TL;DR ๐ฆ
- โ๏ธ ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means the gap between rich and poor; it focuses on how far living conditions, income, and opportunities have separated.
- ๐งฒ ์๊ทนํ means polarization; society or wealth pulls toward two extremes instead of staying balanced in the middle.
- ๐ช ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ means social mobility; it asks whether people can realistically move to a different social or economic class.
๐ง Iru Helper Note
Use Korean Helper Widgets when you want to hear any Korean word or sentence from this lesson. Type a sentence like ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ด ์ฌํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค (income imbalance is worsening) and listen for the natural chunks. ๐
Scope note
This lesson is about wealth inequality and social mobility: ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ (wealth gap), ์๊ทนํ (polarization), ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ (income imbalance), and ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ (social mobility). It is related to, but not the same as, ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ ฅ ์ง์ค (concentration of economic power), which focuses more on market power and corporate control.
๐ The Big Picture
In advanced Korean reading, news, debate, and essay writing, inequality vocabulary helps you explain structure, not just emotion. Instead of saying โsome people are rich and some people are poor,โ Korean often frames the issue through precise nouns like ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ (gap), ๋ถ๊ท ํ (imbalance), ์๊ทนํ (polarization), and ๊ณ์ธต (class/stratum). ๐
The key question is not only โWho has more money?โ It is also:
- ๐งพ Who has stable income?
- ๐ Who can access housing?
- ๐ Who can receive quality education?
- ๐ช Can people move upward through effort, education, or opportunity?
A strong advanced sentence usually connects cause โ change โ result:
- ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ด ์ฌํ๋๋ฉด ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์์ง ์ ์๋ค.
(If income imbalance worsens, the possibility of social mobility may decrease.) ๐ช
๐จ The Core Polarization of Wealth Family
1. ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ wealth gap / gap between rich and poor โ๏ธ
๋น๋ถ means โrich and poor,โ and ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means โgapโ or โdifference in degree.โ Together, ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ refers to the gap between wealthy and poor groups.
Natural patterns:
- ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ปค์ง๋ค โ the wealth gap grows
- ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋๋ค โ the wealth gap worsens/deepens
- ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค โ to reduce/alleviate the wealth gap
- ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํด์ํ๋ค โ to resolve the wealth gap
2. ์๊ทนํ โ polarization ๐งฒ
์๊ทนํ literally points to movement toward โtwo poles.โ In social writing, it describes a situation where the middle weakens and two extremes grow apart.
Natural patterns:
- ์ฌํ ์๊ทนํ โ social polarization
- ์๋ ์๊ทนํ โ income polarization
- ์๊ทนํ๊ฐ ์ฌํด์ง๋ค โ polarization becomes severe
- ์๊ทนํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค โ to prevent polarization
3. ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ income imbalance ๐งพ
์๋ means income, and ๋ถ๊ท ํ means imbalance. This phrase focuses specifically on uneven income distribution, not every kind of wealth.
Natural patterns:
- ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ด ํ๋๋๋ค โ income imbalance expands
- ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค โ income imbalance occurs
- ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ ์ค์ด๋ค โ to reduce income imbalance
- ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค โ to improve income distribution
4. ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ โ social mobility ๐ช
๊ณ์ธต means social/economic class or stratum, and ์ด๋ means movement. ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ asks whether a person can move upward, downward, or across social classes.
Natural patterns:
- ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค โ social mobility is possible
- ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ ์ฌ๋ค๋ฆฌ โ the ladder of social mobility
- ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ด ์ ํ๋๋ค โ social mobility is limited
- ๊ต์ก์ด ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ ํต๋ก๊ฐ ๋๋ค โ education becomes a pathway for social mobility
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ปค์ง๋ฉด ์ฌํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ๋ ์ฌํ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
(If the wealth gap grows, social conflict may also intensify.) โ๏ธ
Notes: ์ปค์ง๋ค means to grow/get bigger; ์ฌํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ means social conflict; ์ฌํ๋๋ค means to deepen or worsen.
- ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ์ ์๋ค.
(Income imbalance can lead to differences in educational opportunity.) ๐
Notes: ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ means educational opportunity; ์ฐจ์ด means difference; -์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ค means to lead to.
- ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ด ์ ํ๋๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ ธ๋ ฅ๋ง์ผ๋ก๋ ์ถ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
(If social mobility is limited, it is difficult to change oneโs life through individual effort alone.) ๐ช
Notes: ์ ํ๋๋ค means to be restricted; ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ means individual effort; -๋ง์ผ๋ก๋ means โwith only.โ
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
Use these words as formal nouns in advanced explanation and argumentation:
- N์ด/๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋๋ค โ N deepens/worsens
Example: ์๊ทนํ๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋๋ค (polarization worsens)
- N์/๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค โ to alleviate/reduce N
Example: ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค (to reduce the wealth gap)
- N์ด/๊ฐ -์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ค โ N leads to something
Example: ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ด ์ฌํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ค (income imbalance leads to social conflict)
- N์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์์ง๋ค โ the possibility of N decreases
Example: ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์์ง๋ค (the possibility of social mobility decreases)
๐ Cross-check note
The key terms and usage patterns in this lesson were cross-checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources and standard Korean usage: ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means a degree of separation or difference, and Korean writing commonly pairs it with areas such as wealth, income, wages, technology, education, and opportunity. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ wealth gap / gap between rich and poor; common in social-issue writing.
- ์๋ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ income gap; narrower than ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ because it focuses on income.
- ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ income imbalance; more analytic and policy-friendly.
- ์๊ทนํ โ polarization; useful when society splits into extremes.
- ๋ถํ๋ฑ โ inequality; broad umbrella word, but less specific than the phrases above.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ = โrankingโ โ โ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means the degree of separation, not ranking by itself. ๐
- โ ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ and ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ are identical โ โ ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ is broader; ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ focuses on income. ๐งพ
- โ ์๊ทนํ means โpeople disagreeโ โ โ It means movement toward two extremes, often economic or social. ๐งฒ
- โ ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ always means upward mobility โ โ It can be upward, downward, or blocked; context tells you which direction. ๐ช
- โ Blaming only individuals โ โ Advanced writing should also mention structures such as ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ (educational opportunity), ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์์ (housing stability), and ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ (income distribution). ๐
You now have a compact but powerful vocabulary set for discussing wealth inequality without sounding vague, dramatic, or accidentally like a comment-section goblin. Tiny victory; big policy brain. ๐ง โจ
Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best advanced vocabulary item. Say the sentence aloud, check whether the meaning is about a gap, polarization, income imbalance, or social mobility, then open the Answer toggle. ๐งฉ
1. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ปค์ง๋ฉด ์ฌํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ๋ ์ฌํ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
(The wealth gap can deepen social conflict.) โ๏ธ
Answer
๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ This sentence is about the gap between rich and poor becoming larger.
2. ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ ๊ทน๋จ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ผ์ง๋ ํ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
(The phenomenon of society splitting into two extremes is called polarization.) ๐งฒ
Answer
์๊ทนํ โ It means polarization toward two poles or extremes.
3. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์๊ธ๊ณผ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ง ์ฐจ์ด์์ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
(Income imbalance can arise from differences in wages and job quality.) ๐งพ
Answer
์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ The clue is income, wages, and uneven distribution.
4. ๊ต์ก์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ค์ํ ํต๋ก๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
(Education can become an important pathway for social mobility.) ๐
Answer
๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ โ Education is often discussed as a pathway between social classes.
5. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
(To alleviate the wealth gap, income distribution must be improved.) ๐
Answer
๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ ์ํํ๋ค naturally pairs with social gaps and inequality.
6. ์ค์ฐ์ธต์ด ์ฝํด์ง๋ฉด ์ฌํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ฌํด์ง ์ ์๋ค.
(If the middle class weakens, social polarization may become severe.) ๐๏ธ
Answer
์๊ทนํ โ A weakened middle often points to polarization.
7. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ ํ๋๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
(When social mobility is limited, changing oneโs life through effort alone is difficult.) ๐ช
Answer
๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ โ The verb ์ ํ๋๋ค shows mobility is being restricted.
8. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ๋๋๋ฉด ์๋น ์ฌ๋ ฅ์๋ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๊ธด๋ค.
(If income imbalance expands, differences in spending capacity also appear.) ๐
Answer
์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ ์๋น ์ฌ๋ ฅ connects directly to income.
9. ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ณต์ง ์ ์ฑ
์ ํตํด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๋ ค ํ๋ค.
(The government tries to reduce the wealth gap through welfare policy.) ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ Welfare policy is often framed as reducing inequality between rich and poor.
10. ๊ธฐํ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋์ ๋๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฌ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฝํด์ง ์ ์๋ค.
(If differences in opportunity accumulate, the ladder of social mobility may weaken.) ๐ช
Answer
๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ โ ์ฌ๋ค๋ฆฌ is a common metaphor for mobility.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ wealth gap; gap between rich and poor
- ์๊ทนํ โ polarization; movement toward two extremes
- ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ income imbalance
- ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ โ social mobility
- ์ฌํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ โ social conflict
- ์ฌํ๋๋ค โ to deepen/worsen
- ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค โ to occur/arise
- ํต๋ก โ pathway
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to alleviate/reduce
- ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค โ to improve
- ์ค์ฐ์ธต โ middle class
- ์ ํ๋๋ค โ to be limited
- ์๋น ์ฌ๋ ฅ โ spending capacity
- ๋ณต์ง ์ ์ฑ โ welfare policy
- ๊ธฐํ์ ์ฐจ์ด โ difference in opportunity
- ๋์ ๋๋ค โ to accumulate
- ์ฌ๋ค๋ฆฌ โ ladder
Tip ๐ก If the sentence mentions income, think ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ. If it mentions two extremes, think ์๊ทนํ.
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below will turn these four key terms into stronger reading, writing, and argument-building reflexes. ๐ง
๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Polarization of Wealth
ย
Welcome to your Polarization of Wealth Practice Hub. Today we are training the vocabulary of inequality: how gaps grow, how society polarizes, how income imbalance affects opportunity, and how social mobility can be protected. Keep your tone analytic, your nouns precise, and your inner policy goblin politely supervised. โ๏ธ๐ง
ย
๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence or check a word chunk aloud.
ย
๐ Instructions: Complete each sentence or choose the best expression. Read the Korean line first, explain the meaning in English, then open the Answer toggle to check the vocabulary logic.
ย
Exercise 1 โ Naming the Gap โ๏ธ
A. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๋ถ์ ์ธต๊ณผ ์ ์๋์ธต ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํจ๋ค.
(This term refers to the difference between the wealthy class and low-income class.) โ๏ธ
Answer
๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ The clue is the gap between rich and poor groups.
B. ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ปค์ง๋ฉด ์ํ ์์ค์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ์ปค์ง๋ค.
(When the income gap grows, differences in living standards also grow.) ๐งพ
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ ์๋ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means income gap.
C. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์๋์ด ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋๋์ง ์๋ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๋งํ๋ค.
(Income imbalance means income is not distributed evenly.) ๐
Answer
์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ The focus is uneven income distribution.
D. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ ๊ทน๋จ์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ ํ์์ด๋ค.
(Polarization is the phenomenon of society splitting into two extremes.) ๐งฒ
Answer
์๊ทนํ โ It describes movement toward two poles.
E. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ์ธต์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ ๊ฐ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค.
(Social mobility is related to the possibility of moving to another class.) ๐ช
Answer
๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ โ ์ด๋ means movement, and ๊ณ์ธต means class/stratum.
F. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ณด๋ค ๋์ ๋ง๋ก, ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ค.
(Inequality is broader than the wealth gap and includes many unequal conditions.) ๐
Answer
๋ถํ๋ฑ โ It is a broad umbrella term.
G. ๊ต์ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ๋ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง ์ ์๋ค.
(If educational opportunity differs, the possibility of social mobility may differ too.) ๐
Answer
๊ธฐํ โ ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ means educational opportunity.
H. ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ฉด ์ ์๋์ธต์ ๋ถ๋ด์ด ์ปค์ง๋ค.
(If housing stability is insufficient, the burden on low-income groups grows.) ๐
Answer
์์ โ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์์ means housing stability.
I. ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฉด ์ฌํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ์ค์ด๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
(Improving income distribution helps reduce social conflict.) ๐
Answer
๋ถ๋ฐฐ โ ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ means income distribution.
J. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋น๋ถ, ์๊ธ, ๊ธฐ์ ์์ค ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ก ๋ฒ์ด์ง ์ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ค.
(A gap means the degree to which wealth, wages, technology levels, and similar things are separated.) ๐
Answer
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ It refers to the degree of separation, not ranking by itself.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ gap between rich and poor
- ๋ถ์ ์ธต โ wealthy class
- ์ ์๋์ธต โ low-income class
- ์๋ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ income gap
- ์ํ ์์ค โ living standard
- ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ income imbalance
- ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฒ โ evenly
- ๋๋๋ค โ to be divided/distributed
- ์๊ทนํ โ polarization
- ๊ทน๋จ โ extreme
- ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ โ social mobility
- ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ possibility
- ๋ถํ๋ฑ โ inequality
- ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ โ educational opportunity
- ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์์ โ housing stability
- ๋ถ๋ด โ burden
- ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ โ income distribution
- ์ฌํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ โ social conflict
- ์๊ธ โ wage
- ๊ธฐ์ ์์ค โ technology level
Tip ๐ก ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ is about separation; ๋ถ๊ท ํ is about uneven distribution.
ย
Exercise 2 โ Cause and Effect Chains ๐
A. ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ฉด ์๋น ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ์ปค์ง๋ค.
(When income imbalance worsens, differences in spending capacity also grow.) ๐
Answer
์ฌํ โ ์ฌํ๋๋ค means to deepen or worsen.
B. ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์๋ค.
(The wealth gap can lead to differences in educational opportunity.) ๐
Answer
์ด์ด์ง โ -์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ค means to lead to.
C. ์๊ทนํ๊ฐ ์ฌํด์ง๋ฉด ์ค์ฐ์ธต์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
(If polarization becomes severe, the middle class may weaken.) ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ฝํ โ ์ฝํ๋๋ค means to weaken.
D. ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ด ์ ํ๋๋ฉด ์ฌํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์ง ์ ์๋ค.
(If social mobility is limited, social frustration may grow.) ๐ฎโ๐จ
Answer
์ข์ ๊ฐ โ ์ข์ ๊ฐ means frustration or a sense of defeat.
E. ๊ธฐํ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ฉด ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ด ์ธ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ด์ง ์ ์๋ค.
(If differences in opportunity accumulate, inequality may continue between generations.) ๐งฌ
Answer
๋์ โ ๋์ ๋๋ค means to accumulate.
F. ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์์ ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์ง๋ค.
(If housing stability is lacking, economic burden grows.) ๐
Answer
๋ถ๋ด โ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ถ๋ด means economic burden.
G. ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ๊ฐ ์ค์ด๋ค๋ฉด ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ ํต๋ก๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์๋ค.
(If educational opportunities decrease, the pathway for social mobility may narrow.) ๐ช
Answer
์ข์์ง โ ์ข์์ง๋ค means to become narrow.
H. ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ณต์ ํ๋ฉด ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
(If income distribution is unfair, social trust may be damaged.) ๐ค
Answer
ํผ์ โ ํผ์๋๋ค means to be damaged.
I. ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ฌํด์ง์๋ก ์ฌํ ํตํฉ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์ง๋ค.
(As the wealth gap becomes more severe, social integration becomes difficult.) ๐งฉ
Answer
์ด๋ ค โ ์ด๋ ค์์ง๋ค means to become difficult.
J. ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ ์๋์ ๋ฐํ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์๋ค.
(Income imbalance can lead to relative deprivation.) ๐ซฅ
Answer
์ด์ด์ง โ This repeats the cause-effect structure intentionally with a new result.
Vocabulary Box
- ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ income imbalance
- ์ฌํ๋๋ค โ to deepen/worsen
- ์๋น ์ฌ๋ ฅ โ spending capacity
- ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ wealth gap
- ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ โ educational opportunity
- ์ด์ด์ง๋ค โ to lead to
- ์๊ทนํ โ polarization
- ์ค์ฐ์ธต โ middle class
- ์ฝํ๋๋ค โ to weaken
- ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ โ social mobility
- ์ ํ๋๋ค โ to be limited
- ์ข์ ๊ฐ โ frustration
- ๊ธฐํ์ ์ฐจ์ด โ difference in opportunity
- ๋์ ๋๋ค โ to accumulate
- ์ธ๋ ๊ฐ โ between generations
- ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์์ โ housing stability
- ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ถ๋ด โ economic burden
- ํต๋ก โ pathway
- ์ข์์ง๋ค โ to become narrow
- ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ โ income distribution
- ๋ถ๊ณต์ ํ๋ค โ to be unfair
- ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ขฐ โ social trust
- ํผ์๋๋ค โ to be damaged
- ์ฌํ ํตํฉ โ social integration
- ์๋์ ๋ฐํ๊ฐ โ relative deprivation
Tip ๐ก For advanced writing, avoid isolated nouns. Build chains: A๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋๋ฉด B๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ์ ์๋ค (if A worsens, it may lead to B).
ย
Exercise 3 โ Policy and Solutions ๐๏ธ
A. ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ณต์ง ์ ์ฑ
์ ๊ฐํํ๋ค.
(The government strengthened welfare policy to alleviate the wealth gap.) ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํํ๋ค means to alleviate or reduce.
B. ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ฉด ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
(Improving income distribution can raise social trust.) ๐ค
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค means to improve.
C. ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
(Guaranteeing educational opportunity helps social mobility.) ๐
Answer
๋ณด์ฅ โ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค means to guarantee.
D. ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ฉด ์ ์๋์ธต์ ๋ถ๋ด์ ์ค์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
(Supporting housing stability can reduce the burden on low-income groups.) ๐
Answer
์ง์ โ ์ง์ํ๋ค means to support.
E. ๊ณต์ ํ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ฉด ์๊ทนํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
(Expanding fair opportunity helps prevent polarization.) ๐งฒ
Answer
ํ๋ โ ํ๋ํ๋ค means to expand.
F. ์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ฉด ์๊ธฐ ์ํฉ์ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ค์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
(Strengthening the social safety net can reduce the shock of crises.) ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐํ โ ๊ฐํํ๋ค means to strengthen.
G. ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋จ๊ธฐ ๋์ฑ
๊ณผ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ๋์ฑ
์ด ๋ชจ๋ ํ์ํ๋ค.
(To resolve inequality, both short-term and long-term measures are needed.) โณ
Answer
ํด์ โ ํด์ํ๋ค means to resolve or eliminate a problem.
H. ์ ์ฑ
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ฉด ์๋ฏผ์ ์ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ ์ปค์ง๋ค.
(If the effectiveness of a policy rises, public trust grows.) ๐
Answer
์คํจ โ ์คํจ์ฑ means practical effectiveness.
I. ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ ์ฌ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ต์ก๊ณผ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์ ์ฑ
์ด ํจ๊ป ํ์ํ๋ค.
(To restore the ladder of social mobility, education and jobs policy are both needed.) ๐ช
Answer
๋ณต์ โ ๋ณต์ํ๋ค means to restore.
J. ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ธ์ ๊ฐํธ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
(Tax reform can be discussed to reduce income imbalance.) ๐ฐ
Answer
๋
ผ์ โ ๋
ผ์๋๋ค means to be discussed.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ๋ถ โ government
- ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ wealth gap
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to alleviate
- ๋ณต์ง ์ ์ฑ โ welfare policy
- ๊ฐํํ๋ค โ to strengthen
- ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ โ income distribution
- ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค โ to improve
- ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ขฐ โ social trust
- ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ โ educational opportunity
- ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค โ to guarantee
- ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ โ social mobility
- ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์์ โ housing stability
- ์ง์ํ๋ค โ to support
- ์ ์๋์ธต โ low-income class
- ๋ถ๋ด โ burden
- ๊ณต์ ํ ๊ธฐํ โ fair opportunity
- ํ๋ํ๋ค โ to expand
- ์๊ทนํ โ polarization
- ์ฌํ ์์ ๋ง โ social safety net
- ์๊ธฐ ์ํฉ โ crisis situation
- ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ โ shock/impact
- ๋ถํ๋ฑ โ inequality
- ํด์ํ๋ค โ to resolve
- ๋์ฑ โ measure/countermeasure
- ์คํจ์ฑ โ effectiveness
- ๋ณต์ํ๋ค โ to restore
- ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์ ์ฑ โ jobs policy
- ์ธ์ ๊ฐํธ โ tax system reform
- ๋ ผ์๋๋ค โ to be discussed
Tip ๐ก Solution verbs are your essay engines: ์ํํ๋ค, ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค, ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ค, ๊ฐํํ๋ค.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Read the Nuance ๐ง
A. ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ is broader than ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(The wealth gap is broader than the income gap.) ๐งพ
Answer
์๋ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ Income gap is narrower because it focuses on income.
B. ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ focuses on uneven ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(Income imbalance focuses on uneven income distribution.) ๐
Answer
์๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ โ The clue is uneven distribution.
C. ์๊ทนํ is stronger than a simple ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(Polarization is stronger than a simple difference.) ๐งฒ
Answer
์ฐจ์ด โ It means movement toward two extremes, not just any difference.
D. ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ may be upward, downward, or ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(Social mobility may be upward, downward, or blocked.) ๐ง
Answer
์ ํ โ Mobility can be limited or blocked by structural conditions.
E. ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ does not automatically mean ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ or ranking.
(A gap does not automatically mean superiority or ranking.) ๐
Answer
์ฐ์ด โ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ means degree of separation, not ranking by itself.
F. ์๋์ ๋ฐํ๊ฐ means feeling deprived through ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(Relative deprivation means feeling deprived through comparison.) ๐ช
Answer
๋น๊ต โ The feeling comes from comparing oneโs situation with others.
G. ์ฌํ ํตํฉ becomes harder when groups are ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(Social integration becomes harder when groups are divided.) ๐งฉ
Answer
๋ถ๋ฆฌ โ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๋ค means to be separated.
H. ๊ต์ก์ด ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ ํต๋ก๊ฐ ๋๋ค means education works as a ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(Education works as a pathway.) ๐
Answer
ํต๋ก โ The phrase is a metaphor for a route into another class position.
I. ์๊ทนํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค means to prevent movement toward two ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
(To prevent polarization means to prevent movement toward two extremes.) ๐งฒ
Answer
๊ทน๋จ โ ์๊ทน means two poles; ๊ทน๋จ means extremes.
J. ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์์ธ means a cause found in the ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, not only in individuals.
(A structural cause is found in the system, not only in individuals.) ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ ๋ โ Advanced writing often distinguishes individual effort from systems/institutions.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ wealth gap
- ์๋ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ income gap
- ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ income imbalance
- ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ โ income distribution
- ์๊ทนํ โ polarization
- ์ฐจ์ด โ difference
- ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ โ social mobility
- ์ ํ๋๋ค โ to be limited
- ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ gap
- ์ฐ์ด โ superiority/inferiority
- ์๋์ ๋ฐํ๊ฐ โ relative deprivation
- ๋น๊ต โ comparison
- ์ฌํ ํตํฉ โ social integration
- ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๋ค โ to be separated
- ๊ต์ก โ education
- ํต๋ก โ pathway
- ๋ง๋ค โ to prevent/block
- ๊ทน๋จ โ extreme
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์์ธ โ structural cause
- ์ ๋ โ institution/system
- ๊ฐ์ธ โ individual
Tip ๐ก Nuance matters: ์ฐจ์ด is neutral, ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ marks separation, and ์๊ทนํ suggests two extremes pulling apart.
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. โ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ค. โ โ
๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ ๋ฒ์ด์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ค.
(A gap means the degree of separation, not ranking.) ๐
Answer
์ ๋ โ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ points to the degree of separation.
B. โ ์๊ทนํ๋ ๋จ์ํ ์๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด๋ค. โ โ
์๊ทนํ๋ ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ผ์ง๋ ํ์์ด๋ค.
(Polarization is splitting into two extremes.) ๐งฒ
Answer
๊ทน๋จ โ It is stronger than a simple difference of opinion.
C. โ ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ ํญ์ ์๋ก ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. โ โ
๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ ์, ์๋, ๋๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ํ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
(Social mobility can be upward, downward, or limited.) ๐ช
Answer
์ ํ๋ โ Do not assume social mobility always means upward movement.
D. โ ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ์ฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ค. โ โ
์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ถ๊ท ํ์ ๋ปํ๋ค.
(Income imbalance mainly means imbalance in income.) ๐งพ
Answer
์๋ โ It is narrower than broad wealth inequality.
E. โ ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ๋ง์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ค. โ โ
๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ์ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ๋ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค.
(The wealth gap is related to structural conditions such as educational opportunity and housing stability.) ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ์ โ Advanced writing should include structural conditions, not only individual effort.
F. ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
(Improving income distribution helps alleviate the wealth gap.) ๐
Answer
๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ ์ํํ๋ค naturally pairs with ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ.
G. ์ค์ฐ์ธต์ด ์ฝํด์ง๋ ํ์์ ์ฌํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค.
(The weakening of the middle class is related to social polarization.) ๐๏ธ
Answer
์๊ทนํ โ The middle weakening is a common sign of polarization.
H. ๊ต์ก์ ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
(Education can become a pathway for social mobility.) ๐
Answer
ํต๋ก โ This is the โpathwayโ metaphor.
I. ๊ธฐํ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋์ ๋๋ฉด ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ด ๋ค์ ์ธ๋๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์๋ค.
(If differences in opportunity accumulate, inequality may continue into the next generation.) ๐งฌ
Answer
์ด์ด์ง โ ์ด์ด์ง๋ค builds the cause-effect chain.
J. ์๋์ ๋ฐํ๊ฐ์ ํ์ธ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์ ์๊ธธ ์ ์๋ค.
(Relative deprivation can arise from comparison with others.) ๐ช
Answer
๋น๊ต โ The core idea is feeling deprived through comparison.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ gap
- ์์ โ ranking
- ๋ฒ์ด์ง๋ค โ to become separated
- ์ ๋ โ degree
- ์๊ทนํ โ polarization
- ์๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด โ difference of opinion
- ๊ทน๋จ โ extreme
- ๊ณ์ธต ์ด๋ โ social mobility
- ์ ํ๋๋ค โ to be limited
- ์๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํ โ income imbalance
- ์๋ โ income
- ๋น๋ถ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ โ wealth gap
- ๊ฐ์ธ ๋ ธ๋ ฅ โ individual effort
- ๊ต์ก ๊ธฐํ โ educational opportunity
- ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์์ โ housing stability
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด โ structural condition
- ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ โ income distribution
- ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค โ to improve
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to alleviate
- ์ค์ฐ์ธต โ middle class
- ์ฝํด์ง๋ค โ to weaken
- ํต๋ก โ pathway
- ๋์ ๋๋ค โ to accumulate
- ์ด์ด์ง๋ค โ to lead/continue
- ์๋์ ๋ฐํ๊ฐ โ relative deprivation
- ๋น๊ต โ comparison
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol rule: donโt flatten every inequality word into โrich vs poor.โ Match the word to the exact scope: gap, income, polarization, or mobility.
ย
๐ Practice complete! You can now discuss wealth polarization with sharper nouns, cleaner cause-effect chains, and fewer โeverything is just badโ sentences. That is advanced vocabulary doing its job. โ๏ธ๐๐ช