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Normative vs. Descriptive Analysis

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
규범적 vs 기술적 분석 / 연구 방법론 / 관점의 차이
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
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TL;DR 🦄
  • ⚖️ 규범적 분석 means normative analysis: it asks what should be done, valued, changed, or judged.
  • 🔎 기술적 분석 means descriptive analysis: it explains what is actually happening without immediately judging whether it is good or bad.
  • 🧭 The key difference is viewpoint: 규범적 관점 brings values and standards; 기술적 관점 prioritizes observation, evidence, and explanation.
🔊
🎧 Iru Helper Note — Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets to hear terms like 규범적 분석 (normative analysis), 기술적 분석 (descriptive analysis), and 연구 방법론 (research methodology) aloud. Academic vocabulary becomes friendlier when it stops looking like it arrived wearing a tiny suit. 👔
 

🌈 The Big Picture

Some analysis tells us what is happening. Some analysis tells us what should happen. Korean marks this contrast with 기술적 (descriptive) and 규범적 (normative). These two words are especially useful in social science, philosophy, policy debate, linguistics, ethics, economics, and research methodology. 🧪
기술적 분석 (descriptive analysis) tries to describe patterns, causes, facts, and tendencies. It asks questions like: What do people do? What pattern appears in the data? How does this system work? It does not begin by saying whether the pattern is morally right, socially desirable, or policy-worthy. 🔎
규범적 분석 (normative analysis) asks about standards, values, obligations, goals, and judgments. It asks questions like: What should society do? Which policy is fair? What is desirable? Which action is justified? This is where value language enters the room, pulls up a chair, and starts asking difficult questions. ⚖️

🎨 The Core Normative-vs.-Descriptive Family

  • 규범적 분석 (normative analysis) = analysis based on values, standards, judgments, or what ought to be.
  • 기술적 분석 (descriptive analysis) = analysis that describes facts, behavior, patterns, or structures as they are.
  • 규범적 관점 (normative perspective) = a viewpoint focused on what is right, desirable, fair, appropriate, or justified.
  • 기술적 관점 (descriptive perspective) = a viewpoint focused on observation, description, explanation, and evidence.
  • 가치 판단 (value judgment) = a judgment based on values or standards, not only factual observation.
  • 사실 판단 (factual judgment) = a judgment about what is true, observed, measurable, or evidenced.
  • 당위 (oughtness/what should be) = the idea that something should or ought to be done.
  • 실태 (actual condition/current state) = the real situation as it exists.
  • 연구 방법론 (research methodology) = the framework of methods, assumptions, and procedures used in research.
  • 객관성 (objectivity) = the quality of being based on evidence and not personal bias.
  • 주관성 (subjectivity) = the influence of personal perspective, interpretation, or value.
  • 중립적 서술 (neutral description) = description that avoids direct evaluation or prescription.
  • 처방적 주장 (prescriptive claim) = a claim about what should be done or changed.
  • 인과관계 (causal relationship) = a relationship in which one factor affects another.
  • 정책 제안 (policy proposal) = a recommendation about what policy should be adopted or changed.

🛠️ How They Work in a Sentence

  • 기술적 분석은 사회 현상의 실태와 원인을 설명합니다. (Descriptive analysis explains the actual condition and causes of social phenomena.) 🔎
      • Notes: 사회 현상 = social phenomenon, 실태 = actual condition, 원인 = cause.
  • 규범적 분석은 어떤 정책이 더 공정한지 판단합니다. (Normative analysis judges which policy is fairer.) ⚖️
      • Notes: 정책 = policy, 공정하다 = to be fair, 판단하다 = to judge.
  • 연구자는 사실 판단과 가치 판단을 구분해야 합니다. (Researchers should distinguish factual judgments from value judgments.) 🧭
      • Notes: 연구자 = researcher, 구분하다 = to distinguish, 판단 = judgment.

🧩 General Formation Rule

Academic Korean often forms analytical terms by combining a viewpoint adjective with a research noun:
  • 규범적 (normative) + 분석 (analysis) → 규범적 분석 (normative analysis)
  • 기술적 (descriptive) + 분석 (analysis) → 기술적 분석 (descriptive analysis)
  • 규범적 (normative) + 관점 (perspective) → 규범적 관점 (normative perspective)
  • 기술적 (descriptive) + 관점 (perspective) → 기술적 관점 (descriptive perspective)
  • 가치 (value) + 판단 (judgment) → 가치 판단 (value judgment)
  • 사실 (fact) + 판단 (judgment) → 사실 판단 (factual judgment)
These phrases are formal and common in research papers, debate, academic lectures, policy writing, and social commentary. 📚

📚 Cross-check note

Core terms and usage patterns such as 규범 (norm/standard), 기술 in the sense of description, 분석 (analysis), 관점 (perspective), 방법론 (methodology), and the contrast between descriptive and normative grammar/research language were cross-checked against standard Korean usage and Korean.go.kr / 국립국어원-style materials. ✅

🪞 Synonym Alert

  • 규범적 (normative) vs. 처방적 (prescriptive) — 규범적 emphasizes standards and values; 처방적 emphasizes recommending what should be done.
  • 기술적 (descriptive) vs. 서술적 (descriptive/narrative) — both can involve description, but 기술적 is common in academic contrast with normative analysis; 서술적 can sound more like narrative description depending on context.
  • 가치 판단 (value judgment) vs. 사실 판단 (factual judgment) — value judgment asks what is desirable or right; factual judgment asks what is true or observed.
  • 당위 (oughtness) vs. 실태 (actual condition) — 당위 points to what should be; 실태 points to what currently is.

⚠️ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • ❌ 기술적 분석 = technical analysis of machines → ✅ In research-methodology contexts, it usually means descriptive analysis. 🔎
  • ❌ 규범적 분석 = automatically biased or useless → ✅ It can be rigorous when values, standards, and assumptions are stated clearly. ⚖️
  • ❌ 기술적 분석 has no interpretation at all → ✅ It still interprets evidence, but it avoids jumping directly to “should” claims. 📊
  • ❌ 사실 판단 and 가치 판단 are the same → ✅ One concerns evidence; the other concerns standards, desirability, or fairness. 🧭
  • ❌ A good essay must choose only one approach → ✅ Many strong arguments first describe the situation, then make a normative judgment based on that evidence. 🧱
🎉 Master this pair and academic texts suddenly become less foggy: 기술적 분석 tells you what is going on, while 규범적 분석 asks what should be done about it. Facts bring the flashlight; values bring the compass. 🔦🧭
 

Try this exercise

Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best term from the lesson. Decide whether the sentence describes facts, values, actual conditions, standards, or research methods, then check the Answer toggle.
1. 사회 현상이 실제로 어떻게 나타나는지 설명하는 것은 ＿＿＿＿입니다.
Explaining how a social phenomenon actually appears is descriptive analysis. 🔎
Answer
기술적 분석 — The clue is explaining what actually appears, not judging what should happen.
2. 어떤 정책이 더 바람직한지 평가하는 것은 ＿＿＿＿입니다.
Evaluating which policy is more desirable is normative analysis. ⚖️
Answer
규범적 분석 — Desirability and evaluation point to normative analysis.
3. 데이터로 확인할 수 있는 판단은 ＿＿＿＿에 가깝습니다.
A judgment that can be confirmed with data is closer to a factual judgment. 📊
Answer
사실 판단 — Evidence and data point to factual judgment.
4. 공정성과 정의를 기준으로 내리는 판단은 ＿＿＿＿입니다.
A judgment made based on fairness and justice is a value judgment. 🧭
Answer
가치 판단 — Fairness and justice are value-based standards.
5. 현재 상황을 있는 그대로 파악하려면 먼저 ＿＿＿＿를 조사해야 합니다.
To understand the current situation as it is, one must first investigate the actual condition. 🕵️
Answer
실태 — The current real condition is 실태.
6. 무엇을 해야 하는가에 대한 논의는 ＿＿＿＿와 관련됩니다.
A discussion about what should be done relates to oughtness. ⚖️
Answer
당위 — 당위 concerns what should or ought to be done.
7. 연구의 절차와 방법을 다루는 틀은 ＿＿＿＿입니다.
The framework that deals with research procedures and methods is research methodology. 🧪
Answer
연구 방법론 — Methods, procedures, and assumptions belong to methodology.
8. 개인의 가치가 강하게 개입하면 ＿＿＿＿이 커질 수 있습니다.
When personal values strongly intervene, subjectivity can increase. 👤
Answer
주관성 — Personal perspective and values point to subjectivity.
9. 증거와 자료에 근거하려는 태도는 ＿＿＿＿과 관련됩니다.
An attitude of relying on evidence and materials relates to objectivity. 📚
Answer
객관성 — Evidence-based analysis aims for objectivity.
10. 무엇을 바꿔야 한다고 주장하는 말은 ＿＿＿＿입니다.
A claim arguing what should be changed is a prescriptive claim. 🛠️
Answer
처방적 주장 — A prescriptive claim recommends what should be done or changed.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 기술적 분석 → descriptive analysis
  • 규범적 분석 → normative analysis
  • 사실 판단 → factual judgment
  • 가치 판단 → value judgment
  • 실태 → actual condition/current state
  • 당위 → oughtness/what should be
  • 연구 방법론 → research methodology
  • 주관성 → subjectivity
  • 객관성 → objectivity
  • 처방적 주장 → prescriptive claim
Tip 💡 If the sentence asks “what is happening,” think 기술적; if it asks “what should happen,” think 규범적.
🎯
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready! 🚀
 
📦
🎯 Practice Hub — Normative vs. Descriptive Analysis
 
Welcome to the analysis-sorting gym! ⚖️ This Practice Hub trains you to separate descriptive language from normative language, factual judgments from value judgments, and actual conditions from ought-claims. Once this distinction clicks, research papers and debate essays become much easier to navigate — fewer fog machines, more signposts. 🧭
 
🔊 Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a term or sentence aloud.
 
📝 Instructions: Fill each blank with the most natural Korean term. Read the sentence carefully, decide whether it is describing reality or evaluating what should be done, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance.
 

Exercise 1 — Facts, Values, and Judgments ⚖️

A. 실업률이 상승했다는 말은 먼저 ＿＿＿＿에 해당합니다.
The statement that the unemployment rate rose first corresponds to a factual judgment. 📈
Answer
사실 판단 — A measurable statement about what happened is a factual judgment.
B. 그 정책이 정의롭다고 말하는 것은 ＿＿＿＿입니다.
Saying that the policy is just is a value judgment. ⚖️
Answer
가치 판단 — Justice is a value standard, not a simple measurement.
C. 연구자가 관찰된 자료를 정리하면 ＿＿＿＿ 분석이 시작됩니다.
When a researcher organizes observed materials, descriptive analysis begins. 🔎
Answer
기술적 — The full phrase is 기술적 분석.
D. 무엇이 바람직한지 따지는 질문은 ＿＿＿＿ 질문입니다.
A question that examines what is desirable is a normative question. 🧭
Answer
규범적 — Desirability points to a normative perspective.
E. 조사 결과를 있는 그대로 설명하는 태도는 ＿＿＿＿ 서술에 가깝습니다.
An attitude of explaining survey results as they are is close to neutral description. 📝
Answer
중립적 — The full phrase is 중립적 서술.
F. 세금 제도가 더 공정해야 한다는 말에는 ＿＿＿＿가 들어 있습니다.
The statement that the tax system should be fairer contains oughtness. 💰
Answer
당위 — The phrase “should be fairer” signals what ought to be.
G. 개인의 윤리 기준이 강하게 반영되면 ＿＿＿＿이 커질 수 있습니다.
When personal ethical standards are strongly reflected, subjectivity can increase. 👤
Answer
주관성 — Personal standards and perspective point to subjectivity.
H. 같은 자료를 반복 측정해 확인하려는 태도는 ＿＿＿＿을 높입니다.
The attitude of repeatedly measuring the same material increases objectivity. 📏
Answer
객관성 — Repeatable evidence supports objectivity.
I. 어떤 정책을 도입해야 한다는 문장은 ＿＿＿＿ 주장입니다.
A sentence saying that a certain policy should be introduced is a prescriptive claim. 🏛️
Answer
처방적 — The full phrase is 처방적 주장.
J. 현실의 상태를 먼저 확인하는 작업은 ＿＿＿＿ 조사입니다.
The task of first checking the state of reality is an actual-condition investigation. 🕵️
Answer
실태 — 실태 means the actual condition or current state.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 사실 판단 → factual judgment
  • 가치 판단 → value judgment
  • 기술적 분석 → descriptive analysis
  • 규범적 질문 → normative question
  • 중립적 서술 → neutral description
  • 당위 → oughtness/what should be
  • 주관성 → subjectivity
  • 객관성 → objectivity
  • 처방적 주장 → prescriptive claim
  • 실태 조사 → investigation of actual conditions
Tip 💡 “Is it true?” usually points to facts; “Is it right?” usually points to values.
 

Exercise 2 — Methodology and Perspective 🧪

A. 연구의 절차와 도구를 설명하는 틀은 ＿＿＿＿입니다.
The framework explaining research procedures and tools is methodology. 🧪
Answer
연구 방법론 — Research procedures, tools, and assumptions belong to methodology.
B. 자료의 패턴을 설명하려는 관점은 ＿＿＿＿ 관점입니다.
A perspective that tries to explain patterns in data is a descriptive perspective. 📊
Answer
기술적 — The full phrase is 기술적 관점.
C. 공동체가 어떤 기준을 따라야 하는지 묻는 관점은 ＿＿＿＿ 관점입니다.
A perspective asking what standard a community should follow is a normative perspective. 🏘️
Answer
규범적 — Standards and should-questions signal a normative perspective.
D. 두 변수 중 하나가 다른 하나에 영향을 미치면 ＿＿＿＿를 검토합니다.
When one of two variables affects the other, one examines the causal relationship. 🔗
Answer
인과관계 — Affecting another factor points to cause and effect.
E. 연구자가 자신의 가치 기준을 밝히면 ＿＿＿＿을 더 명확히 할 수 있습니다.
When researchers disclose their value standards, they can clarify subjectivity. 🪞
Answer
주관성 — Stating one’s value position makes subjective elements clearer.
F. 관찰과 통계에 근거한 설명은 ＿＿＿＿ 분석에 어울립니다.
An explanation based on observation and statistics fits descriptive analysis. 📈
Answer
기술적 — Observation and statistics describe what is happening.
G. 정책이 더 평등해야 한다는 평가는 ＿＿＿＿ 분석에 속합니다.
The evaluation that policy should be more equal belongs to normative analysis. ⚖️
Answer
규범적 — The word should brings in a value standard.
H. 조사 대상의 현재 모습을 밝히는 자료는 ＿＿＿＿ 자료입니다.
Data revealing the current state of the research target is actual-condition data. 🕵️
Answer
실태 — 실태 자료 shows the actual current condition.
I. 연구자가 결론을 내릴 때 사용한 방법의 체계는 ＿＿＿＿입니다.
The system of methods used by a researcher to reach a conclusion is methodology. 📚
Answer
방법론 — 방법론 is the framework of methods.
J. 가치 기준을 숨긴 채 처방을 내리면 분석의 ＿＿＿＿이 흐려집니다.
If one gives prescriptions while hiding value standards, the subjectivity of the analysis becomes unclear. 🌫️
Answer
주관성 — Hidden values make the subjective basis harder to see.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 연구 방법론 → research methodology
  • 기술적 관점 → descriptive perspective
  • 규범적 관점 → normative perspective
  • 인과관계 → causal relationship
  • 주관성 → subjectivity
  • 기술적 분석 → descriptive analysis
  • 규범적 분석 → normative analysis
  • 실태 자료 → actual-condition data
  • 방법론 → methodology
  • 가치 기준 → value standard
Tip 💡 Methodology asks “How are we studying this?” Perspective asks “From what angle are we interpreting it?”
 

Exercise 3 — Describe Before You Prescribe 🔎

A. 청년층의 주거비 부담이 커졌다는 설명은 ＿＿＿＿ 분석입니다.
The explanation that housing-cost burdens for young adults have grown is descriptive analysis. 🏠
Answer
기술적 — This describes a social condition.
B. 정부가 임대료를 낮춰야 한다는 주장은 ＿＿＿＿ 주장입니다.
The claim that the government should lower rent is a prescriptive claim. 🏛️
Answer
처방적 — It recommends what should be done.
C. 먼저 문제의 ＿＿＿＿를 파악한 뒤 해결책을 논의해야 합니다.
One should first identify the actual condition of the problem, then discuss solutions. 🕵️
Answer
실태 — Before proposing solutions, check the current state.
D. 무엇이 더 정의로운지 따지는 단계는 ＿＿＿＿ 분석입니다.
The stage of examining what is more just is normative analysis. ⚖️
Answer
규범적 — Justice is a value standard.
E. 자료가 보여 주는 경향을 먼저 정리하는 것은 ＿＿＿＿ 서술입니다.
First organizing the tendencies shown by data is neutral description. 📊
Answer
중립적 — The focus is describing the data before evaluation.
F. 정책의 효과가 실제로 나타났는지 묻는 질문은 ＿＿＿＿ 질문입니다.
A question asking whether policy effects actually appeared is a factual question. 📋
Answer
사실 판단 — The question asks what happened in reality.
G. 효율성보다 평등을 우선해야 한다는 말에는 ＿＿＿＿이 있습니다.
The statement that equality should be prioritized over efficiency contains a value judgment. ⚖️
Answer
가치 판단 — Prioritizing one value over another is value judgment.
H. 두 현상이 함께 증가한다고 해서 바로 ＿＿＿＿가 입증되는 것은 아닙니다.
Even if two phenomena increase together, a causal relationship is not immediately proven. 🔗
Answer
인과관계 — Correlation alone does not prove causation.
I. 자료를 설명한 뒤 제도를 바꾸자고 하면 분석이 ＿＿＿＿ 단계로 넘어갑니다.
After explaining data, if one argues to change the system, the analysis moves to a normative stage. 🛠️
Answer
규범적 — Changing what should be done brings in normative reasoning.
J. 관찰된 현상을 평가 없이 정리하는 글은 ＿＿＿＿ 관점에 가깝습니다.
A text that organizes observed phenomena without evaluation is closer to a descriptive perspective. 🔍
Answer
기술적 — No evaluation: descriptive perspective.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 기술적 분석 → descriptive analysis
  • 처방적 주장 → prescriptive claim
  • 실태 → actual condition/current state
  • 규범적 분석 → normative analysis
  • 중립적 서술 → neutral description
  • 사실 판단 → factual judgment
  • 가치 판단 → value judgment
  • 인과관계 → causal relationship
  • 규범적 단계 → normative stage
  • 기술적 관점 → descriptive perspective
Tip 💡 A strong argument often describes first, then evaluates. Skipping the first step makes the second step wobbly.
 

Exercise 4 — Academic Contrast Builder 🧭

A. 논문에서 “본 연구는 현상을 설명한다”라고 하면 ＿＿＿＿ 성격이 강합니다.
If a paper says “this study explains a phenomenon,” it has a strong descriptive character. 📄
Answer
기술적 — Explaining phenomena points to descriptive analysis.
B. “사회는 이를 개선해야 한다”라는 문장은 ＿＿＿＿ 성격이 강합니다.
The sentence “society should improve this” has a strong normative character. 🧭
Answer
규범적 — Should language signals normative reasoning.
C. 연구자의 가치가 결론에 영향을 주면 ＿＿＿＿ 문제가 제기될 수 있습니다.
If a researcher’s values affect the conclusion, a subjectivity issue can be raised. 👤
Answer
주관성 — Personal values can raise subjectivity concerns.
D. 측정 기준이 명확하면 연구의 ＿＿＿＿이 높아질 수 있습니다.
If measurement standards are clear, the objectivity of the research can increase. 📏
Answer
객관성 — Clear measurement standards support objectivity.
E. 어떤 제도가 더 정당한지 묻는 것은 ＿＿＿＿ 관점입니다.
Asking which system is more legitimate is a normative perspective. ⚖️
Answer
규범적 — Legitimacy and standards point to normative analysis.
F. 사람들이 실제로 어떤 선택을 했는지 묻는 것은 ＿＿＿＿ 관점입니다.
Asking what choices people actually made is a descriptive perspective. 🧍
Answer
기술적 — Actual behavior points to descriptive analysis.
G. 정책 대안을 제시하는 문단에는 보통 ＿＿＿＿ 주장이 들어갑니다.
A paragraph presenting policy alternatives usually contains prescriptive claims. 🏛️
Answer
처방적 — Policy alternatives recommend action.
H. 자료 수집 방식이 결론에 영향을 주므로 ＿＿＿＿을 검토해야 합니다.
Because the data-collection method affects the conclusion, methodology must be examined. 🧪
Answer
방법론 — How data is collected belongs to methodology.
I. 문제의 원인을 밝히는 설명은 먼저 ＿＿＿＿ 분석에 가깝습니다.
An explanation identifying the cause of a problem is first closer to descriptive analysis. 🔍
Answer
기술적 — Explaining causes describes how reality works.
J. 바람직한 사회의 기준을 세우는 논의는 ＿＿＿＿ 분석에 가깝습니다.
A discussion setting standards for a desirable society is closer to normative analysis. 🌍
Answer
규범적 — Desirable society and standards signal normative reasoning.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 기술적 성격 → descriptive character
  • 규범적 성격 → normative character
  • 주관성 문제 → subjectivity issue
  • 객관성 → objectivity
  • 규범적 관점 → normative perspective
  • 기술적 관점 → descriptive perspective
  • 처방적 주장 → prescriptive claim
  • 방법론 → methodology
  • 원인 → cause
  • 바람직한 사회 → desirable society
Tip 💡 In Korean academic writing, -적 성격이 강하다 means “has a strong [type] character.”
 

Exercise 5 — Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol 🛡️

A. 기계나 기술 장비가 아니라 현상을 설명하는 분석은 ＿＿＿＿ 분석입니다.
Analysis that describes phenomena, not machines or technical equipment, is descriptive analysis. 🔎
Answer
기술적 — ❌ 기술적 분석 = machine technical analysis only → ✅ In methodology, it often means descriptive analysis.
B. 가치 기준을 명확히 밝히면 ＿＿＿＿ 분석도 엄밀해질 수 있습니다.
If value standards are clearly stated, normative analysis can also become rigorous. ⚖️
Answer
규범적 — ❌ Normative analysis is automatically useless → ✅ It can be rigorous when standards are clear.
C. 증거를 해석하지만 바로 당위로 뛰지 않는 분석은 ＿＿＿＿ 분석입니다.
Analysis that interprets evidence but does not jump directly to ought-claims is descriptive analysis. 📊
Answer
기술적 — ❌ Descriptive analysis has no interpretation → ✅ It interprets evidence while avoiding immediate should-claims.
D. 자료의 참거짓을 묻는 것은 ＿＿＿＿이고, 바람직함을 묻는 것은 ＿＿＿＿입니다.
Asking whether data is true or false is factual judgment, while asking desirability is value judgment. 🧭
Answer
사실 판단 / 가치 판단 — ❌ These are the same → ✅ Facts concern evidence; values concern standards.
E. 좋은 글은 먼저 실태를 설명한 뒤 ＿＿＿＿ 판단을 제시할 수 있습니다.
A good text can first explain actual conditions, then present a value judgment. 🧱
Answer
가치 — ❌ Essays must choose only one approach → ✅ Strong essays often combine description and evaluation.
F. 정책이 실제로 효과가 있었는지 확인하는 것은 ＿＿＿＿ 판단입니다.
Checking whether a policy actually had an effect is a factual judgment. 📋
Answer
사실 — Actual effect is an evidence question.
G. 정책이 더 평등해야 한다는 말에는 ＿＿＿＿가 들어 있습니다.
The statement that policy should be more equal contains oughtness. ⚖️
Answer
당위 — Should-language is the heart of 당위.
H. 관찰된 상태를 먼저 조사하는 것은 ＿＿＿＿ 조사입니다.
First investigating the observed state is an actual-condition investigation. 🕵️
Answer
실태 — 실태 is the current state of reality.
I. 어떤 제도를 도입하자고 말하면 ＿＿＿＿ 주장이 됩니다.
If one says to introduce a certain system, it becomes a prescriptive claim. 🛠️
Answer
처방적 — It recommends action.
J. 관찰, 설명, 평가, 제안을 구분하는 능력은 ＿＿＿＿ 이해의 핵심입니다.
The ability to distinguish observation, explanation, evaluation, and proposal is central to understanding research methodology. 🧪
Answer
연구 방법론 — This lesson’s distinction is a methodology tool for reading and writing arguments.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 기술적 분석 → descriptive analysis
  • 규범적 분석 → normative analysis
  • 사실 판단 → factual judgment
  • 가치 판단 → value judgment
  • 실태 → actual condition/current state
  • 당위 → oughtness/what should be
  • 사실 → fact
  • 처방적 주장 → prescriptive claim
  • 연구 방법론 → research methodology
  • 평가 → evaluation
Tip 💡 Pitfall patrol: “what is” and “what should be” can cooperate, but they should not be confused.
 
🎉 You now have the academic compass: 기술적 분석 describes the terrain, 규범적 분석 chooses the direction, 사실 판단 checks the map, and 가치 판단 explains why the destination matters. Debate essays just got much less sneaky. 🧭⚖️