โ€œtwo poles.โ€ In social writing, it describes a situation where the middle weakens and two extremes grow apart.
Natural patterns:
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ์–‘๊ทนํ™” โ†’ social polarization
  • ์†Œ๋“ ์–‘๊ทนํ™” โ†’ income polarization
  • ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ polarization becomes severe
  • ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋‹ค โ†’ to prevent polarization

3. ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• โ€” income imbalance ๐Ÿงพ

์†Œ๋“ means income, and ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• means imbalance. This phrase focuses specifically on uneven income distribution, not every kind of wealth.
Natural patterns:
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ income imbalance expands
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ income imbalance occurs
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ค„์ด๋‹ค โ†’ to reduce income imbalance
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to improve income distribution

4. ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ โ€” social mobility ๐Ÿชœ

๊ณ„์ธต means social/economic class or stratum, and ์ด๋™ means movement. ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ asks whether a person can move upward, downward, or across social classes.
Natural patterns:
  • ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ social mobility is possible
  • ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์˜ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ โ†’ the ladder of social mobility
  • ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ social mobility is limited
  • ๊ต์œก์ด ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์˜ ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ education becomes a pathway for social mobility

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋„ ์‹ฌํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • (If the wealth gap grows, social conflict may also intensify.) โš–๏ธ
      Notes: ์ปค์ง€๋‹ค means to grow/get bigger; ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ means social conflict; ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means to deepen or worsen.
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์€ ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    • (Income imbalance can lead to differences in educational opportunity.) ๐ŸŽ“
      Notes: ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ means educational opportunity; ์ฐจ์ด means difference; -์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค means to lead to.
  • ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
    • (If social mobility is limited, it is difficult to change oneโ€™s life through individual effort alone.) ๐Ÿชœ
      Notes: ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋‹ค means to be restricted; ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ means individual effort; -๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” means โ€œwith only.โ€

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

Use these words as formal nouns in advanced explanation and argumentation:
  • N์ด/๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ N deepens/worsens
    • Example: ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค (polarization worsens)
  • N์„/๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to alleviate/reduce N
    • Example: ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค (to reduce the wealth gap)
  • N์ด/๊ฐ€ -์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ N leads to something
    • Example: ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค (income imbalance leads to social conflict)
  • N์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ the possibility of N decreases
    • Example: ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋‹ค (the possibility of social mobility decreases)

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

The key terms and usage patterns in this lesson were cross-checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources and standard Korean usage: ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means a degree of separation or difference, and Korean writing commonly pairs it with areas such as wealth, income, wages, technology, education, and opportunity. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ wealth gap / gap between rich and poor; common in social-issue writing.
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ income gap; narrower than ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ because it focuses on income.
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• โ†’ income imbalance; more analytic and policy-friendly.
  • ์–‘๊ทนํ™” โ†’ polarization; useful when society splits into extremes.
  • ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ inequality; broad umbrella word, but less specific than the phrases above.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ = โ€œrankingโ€ โ†’ โœ… ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means the degree of separation, not ranking by itself. ๐Ÿ“
  • โŒ ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ and ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• are identical โ†’ โœ… ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ is broader; ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• focuses on income. ๐Ÿงพ
  • โŒ ์–‘๊ทนํ™” means โ€œpeople disagreeโ€ โ†’ โœ… It means movement toward two extremes, often economic or social. ๐Ÿงฒ
  • โŒ ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ always means upward mobility โ†’ โœ… It can be upward, downward, or blocked; context tells you which direction. ๐Ÿชœ
  • โŒ Blaming only individuals โ†’ โœ… Advanced writing should also mention structures such as ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ (educational opportunity), ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ • (housing stability), and ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ (income distribution). ๐Ÿ 
You now have a compact but powerful vocabulary set for discussing wealth inequality without sounding vague, dramatic, or accidentally like a comment-section goblin. Tiny victory; big policy brain. ๐Ÿง โœจ
Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best advanced vocabulary item. Say the sentence aloud, check whether the meaning is about a gap, polarization, income imbalance, or social mobility, then open the Answer toggle. ๐Ÿงฉ
1. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๋„ ์‹ฌํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(The wealth gap can deepen social conflict.) โš–๏ธ
Answer
๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” This sentence is about the gap between rich and poor becoming larger.
2. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ทน๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(The phenomenon of society splitting into two extremes is called polarization.) ๐Ÿงฒ
Answer
์–‘๊ทนํ™” โ€” It means polarization toward two poles or extremes.
3. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ์งˆ ์ฐจ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Income imbalance can arise from differences in wages and job quality.) ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• โ€” The clue is income, wages, and uneven distribution.
4. ๊ต์œก์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Education can become an important pathway for social mobility.) ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ โ€” Education is often discussed as a pathway between social classes.
5. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(To alleviate the wealth gap, income distribution must be improved.) ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค naturally pairs with social gaps and inequality.
6. ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(If the middle class weakens, social polarization may become severe.) ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
์–‘๊ทนํ™” โ€” A weakened middle often points to polarization.
7. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
(When social mobility is limited, changing oneโ€™s life through effort alone is difficult.) ๐Ÿชœ
Answer
๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ โ€” The verb ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋‹ค shows mobility is being restricted.
8. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋ฉด ์†Œ๋น„ ์—ฌ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค.
(If income imbalance expands, differences in spending capacity also appear.) ๐Ÿ›’
Answer
์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• โ€” ์†Œ๋น„ ์—ฌ๋ ฅ connects directly to income.
9. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ณต์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(The government tries to reduce the wealth gap through welfare policy.) ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” Welfare policy is often framed as reducing inequality between rich and poor.
10. ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(If differences in opportunity accumulate, the ladder of social mobility may weaken.) ๐Ÿชœ
Answer
๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ โ€” ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ is a common metaphor for mobility.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ wealth gap; gap between rich and poor
  • ์–‘๊ทนํ™” โ†’ polarization; movement toward two extremes
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• โ†’ income imbalance
  • ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ โ†’ social mobility
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ โ†’ social conflict
  • ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to deepen/worsen
  • ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to occur/arise
  • ํ†ต๋กœ โ†’ pathway
  • ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to alleviate/reduce
  • ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to improve
  • ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต โ†’ middle class
  • ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be limited
  • ์†Œ๋น„ ์—ฌ๋ ฅ โ†’ spending capacity
  • ๋ณต์ง€ ์ •์ฑ… โ†’ welfare policy
  • ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด โ†’ difference in opportunity
  • ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to accumulate
  • ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ โ†’ ladder
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก If the sentence mentions income, think ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•. If it mentions two extremes, think ์–‘๊ทนํ™”.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below will turn these four key terms into stronger reading, writing, and argument-building reflexes. ๐Ÿง 
๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Polarization of Wealth
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Welcome to your Polarization of Wealth Practice Hub. Today we are training the vocabulary of inequality: how gaps grow, how society polarizes, how income imbalance affects opportunity, and how social mobility can be protected. Keep your tone analytic, your nouns precise, and your inner policy goblin politely supervised. โš–๏ธ๐Ÿง 
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a sentence or check a word chunk aloud.
ย 
๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Complete each sentence or choose the best expression. Read the Korean line first, explain the meaning in English, then open the Answer toggle to check the vocabulary logic.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Naming the Gap โš–๏ธ

A. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ ์ธต๊ณผ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค.
(This term refers to the difference between the wealthy class and low-income class.) โš–๏ธ
Answer
๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” The clue is the gap between rich and poor groups.
B. ์†Œ๋“ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด ์ƒํ™œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋„ ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค.
(When the income gap grows, differences in living standards also grow.) ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” ์†Œ๋“ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means income gap.
C. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ์†Œ๋“์ด ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.
(Income imbalance means income is not distributed evenly.) ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• โ€” The focus is uneven income distribution.
D. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ทน๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค.
(Polarization is the phenomenon of society splitting into two extremes.) ๐Ÿงฒ
Answer
์–‘๊ทนํ™” โ€” It describes movement toward two poles.
E. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Social mobility is related to the possibility of moving to another class.) ๐Ÿชœ
Answer
๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ โ€” ์ด๋™ means movement, and ๊ณ„์ธต means class/stratum.
F. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„“์€ ๋ง๋กœ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค.
(Inequality is broader than the wealth gap and includes many unequal conditions.) ๐ŸŒ
Answer
๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ€” It is a broad umbrella term.
G. ๊ต์œก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(If educational opportunity differs, the possibility of social mobility may differ too.) ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
๊ธฐํšŒ โ€” ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ means educational opportunity.
H. ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค.
(If housing stability is insufficient, the burden on low-income groups grows.) ๐Ÿ 
Answer
์•ˆ์ • โ€” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ • means housing stability.
I. ์†Œ๋“ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
(Improving income distribution helps reduce social conflict.) ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
๋ถ„๋ฐฐ โ€” ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ means income distribution.
J. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๋นˆ๋ถ€, ์ž„๊ธˆ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋“ฑ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค.
(A gap means the degree to which wealth, wages, technology levels, and similar things are separated.) ๐Ÿ“
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” It refers to the degree of separation, not ranking by itself.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ gap between rich and poor
  • ๋ถ€์œ ์ธต โ†’ wealthy class
  • ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต โ†’ low-income class
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ income gap
  • ์ƒํ™œ ์ˆ˜์ค€ โ†’ living standard
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• โ†’ income imbalance
  • ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ โ†’ evenly
  • ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be divided/distributed
  • ์–‘๊ทนํ™” โ†’ polarization
  • ๊ทน๋‹จ โ†’ extreme
  • ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ โ†’ social mobility
  • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ possibility
  • ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ inequality
  • ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ โ†’ educational opportunity
  • ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ • โ†’ housing stability
  • ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ burden
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ โ†’ income distribution
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ โ†’ social conflict
  • ์ž„๊ธˆ โ†’ wage
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ˆ˜์ค€ โ†’ technology level
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ is about separation; ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• is about uneven distribution.
ย 

Exercise 2 โ€” Cause and Effect Chains ๐Ÿ”—

A. ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๋ฉด ์†Œ๋น„ ์—ฌ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋„ ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค.
(When income imbalance worsens, differences in spending capacity also grow.) ๐Ÿ›’
Answer
์‹ฌํ™” โ€” ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means to deepen or worsen.
B. ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(The wealth gap can lead to differences in educational opportunity.) ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
์ด์–ด์งˆ โ€” -์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค means to lead to.
C. ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(If polarization becomes severe, the middle class may weaken.) ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
์•ฝํ™” โ€” ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means to weaken.
D. ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(If social mobility is limited, social frustration may grow.) ๐Ÿ˜ฎโ€๐Ÿ’จ
Answer
์ขŒ์ ˆ๊ฐ โ€” ์ขŒ์ ˆ๊ฐ means frustration or a sense of defeat.
E. ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„์— ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(If differences in opportunity accumulate, inequality may continue between generations.) ๐Ÿงฌ
Answer
๋ˆ„์  โ€” ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋‹ค means to accumulate.
F. ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ •์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค.
(If housing stability is lacking, economic burden grows.) ๐Ÿ 
Answer
๋ถ€๋‹ด โ€” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด means economic burden.
G. ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์˜ ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(If educational opportunities decrease, the pathway for social mobility may narrow.) ๐Ÿšช
Answer
์ข์•„์งˆ โ€” ์ข์•„์ง€๋‹ค means to become narrow.
H. ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(If income distribution is unfair, social trust may be damaged.) ๐Ÿค
Answer
ํ›ผ์† โ€” ํ›ผ์†๋˜๋‹ค means to be damaged.
I. ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค.
(As the wealth gap becomes more severe, social integration becomes difficult.) ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์–ด๋ ค โ€” ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง€๋‹ค means to become difficult.
J. ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Income imbalance can lead to relative deprivation.) ๐Ÿซฅ
Answer
์ด์–ด์งˆ โ€” This repeats the cause-effect structure intentionally with a new result.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• โ†’ income imbalance
  • ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to deepen/worsen
  • ์†Œ๋น„ ์—ฌ๋ ฅ โ†’ spending capacity
  • ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ wealth gap
  • ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ โ†’ educational opportunity
  • ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to lead to
  • ์–‘๊ทนํ™” โ†’ polarization
  • ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต โ†’ middle class
  • ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to weaken
  • ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ โ†’ social mobility
  • ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be limited
  • ์ขŒ์ ˆ๊ฐ โ†’ frustration
  • ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด โ†’ difference in opportunity
  • ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to accumulate
  • ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„ โ†’ between generations
  • ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ • โ†’ housing stability
  • ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ economic burden
  • ํ†ต๋กœ โ†’ pathway
  • ์ข์•„์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to become narrow
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ โ†’ income distribution
  • ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be unfair
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ†’ social trust
  • ํ›ผ์†๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be damaged
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ โ†’ social integration
  • ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๊ฐ โ†’ relative deprivation
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก For advanced writing, avoid isolated nouns. Build chains: A๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋ฉด B๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค (if A worsens, it may lead to B).
ย 

Exercise 3 โ€” Policy and Solutions ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

A. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณต์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
(The government strengthened welfare policy to alleviate the wealth gap.) ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์™„ํ™” โ€” ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to alleviate or reduce.
B. ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Improving income distribution can raise social trust.) ๐Ÿค
Answer
๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค means to improve.
C. ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
(Guaranteeing educational opportunity helps social mobility.) ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
๋ณด์žฅ โ€” ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค means to guarantee.
D. ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Supporting housing stability can reduce the burden on low-income groups.) ๐Ÿ 
Answer
์ง€์› โ€” ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋‹ค means to support.
E. ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋ฉด ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
(Expanding fair opportunity helps prevent polarization.) ๐Ÿงฒ
Answer
ํ™•๋Œ€ โ€” ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค means to expand.
F. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์•ˆ์ „๋ง์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Strengthening the social safety net can reduce the shock of crises.) ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™” โ€” ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to strengthen.
G. ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์ฑ…๊ณผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
(To resolve inequality, both short-term and long-term measures are needed.) โณ
Answer
ํ•ด์†Œ โ€” ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค means to resolve or eliminate a problem.
H. ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋ฉด ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค.
(If the effectiveness of a policy rises, public trust grows.) ๐Ÿ“‹
Answer
์‹คํšจ โ€” ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ means practical effectiveness.
I. ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์˜ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
(To restore the ladder of social mobility, education and jobs policy are both needed.) ๐Ÿชœ
Answer
๋ณต์› โ€” ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๋‹ค means to restore.
J. ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ์ œ ๊ฐœํŽธ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Tax reform can be discussed to reduce income imbalance.) ๐Ÿ’ฐ
Answer
๋…ผ์˜ โ€” ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๋‹ค means to be discussed.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ •๋ถ€ โ†’ government
  • ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ wealth gap
  • ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to alleviate
  • ๋ณต์ง€ ์ •์ฑ… โ†’ welfare policy
  • ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to strengthen
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ โ†’ income distribution
  • ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to improve
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ†’ social trust
  • ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ โ†’ educational opportunity
  • ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to guarantee
  • ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ โ†’ social mobility
  • ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ • โ†’ housing stability
  • ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to support
  • ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต โ†’ low-income class
  • ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ burden
  • ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ โ†’ fair opportunity
  • ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to expand
  • ์–‘๊ทนํ™” โ†’ polarization
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ์•ˆ์ „๋ง โ†’ social safety net
  • ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ โ†’ crisis situation
  • ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ โ†’ shock/impact
  • ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ inequality
  • ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to resolve
  • ๋Œ€์ฑ… โ†’ measure/countermeasure
  • ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ โ†’ effectiveness
  • ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to restore
  • ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ… โ†’ jobs policy
  • ์„ธ์ œ ๊ฐœํŽธ โ†’ tax system reform
  • ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be discussed
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Solution verbs are your essay engines: ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค, ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค, ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋‹ค, ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
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Exercise 4 โ€” Read the Nuance ๐Ÿง 

A. ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ is broader than ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(The wealth gap is broader than the income gap.) ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์†Œ๋“ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” Income gap is narrower because it focuses on income.
B. ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• focuses on uneven ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(Income imbalance focuses on uneven income distribution.) ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ โ€” The clue is uneven distribution.
C. ์–‘๊ทนํ™” is stronger than a simple ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(Polarization is stronger than a simple difference.) ๐Ÿงฒ
Answer
์ฐจ์ด โ€” It means movement toward two extremes, not just any difference.
D. ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ may be upward, downward, or ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(Social mobility may be upward, downward, or blocked.) ๐Ÿšง
Answer
์ œํ•œ โ€” Mobility can be limited or blocked by structural conditions.
E. ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ does not automatically mean ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ or ranking.
(A gap does not automatically mean superiority or ranking.) ๐Ÿ“
Answer
์šฐ์—ด โ€” ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means degree of separation, not ranking by itself.
F. ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๊ฐ means feeling deprived through ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(Relative deprivation means feeling deprived through comparison.) ๐Ÿชž
Answer
๋น„๊ต โ€” The feeling comes from comparing oneโ€™s situation with others.
G. ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ becomes harder when groups are ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(Social integration becomes harder when groups are divided.) ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
๋ถ„๋ฆฌ โ€” ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๋‹ค means to be separated.
H. ๊ต์œก์ด ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์˜ ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค means education works as a ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(Education works as a pathway.) ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
ํ†ต๋กœ โ€” The phrase is a metaphor for a route into another class position.
I. ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋‹ค means to prevent movement toward two ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(To prevent polarization means to prevent movement toward two extremes.) ๐Ÿงฒ
Answer
๊ทน๋‹จ โ€” ์–‘๊ทน means two poles; ๊ทน๋‹จ means extremes.
J. ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์›์ธ means a cause found in the ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, not only in individuals.
(A structural cause is found in the system, not only in individuals.) ๐Ÿ—๏ธ
Answer
์ œ๋„ โ€” Advanced writing often distinguishes individual effort from systems/institutions.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ wealth gap
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ income gap
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• โ†’ income imbalance
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ โ†’ income distribution
  • ์–‘๊ทนํ™” โ†’ polarization
  • ์ฐจ์ด โ†’ difference
  • ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ โ†’ social mobility
  • ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be limited
  • ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ gap
  • ์šฐ์—ด โ†’ superiority/inferiority
  • ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๊ฐ โ†’ relative deprivation
  • ๋น„๊ต โ†’ comparison
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ โ†’ social integration
  • ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be separated
  • ๊ต์œก โ†’ education
  • ํ†ต๋กœ โ†’ pathway
  • ๋ง‰๋‹ค โ†’ to prevent/block
  • ๊ทน๋‹จ โ†’ extreme
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์›์ธ โ†’ structural cause
  • ์ œ๋„ โ†’ institution/system
  • ๊ฐœ์ธ โ†’ individual
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Nuance matters: ์ฐจ์ด is neutral, ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ marks separation, and ์–‘๊ทนํ™” suggests two extremes pulling apart.
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Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. โŒ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค.
(A gap means the degree of separation, not ranking.) ๐Ÿ“
Answer
์ •๋„ โ€” ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ points to the degree of separation.
B. โŒ ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋Š” ๋‘ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค.
(Polarization is splitting into two extremes.) ๐Ÿงฒ
Answer
๊ทน๋‹จ โ€” It is stronger than a simple difference of opinion.
C. โŒ ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์œ„๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์€ ์œ„, ์•„๋ž˜, ๋˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Social mobility can be upward, downward, or limited.) ๐Ÿชœ
Answer
์ œํ•œ๋œ โ€” Do not assume social mobility always means upward movement.
D. โŒ ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฌ์‚ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค.
(Income imbalance mainly means imbalance in income.) ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์†Œ๋“ โ€” It is narrower than broad wealth inequality.
E. โŒ ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ์™€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ • ๊ฐ™์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(The wealth gap is related to structural conditions such as educational opportunity and housing stability.) ๐Ÿ—๏ธ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ์  โ€” Advanced writing should include structural conditions, not only individual effort.
F. ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
(Improving income distribution helps alleviate the wealth gap.) ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ€” ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค naturally pairs with ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ.
G. ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(The weakening of the middle class is related to social polarization.) ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
์–‘๊ทนํ™” โ€” The middle weakening is a common sign of polarization.
H. ๊ต์œก์€ ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Education can become a pathway for social mobility.) ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
ํ†ต๋กœ โ€” This is the โ€œpathwayโ€ metaphor.
I. ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(If differences in opportunity accumulate, inequality may continue into the next generation.) ๐Ÿงฌ
Answer
์ด์–ด์งˆ โ€” ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค builds the cause-effect chain.
J. ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๊ฐ์€ ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Relative deprivation can arise from comparison with others.) ๐Ÿชž
Answer
๋น„๊ต โ€” The core idea is feeling deprived through comparison.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ gap
  • ์ˆœ์œ„ โ†’ ranking
  • ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to become separated
  • ์ •๋„ โ†’ degree
  • ์–‘๊ทนํ™” โ†’ polarization
  • ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด โ†’ difference of opinion
  • ๊ทน๋‹จ โ†’ extreme
  • ๊ณ„์ธต ์ด๋™ โ†’ social mobility
  • ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be limited
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• โ†’ income imbalance
  • ์†Œ๋“ โ†’ income
  • ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ†’ wealth gap
  • ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ โ†’ individual effort
  • ๊ต์œก ๊ธฐํšŒ โ†’ educational opportunity
  • ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ • โ†’ housing stability
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด โ†’ structural condition
  • ์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ โ†’ income distribution
  • ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to improve
  • ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to alleviate
  • ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต โ†’ middle class
  • ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to weaken
  • ํ†ต๋กœ โ†’ pathway
  • ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to accumulate
  • ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to lead/continue
  • ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๊ฐ โ†’ relative deprivation
  • ๋น„๊ต โ†’ comparison
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol rule: donโ€™t flatten every inequality word into โ€œrich vs poor.โ€ Match the word to the exact scope: gap, income, polarization, or mobility.
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๐ŸŽ‰ Practice complete! You can now discuss wealth polarization with sharper nouns, cleaner cause-effect chains, and fewer โ€œeverything is just badโ€ sentences. That is advanced vocabulary doing its job. โš–๏ธ๐Ÿ“Š๐Ÿชœ