๐Ÿ”ญ

Paradigm Shifts in Scientific Thought

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜ / ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” / ์ˆ˜์šฉ
Lesson #
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Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿ”ญ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿ”ญ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ means a framework of thought: the accepted model, assumptions, and methods that shape how people understand a field.
  • ๐ŸŒ— ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜ means a paradigm shift: a major change in the way a field explains evidence, asks questions, and accepts theories.
  • ๐Ÿงช In scientific thought, use terms like ๊ฐ€์„ค (hypothesis), ์ฆ๊ฑฐ (evidence), ์ด๋ก  (theory), ๋ฐ˜์ฆ (falsification), and ์ˆ˜์šฉ (acceptance) to sound precise instead of just saying โ€œscience changed.โ€
๐ŸŽง
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note
Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear any Korean word or sentence aloud. Try ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  (scientific thought), ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜ (paradigm shift), and ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ (acceptance of a theory).

๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

A paradigm is not just a popular idea. In advanced academic Korean, ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ means the broad framework that shapes what researchers consider valid questions, acceptable evidence, and convincing explanations. ๐Ÿ”ฌ
A paradigm shift happens when an old framework can no longer explain important evidence well, and a new framework gradually becomes accepted. This is why the phrase ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜ (paradigm shift) is stronger than a simple ๋ณ€ํ™” (change). It suggests a deep change in assumptions, methods, and interpretation.
For scientific thought, the key is process. A new idea usually moves through ๊ด€์ฐฐ (observation), ๊ฐ€์„ค (hypothesis), ๊ฒ€์ฆ (verification/testing), ๋ฐ˜์ฆ (falsification), debate, and eventual ์ˆ˜์šฉ (acceptance). Very dramatic, but with lab coats. ๐Ÿฅผ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Paradigm Shift Vocabulary Family

๐Ÿ”ญ Framework terms

  • ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ โ†’ paradigm; a dominant framework of thought.
  • ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜ โ†’ paradigm shift; a deep change in an accepted framework.
  • ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  โ†’ scientific thought; thinking based on evidence, logic, testing, and revision.
  • ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€ โ†’ worldview; a broad way of understanding the world.
  • ์ธ์‹์˜ ํ‹€ โ†’ cognitive frame / framework of perception; a way of organizing understanding.

๐Ÿงช Scientific reasoning terms

  • ๊ด€์ฐฐ โ†’ observation; noticing or recording a phenomenon.
  • ๊ฐ€์„ค โ†’ hypothesis; a testable proposed explanation.
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence; information supporting or challenging a claim.
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ†’ verification/testing; checking whether an idea holds up.
  • ๋ฐ˜์ฆ โ†’ falsification / counterevidence; evidence or reasoning that disproves a claim.

๐Ÿ“š Theory-change terms

  • ์ด๋ก  โ†’ theory; an organized explanation.
  • ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก  โ†’ existing theory.
  • ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ก  โ†’ new theory.
  • ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be revised.
  • ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be replaced.
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be accepted.

๐Ÿงญ Debate and acceptance terms

  • ํ•™๊ณ„ โ†’ academic community.
  • ๋…ผ์Ÿ โ†’ debate / controversy.
  • ํ•ฉ์˜ โ†’ consensus.
  • ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ โ†’ explanatory power.
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limitation.
  • ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to accumulate.

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

1. A๋Š” B๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด๋‹ค = โ€œA is a paradigm that explains Bโ€

์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด๋‹ค.
(Evolutionary theory is an important scientific paradigm that explains biological diversity.) ๐Ÿงฌ
Use this to name what a paradigm explains.

2. A๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ B๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค = โ€œAs A accumulated, B was revisedโ€

์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(As new evidence accumulated, the existing theory was revised.) ๐Ÿ“Š
This frame is perfect for describing gradual scientific change.

3. A๋Š” B๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค = โ€œA was replaced by Bโ€

์ฒœ๋™์„ค์€ ์ง€๋™์„ค๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(The geocentric model was replaced by the heliocentric model.) ๐ŸŒž
This is a classic paradigm-shift example: not just a small correction, but a new explanatory framework.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

Use these frames to describe changes in scientific thought:
  • A๋Š” B๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด๋‹ค. โ†’ A is a paradigm that explains B.
  • A๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ B๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ†’ As A accumulated, B was revised.
  • A๋Š” B๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ†’ A was replaced by B.
  • A์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ B๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ†’ As the limits of A became clear, B was proposed.
  • ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ก ์ด ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ†’ The new theory was accepted in the academic community.
No irregular conjugation drives this topic. The skill is linking cause, evidence, revision, and acceptance in a clear academic chain.

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

The Korean terms and usage patterns in this lesson were cross-checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์–ด์› / korean.go.kr resources and Korean academic usage examples for ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ (paradigm), ์ „ํ™˜ (shift/transition), ๋ณ€ํ™” (change), ์ˆ˜์šฉ (acceptance), and argumentative writing language. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜ / ์ธ์‹์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ โ†’ both involve a change in how something is understood, but ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜ sounds more academic and structural.
  • ๋ณ€ํ™” / ์ „ํ™˜ โ†’ ๋ณ€ํ™” is general change; ์ „ํ™˜ suggests a turn from one direction/system to another.
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ / ๋ฐ˜์ฆ โ†’ ๊ฒ€์ฆ checks or tests; ๋ฐ˜์ฆ disproves or challenges a claim.
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉ / ์ธ์ • โ†’ ์ˆ˜์šฉ means acceptance into a framework or community; ์ธ์ • means recognition or acknowledgment.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํ‹€์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. (A paradigm shift is structural, not tiny.)
  • โŒ ์ƒˆ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์—†์ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ์ƒˆ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. (Scientific acceptance needs evidence.)
  • โŒ ๋ฐ˜์ฆ์€ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๋ฐ˜์ฆ์€ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ด๋‹ค. (Falsification challenges a theory.)
  • โŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํ‹€์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. (Do not overuse the dramatic phrase.)
  • โŒ ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. โ†’ โœ… ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. (Acceptance usually takes time.)
A scientific paradigm shift is not science throwing furniture around. It is science rearranging the whole room because the old floor plan no longer works. ๐Ÿ›‹๏ธ๐Ÿ”ญ

Try this exercise

Practice distinguishing ordinary change from deep scientific framework change. Complete each Korean sentence, read it aloud, then check the Answer toggle.
1. ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํฐ ํ‹€์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(A broad framework of scientific thought is called a paradigm.) ๐Ÿ”ญ
Answer
ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ โ€” This is the central concept.
2. ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํ‹€์ด ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(A fundamental change in the framework of thought is a paradigm shift.) ๐ŸŒ—
Answer
์ „ํ™˜ โ€” ์ „ํ™˜ means a shift or turn.
3. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ž ์ •์  ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(A tentative idea proposing a new explanation is a hypothesis.) ๐Ÿงช
Answer
๊ฐ€์„ค โ€” A hypothesis must be testable.
4. ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ”๋“œ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(Material that supports or challenges a theory is evidence.) ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ€” Evidence drives scientific revision.
5. ์ด๋ก ์ด ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(The process of checking whether a theory holds is verification/testing.) ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” ๊ฒ€์ฆ means testing or verification.
6. ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(Evidence that disproves a theory is falsification/counterevidence.) ๐Ÿšง
Answer
๋ฐ˜์ฆ โ€” This challenges or disproves a claim.
7. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.
(When new evidence piles up, we say evidence accumulates.) ๐Ÿ“š
Answer
๋ˆ„์  โ€” Completed form: ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋‹ค.
8. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉด ์ด๋ก ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(When an existing theory changes, we say it was revised.) ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์ • โ€” Completed form: ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๋‹ค.
9. ์ƒˆ ์ด๋ก ์ด ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(When a new theory is accepted by the academic community, we say it was accepted.) ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์šฉ โ€” Completed form: ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค.
10. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ƒˆ ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(When an existing theory changes to a new theory, the existing theory can be said to have been replaced.) ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๋Œ€์ฒด โ€” Completed form: ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๋‹ค.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ โ†’ paradigm
  • ์ „ํ™˜ โ†’ shift; transition
  • ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  โ†’ scientific thought
  • ๊ฐ€์„ค โ†’ hypothesis
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ†’ verification; testing
  • ๋ฐ˜์ฆ โ†’ falsification; counterevidence
  • ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to accumulate
  • ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be revised
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be accepted
  • ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be replaced
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก A paradigm shift needs more than change; it needs a new framework.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Move into the Practice Hub below and test the theory like a tiny vocabulary scientist.
๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Paradigm Shifts in Scientific Thought
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Welcome to the science-of-thinking lab. ๐Ÿ”ญ This Practice Hub helps you explain how ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  (scientific thought) changes when evidence challenges an old framework and a new theory becomes accepted. You will practice the vocabulary of frameworks, hypotheses, evidence, theory revision, and academic acceptance. ๐Ÿงช
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a sentence before repeating it.
ย 
๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best Korean term. After checking the answer, notice whether the sentence describes a framework, a scientific process, a theory change, or a caution.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Framework Vocabulary ๐Ÿ”ญ

A. ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ํฐ ํ‹€์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(The broad framework that governs a fieldโ€™s thinking is a paradigm.) ๐Ÿ”ญ
Answer
ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ โ€” This is the lessonโ€™s core term.
B. ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํ‹€์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(A fundamental change in the framework of thought is a paradigm shift.) ๐ŸŒ—
Answer
์ „ํ™˜ โ€” ์ „ํ™˜ means shift or transition.
C. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋‹ค.
(Thinking based on evidence and logic is scientific thought.) ๐Ÿงช
Answer
๊ณผํ•™์  โ€” Completed phrase: ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ .
D. ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋„“์€ ๊ด€์ ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(A broad perspective for understanding the world is a worldview.) ๐ŸŒ
Answer
์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€ โ€” This is broader than a single theory.
E. ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ธ์‹์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(A mental structure for understanding an object can be called a framework of perception.) ๐Ÿง 
Answer
ํ‹€ โ€” Completed phrase: ์ธ์‹์˜ ํ‹€.
F. ์ž‘์€ ์ˆ˜์ •์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊นŠ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ผ ๋•Œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์“ด๋‹ค.
(When it is a deep change, not a small revision, we use the word shift/transition.) ๐Ÿ›ค๏ธ
Answer
์ „ํ™˜ โ€” Stronger than ordinary ๋ณ€ํ™”.
G. ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฐจ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(A difference that is structural, not simple, can be called a structural difference.) ๐Ÿ—๏ธ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ์  โ€” This helps describe deep framework-level changes.
H. ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ• ์ง€ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.
(A paradigm provides a standard for what researchers ask.) ๐Ÿ“
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค€ โ€” ๊ธฐ์ค€ means standard or criterion.
I. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(A new paradigm makes people interpret phenomena differently.) ๐Ÿ”
Answer
ํ•ด์„ โ€” Completed form: ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
J. ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค.
(A paradigm shift is a process of changing the direction of thought.) ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” โ€” From ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋‹ค, โ€œto change.โ€
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ โ†’ paradigm
  • ์ „ํ™˜ โ†’ shift; transition
  • ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  โ†’ scientific thought
  • ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€ โ†’ worldview
  • ์ธ์‹์˜ ํ‹€ โ†’ framework of perception
  • ๋ณ€ํ™” โ†’ change
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  โ†’ structural
  • ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ standard; criterion
  • ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to interpret
  • ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋‹ค โ†’ to change
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Use ์ „ํ™˜ when the direction or framework changes.

Exercise 2 โ€” Scientific Reasoning ๐Ÿงช

A. ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํ”ผ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(The process of carefully examining a phenomenon is observation.) ๐Ÿ”Ž
Answer
๊ด€์ฐฐ โ€” Observation often starts scientific inquiry.
B. ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์ •์  ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(A testable tentative explanation is a hypothesis.) ๐Ÿงช
Answer
๊ฐ€์„ค โ€” A hypothesis is not yet a fully accepted theory.
C. ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(Material that supports a claim is evidence.) ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ€” Evidence can support or challenge a theory.
D. ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(The process of checking whether a hypothesis is correct is verification/testing.) ๐Ÿ”ฌ
Answer
๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” Scientific claims need testing.
E. ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(Evidence that denies a claim is falsification/counterevidence.) ๐Ÿšง
Answer
๋ฐ˜์ฆ โ€” This can force theory revision.
F. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์Œ“์ด๋ฉด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.
(When evidence keeps piling up, we say it accumulates.) ๐Ÿ“š
Answer
๋ˆ„์  โ€” Completed form: ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋‹ค.
G. ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด์„์ด ๋งž์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(A situation where different interpretations oppose each other is debate/controversy.) ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Answer
๋…ผ์Ÿ โ€” Scientific change often involves debate.
H. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
(If evidence is insufficient, a theoryโ€™s explanatory power weakens.) ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์„ค๋ช… โ€” Completed phrase: ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ.
I. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํ”ผ๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
(The attitude of critically examining research results is important to scientific thinking.) ๐Ÿง 
Answer
์‚ฌ๊ณ  โ€” Completed phrase: ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ .
J. ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์ฆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์ง€์‹์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
(Through verification and falsification, knowledge is revised.) ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์ • โ€” Completed form: ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๋‹ค.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ด€์ฐฐ โ†’ observation
  • ํ˜„์ƒ โ†’ phenomenon
  • ๊ฐ€์„ค โ†’ hypothesis
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ†’ verification; testing
  • ๋ฐ˜์ฆ โ†’ falsification; counterevidence
  • ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to accumulate
  • ๋…ผ์Ÿ โ†’ debate; controversy
  • ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ โ†’ explanatory power
  • ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be revised
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Scientific change sounds natural when evidence accumulates and theories are revised.

Exercise 3 โ€” Theory Change and Acceptance ๐Ÿ“š

A. ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(A knowledge structure that systematically explains a phenomenon is a theory.) ๐Ÿ“š
Answer
์ด๋ก  โ€” A theory organizes explanation.
B. ์ด๋ฏธ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด๋˜ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋‹ค.
(A theory already widely used is an existing theory.) ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ์กด โ€” ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก  means existing theory.
C. ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์„ค๋ช… ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋‹ค.
(A newly proposed explanatory system is a new theory.) ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด โ€” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ก  marks the proposed framework.
D. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ก ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(When the limits of an existing theory appear, the theory may be revised.) ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์ • โ€” Completed form: ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๋‹ค.
E. ์ƒˆ ์ด๋ก ์ด old framework๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
(When a new theory replaces the old framework, the existing theory is replaced.) ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๋Œ€์ฒด โ€” ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๋‹ค means to be replaced.
F. ์ƒˆ ์ด๋ก ์ด ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
(When a new theory is accepted by the academic community, it is accepted.) ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์šฉ โ€” ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค means to be accepted.
G. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(A state in which researchers generally agree is consensus.) ๐Ÿค
Answer
ํ•ฉ์˜ โ€” Scientific consensus usually follows debate and evidence.
H. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค.
(When many problems cannot be explained by the existing theory, its limitation becomes clear.) ๐Ÿšง
Answer
ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ€” Limits create pressure for revision.
I. ์ƒˆ ์ด๋ก ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.
(If a new theory explains more phenomena, we say it has high explanatory power.) ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์„ค๋ช… โ€” Completed phrase: ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ.
J. ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋„ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
(Theory change may look sudden, but usually goes through evidence and debate.) ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๊ฑฐ์นœ โ€” From ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋‹ค, โ€œto go through.โ€
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ด๋ก  โ†’ theory
  • ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก  โ†’ existing theory
  • ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ก  โ†’ new theory
  • ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be revised
  • ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be replaced
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be accepted
  • ํ•™๊ณ„ โ†’ academic community
  • ํ•ฉ์˜ โ†’ consensus
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limitation
  • ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ to go through
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Acceptance is stronger after evidence, debate, and revision.

Exercise 4 โ€” Classic Science-Change Frames ๐ŸŒž

A. ์ฒœ๋™์„ค์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
(The geocentric model is a theory that Earth is the center.) ๐ŸŒ
Answer
์ด๋ก  โ€” Here it names an explanatory model.
B. ์ง€๋™์„ค์€ ํƒœ์–‘์ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
(The heliocentric model presented a new framework that the sun is the center.) ๐ŸŒž
Answer
ํ‹€ โ€” ํ‹€ means framework.
C. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ค๋ช…์ด ํ”๋“ค๋ ธ๋‹ค.
(As new observations accumulated, the existing explanation was shaken.) ๐Ÿ”ญ
Answer
๋ˆ„์  โ€” Completed form: ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋‹ค.
D. ์ฒœ๋™์„ค์€ ์ง€๋™์„ค๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(The geocentric model was replaced by the heliocentric model.) ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๋Œ€์ฒด โ€” This is a classic replacement frame.
E. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(This change can be seen as a paradigm shift in scientific thought.) ๐ŸŒ—
Answer
์ „ํ™˜ โ€” It changed the framework, not just a detail.
F. ์ƒˆ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋” ๋„“์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(The new theory gained explanatory power by explaining broader phenomena.) ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์„ค๋ช… โ€” Completed phrase: ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ.
G. ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
(Acceptance by the academic community did not happen all at once.) ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์šฉ โ€” Acceptance often takes time.
H. ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์•ž์—์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(The existing worldview was revised in the face of new evidence.) ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์ • โ€” A worldview can be revised.
I. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ ์ฐจ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(The new theory was gradually accepted after debate.) ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
์ˆ˜์šฉ โ€” Completed form: ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค.
J. ๊ณผํ•™์€ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋‹ต์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณ„์† ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค.
(Science is not a fixed answer but a knowledge system that is continuously revised.) ๐Ÿ”ฌ
Answer
์ˆ˜์ • โ€” This captures the self-correcting nature of science.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ฒœ๋™์„ค โ†’ geocentric model
  • ์ง€๋™์„ค โ†’ heliocentric model
  • ์ง€๊ตฌ โ†’ Earth
  • ํƒœ์–‘ โ†’ sun
  • ํ‹€ โ†’ framework
  • ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to accumulate
  • ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be replaced
  • ์ „ํ™˜ โ†’ shift
  • ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ โ†’ explanatory power
  • ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be accepted
  • ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be revised
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก A classic example helps make abstract vocabulary memorable.

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. โŒ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. โœ… ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”์ด๋‹ค.
(Fix treating a paradigm shift as a tiny change.) ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
ํ‹€ โ€” The framework changes.
B. โŒ ์ƒˆ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์—†์ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. โœ… ์ƒˆ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์™€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
(Fix ignoring evidence.) ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ€” Evidence is required for scientific acceptance.
C. โŒ ๋ฐ˜์ฆ์€ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. โœ… ๋ฐ˜์ฆ์€ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.
(Fix misunderstanding falsification.) ๐Ÿšง
Answer
๋ถ€์ • โ€” ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค means to deny or negate.
D. โŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. โœ… ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํ‹€์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋งŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ „ํ™˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Fix overusing the term.) ๐Ÿ”ญ
Answer
ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ โ€” Not every change deserves this label.
E. โŒ ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. โœ… ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
(Fix assuming instant acceptance.) ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
์ ์ง„ โ€” Completed form: ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ.
F. โŒ ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ํ™•์ •๋œ ์ง€์‹์ด๋‹ค. โœ… ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์  ์„ค๋ช…์ด๋‹ค.
(Fix treating a hypothesis as certainty.) ๐Ÿงช
Answer
์ž ์ • โ€” Completed phrase: ์ž ์ •์  ์„ค๋ช….
G. โŒ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. โœ… ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์•ž์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Fix assuming old theories are perfect.) ๐Ÿšง
Answer
ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ€” Limits create pressure for change.
H. โŒ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. โœ… ๊ณผํ•™ ์ง€์‹์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ„์† ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Fix treating science as frozen.) ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์ˆ˜์ • โ€” Scientific knowledge can be revised.
I. โŒ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„๋„ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์œ ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค. โœ… ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉด ์ƒˆ ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(Fix ignoring explanatory power.) ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๋Œ€์ฒด โ€” A weak theory may be replaced.
J. โŒ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ์—†์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. โœ… ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(Fix pretending everyone agrees immediately.) ๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ
Answer
๋…ผ์Ÿ โ€” Major theory change often brings debate.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํ‹€ โ†’ framework
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence
  • ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to deny; negate
  • ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜ โ†’ paradigm shift
  • ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ โ†’ gradually
  • ์ž ์ •์  ์„ค๋ช… โ†’ tentative explanation
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limitation
  • ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be revised
  • ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be replaced
  • ๋…ผ์Ÿ โ†’ debate
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol rule: donโ€™t make scientific change too sudden, too simple, or too certain.
๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work. You can now explain ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์ „ํ™˜ (paradigm shifts in scientific thought) with evidence, theory revision, academic debate, and careful acceptance vocabulary. Your Korean science brain just upgraded its operating system. ๐Ÿ”ญโœจ