๐Ÿ–๏ธ

Native Korean Numbers

Keywords
Age, Hours, People
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Korean Basics
๐ŸŽฏ
TL;DR โ€” Native Korean Numbers in 3 bullets
  • ๐Ÿ–๏ธ Native Korean numbers (๊ณ ์œ ์–ด ์ˆซ์ž) are ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋‘˜, ์…‹, ๋„ท, ๋‹ค์„ฏโ€ฆ up to ์•„ํ”์•„ํ™‰ (99). Above 100, switch to Sino-Korean.
  • โฐ Use them for hours, ages, people, items โ€” anything you'd literally count on your fingers.
  • ๐Ÿ”„ Five mutate before a counter: ํ•˜๋‚˜โ†’ํ•œ, ๋‘˜โ†’๋‘, ์…‹โ†’์„ธ, ๋„ทโ†’๋„ค, ์Šค๋ฌผโ†’์Šค๋ฌด. (๋‹ค์„ฏ onward stay the same.)
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Audio Practice
Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear every word in this lesson read aloud. Repeat after each clip to lock in pronunciation.

๐Ÿ–๏ธ Native Korean Digits 1โ€“10

  • 1๏ธโƒฃ ํ•˜๋‚˜ (mutates to ํ•œ before a counter)
  • 2๏ธโƒฃ ๋‘˜ (mutates to ๋‘)
  • 3๏ธโƒฃ ์…‹ (mutates to ์„ธ)
  • 4๏ธโƒฃ ๋„ท (mutates to ๋„ค)
  • 5๏ธโƒฃ ๋‹ค์„ฏ
  • 6๏ธโƒฃ ์—ฌ์„ฏ
  • 7๏ธโƒฃ ์ผ๊ณฑ
  • 8๏ธโƒฃ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ
  • 9๏ธโƒฃ ์•„ํ™‰
  • ๐Ÿ”Ÿ ์—ด
๐Ÿ’ก Memorize 1โ€“10 cold. Two-digit numbers stack predictably from these.

๐Ÿ—๏ธ Tens 20โ€“90 (Each One Is Its Own Word!)

Unlike Sino-Korean (which just multiplies ์‹ญ), Native Korean has unique words for each ten:
  • 2๏ธโƒฃ0๏ธโƒฃ ์Šค๋ฌผ (mutates to ์Šค๋ฌด before a counter)
  • 3๏ธโƒฃ0๏ธโƒฃ ์„œ๋ฅธ
  • 4๏ธโƒฃ0๏ธโƒฃ ๋งˆํ”
  • 5๏ธโƒฃ0๏ธโƒฃ ์‰ฐ
  • 6๏ธโƒฃ0๏ธโƒฃ ์˜ˆ์ˆœ
  • 7๏ธโƒฃ0๏ธโƒฃ ์ผํ”
  • 8๏ธโƒฃ0๏ธโƒฃ ์—ฌ๋“ 
  • 9๏ธโƒฃ0๏ธโƒฃ ์•„ํ”
Two-digit examples:
  • 11 = ์—ดํ•˜๋‚˜ (or ์—ดํ•œ + counter)
  • 15 = ์—ด๋‹ค์„ฏ
  • 21 = ์Šค๋ฌผํ•˜๋‚˜ (or ์Šค๋ฌผํ•œ + counter)
  • 25 = ์Šค๋ฌผ๋‹ค์„ฏ
  • 30 = ์„œ๋ฅธ
  • 47 = ๋งˆํ”์ผ๊ณฑ
  • 99 = ์•„ํ”์•„ํ™‰

๐Ÿšช The 100 Cliff โ€” Switch to Sino-Korean

Native Korean stops at 99. Above 100, switch to Sino-Korean (๋ฐฑ, ์ฒœ, ๋งŒโ€ฆ) even when counting items:
  • 99 apples = ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ์•„ํ”์•„ํ™‰ ๊ฐœ (Native)
  • 100 apples = ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ (Sino โ€” even though it's still counting items!)
  • 1,000 people = ์ฒœ ๋ช… (Sino)
๐Ÿ’ก Why? Native Korean simply never developed words for hundreds and thousands, so the language borrowed Sino at the 100 boundary.

๐Ÿ”„ The Mutation Rule (CRITICAL!)

Five Native numbers shrink when they sit directly in front of a counter:
  • ํ•˜๋‚˜ โ†’ ํ•œ (ํ•œ ๊ฐœ, ํ•œ ์‚ด, ํ•œ ๋ช…)
  • ๋‘˜ โ†’ ๋‘ (๋‘ ์‹œ, ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, ๋‘ ๊ถŒ)
  • ์…‹ โ†’ ์„ธ (์„ธ ์‹œ, ์„ธ ๋ช…, ์„ธ ์ž”)
  • ๋„ท โ†’ ๋„ค (๋„ค ์‚ด, ๋„ค ๋ช…, ๋„ค ๊ทธ๋ฃจ)
  • ์Šค๋ฌผ โ†’ ์Šค๋ฌด (์Šค๋ฌด ์‚ด, ์Šค๋ฌด ๋ช…)
Combinations also mutate the final part:
  • 21 ์‚ด = ์Šค๋ฌผํ•œ ์‚ด (์Šค๋ฌผ stays + ํ•œ)
  • 24 ์‚ด = ์Šค๋ฌผ๋„ค ์‚ด
  • 32 ๋ช… = ์„œ๋ฅธ๋‘ ๋ช…
  • 43 ์‚ด = ๋งˆํ”์„ธ ์‚ด
Numbers 5 onward DON'T mutate:
  • ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐœ (stays ๋‹ค์„ฏ)
  • ์—ฌ์„ฏ ์‹œ (stays ์—ฌ์„ฏ)
  • ์ผ๊ณฑ ์‚ด (stays ์ผ๊ณฑ)
  • ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ (stays ์—ฌ๋Ÿ)
โš ๏ธ Saying "ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ" or "๋‘˜ ์‹œ" sounds immediately wrong to a Korean ear. Always mutate.

๐Ÿ“ฆ Counters You'll Use Every Day

Korean counters work like "slices" in English ("three slices of bread"). The number sits before the counter, and the counter sits before or after the noun:
  • ๐Ÿ“ฆ ๊ฐœ โ€” general items: ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ, ์ฑ… ๋‘ ๊ฐœ, ๊ณผ์ž ์„ธ ๊ฐœ
  • ๐Ÿ‘ค ๋ช… โ€” people (casual): ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋‘ ๋ช…, ํ•™์ƒ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ช…
  • ๐Ÿ™‡ ๋ถ„ โ€” people (honorific): ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ„, ์†๋‹˜ ๋‘ ๋ถ„
  • ๐Ÿถ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ โ€” animals: ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ, ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€ ์„ธ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ
  • ๐Ÿ“š ๊ถŒ โ€” books / volumes: ์ฑ… ๋‘ ๊ถŒ
  • โ˜• ์ž” โ€” cups, glasses: ์ปคํ”ผ ํ•œ ์ž”, ๋ฌผ ๋‘ ์ž”
  • ๐Ÿพ ๋ณ‘ โ€” bottles: ๋งฅ์ฃผ ์„ธ ๋ณ‘
  • ๐ŸŽ‚ ์‚ด โ€” age (years old): ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด, ์Šค๋ฌด ์‚ด
  • โฐ ์‹œ โ€” hour of the clock: ํ•œ ์‹œ, ๋‘ ์‹œ
  • โŒ› ์‹œ๊ฐ„ โ€” hours of duration: ๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ (I studied for two hours)
  • ๐Ÿ” ๋ฒˆ โ€” times (occurrences): ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ (once, twice)
  • ๐Ÿ“„ ์žฅ โ€” sheets/pages: ์ข…์ด ๋‘ ์žฅ
  • ๐Ÿš— ๋Œ€ โ€” vehicles/machines: ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ•œ ๋Œ€
  • ๐ŸŒน ์†ก์ด โ€” flowers: ์žฅ๋ฏธ ์—ด๋‘ ์†ก์ด
  • ๐Ÿ‘Ÿ ์ผค๋ ˆ โ€” pairs of shoes/socks: ์–‘๋ง ๋‘ ์ผค๋ ˆ
๐Ÿ’ก Pattern: "noun + (subject particle) + number + counter + verb" or "number + counter + ์˜ + noun". Most common: ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š” ("give me three apples").

โฐ Telling Time โ€” Hours Use Native, Minutes Use Sino

This is where Native and Sino blend:
  • โฐ 1:00 = ํ•œ ์‹œ
  • โฐ 2:00 = ๋‘ ์‹œ
  • โฐ 3:00 = ์„ธ ์‹œ
  • โฐ 4:00 = ๋„ค ์‹œ
  • โฐ 5:00 = ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‹œ
  • โฐ 9:00 = ์•„ํ™‰ ์‹œ
  • โฐ 10:00 = ์—ด ์‹œ
  • โฐ 11:00 = ์—ดํ•œ ์‹œ (11 mutates: ์—ดํ•˜๋‚˜ โ†’ ์—ดํ•œ)
  • โฐ 12:00 = ์—ด๋‘ ์‹œ (12 mutates: ์—ด๋‘˜ โ†’ ์—ด๋‘)
With minutes (minutes always Sino-Korean):
  • โฐ 1:30 = ํ•œ ์‹œ ์‚ผ์‹ญ ๋ถ„
  • โฐ 3:45 = ์„ธ ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์‹ญ์˜ค ๋ถ„
  • โฐ 7:15 = ์ผ๊ณฑ ์‹œ ์‹ญ์˜ค ๋ถ„
  • โฐ 12:00 = ์—ด๋‘ ์‹œ (no ๋ถ„ needed on the hour)
Time-of-day modifiers (go before the time):
  • ๐ŸŒ… ์˜ค์ „ = AM (forenoon)
  • ๐ŸŒ‡ ์˜คํ›„ = PM (afternoon/evening)
  • ๐ŸŒƒ ๋ฐค = night
  • ๐ŸŒ„ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ = early morning
  • ๐Ÿณ ์•„์นจ = morning
  • ๐ŸŒ™ ์ €๋… = evening
Example: ์˜ค์ „ ์•„ํ™‰ ์‹œ = 9:00 AM. ์˜คํ›„ ์ผ๊ณฑ ์‹œ = 7:00 PM.
โš ๏ธ ์‹œ vs. ์‹œ๊ฐ„: ์‹œ is the hour of the clock (ํ•œ ์‹œ = 1 o'clock). ์‹œ๊ฐ„ is duration in hours (๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ = for two hours). Don't mix them up!

๐ŸŽ‚ Ages โ€” Casual Native, Formal Sino

In casual conversation, ages use Native Korean + the counter ์‚ด:
  • ๐ŸŽ‚ 1 ์‚ด = ํ•œ ์‚ด
  • ๐ŸŽ‚ 5 ์‚ด = ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด
  • ๐ŸŽ‚ 10 ์‚ด = ์—ด ์‚ด
  • ๐ŸŽ‚ 20 ์‚ด = ์Šค๋ฌด ์‚ด (์Šค๋ฌผ mutates!)
  • ๐ŸŽ‚ 25 ์‚ด = ์Šค๋ฌผ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด
  • ๐ŸŽ‚ 30 ์‚ด = ์„œ๋ฅธ ์‚ด
  • ๐ŸŽ‚ 47 ์‚ด = ๋งˆํ”์ผ๊ณฑ ์‚ด
  • ๐ŸŽ‚ 99 ์‚ด = ์•„ํ”์•„ํ™‰ ์‚ด
  • ๐ŸŽ‚ 100 ์‚ด = ๋ฐฑ ์‚ด (Sino kicks in)
Asking and answering:
  • ๋ช‡ ์‚ด์ด์—์š”? = How old are you?
  • ์ €๋Š” ์Šค๋ฌผ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด์ด์—์š”. = I'm 25 years old.
๐Ÿ’ก Formal/legal ages use Sino-Korean + ์„ธ: ๋งŒ 25 ์„ธ (officially 25 years old). You'll see this on documents and forms, but in casual speech always use Native + ์‚ด.

๐Ÿ‘ฅ Counting People

  • ๐Ÿ‘ค 1 ๋ช… = ํ•œ ๋ช… (casual)
  • ๐Ÿ™‡ 1 ๋ถ„ = ํ•œ ๋ถ„ (honorific โ€” for elders, customers, teachers)
  • ๐Ÿ‘ฅ 2 ๋ช… = ๋‘ ๋ช… / 2 ๋ถ„ = ๋‘ ๋ถ„
  • ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ‘ง 3 ๋ช… = ์„ธ ๋ช… / 3 ๋ถ„ = ์„ธ ๋ถ„
  • ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿ‘ฉโ€๐Ÿ‘งโ€๐Ÿ‘ฆ 4 ๋ช… = ๋„ค ๋ช… / 4 ๋ถ„ = ๋„ค ๋ถ„
  • 5+ name (no mutation): ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ช…, ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ช…, ์ผ๊ณฑ ๋ช…โ€ฆ
  • 20 ๋ช… = ์Šค๋ฌด ๋ช… (์Šค๋ฌผ mutates!)
Real sentences:
  • ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋‘ ๋ช…์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”. = I met two friends.
  • ํ•™์ƒ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”. = There are five students.
  • ์†๋‹˜ ์„ธ ๋ถ„์ด ์˜ค์…จ์–ด์š”. = Three guests (honorific) have arrived.

๐Ÿฑ Counting Animals & Things

  • ๐Ÿฑ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ = one cat
  • ๐Ÿถ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€ ์„ธ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ = three puppies
  • ๐Ÿฆ ์ƒˆ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ = two birds
  • ๐ŸŽ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐœ = five apples
  • ๐Ÿ“š ์ฑ… ๋‘ ๊ถŒ = two books
  • โ˜• ์ปคํ”ผ ํ•œ ์ž” ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. = One cup of coffee, please.
  • ๐Ÿบ ๋งฅ์ฃผ ์„ธ ๋ณ‘ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. = Three bottles of beer, please.
  • ๐ŸŒน ์žฅ๋ฏธ ์—ด๋‘ ์†ก์ด = a dozen roses
  • ๐Ÿ‘Ÿ ์šด๋™ํ™” ๋‘ ์ผค๋ ˆ = two pairs of sneakers
  • ๐Ÿš— ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํ•œ ๋Œ€ = one car

๐Ÿ‡ฐ๐Ÿ‡ท Why This Matters

Native Korean numbers are the older layer of the language โ€” they predate Chinese contact and survive in the most everyday situations: counting on your fingers, telling someone your age at a barbecue, ordering coffee at a cafรฉ. Per korean.go.kr (the National Institute of Korean Language), the Native + Sino dual system is the foundation of Korean numeracy, and the mutation rule (ํ•œ/๋‘/์„ธ/๋„ค/์Šค๋ฌด) is one of the highest-frequency grammar patterns in spoken Korean. Every K-drama hour, every cafรฉ order, every birthday conversation runs on these numbers. Master 1โ€“99 and the five mutations and you'll sound natural in 90% of daily conversations.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls

  • โŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ / ๋‘˜ ์‹œ / ์…‹ ๋ช… / ๋„ท ์‚ด / ์Šค๋ฌผ ์‚ด
  • โœ… ํ•œ ๊ฐœ / ๋‘ ์‹œ / ์„ธ ๋ช… / ๋„ค ์‚ด / ์Šค๋ฌด ์‚ด (always mutate before a counter)
  • โŒ ์ผ ์‹œ / ์ด ์‹œ / ์‚ผ ์‹œ (using Sino-Korean for hours)
  • โœ… ํ•œ ์‹œ / ๋‘ ์‹œ / ์„ธ ์‹œ (hours are Native)
  • โŒ ๋‘ ์‹œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์–ด์š” (using ์‹œ for duration)
  • โœ… ๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์–ด์š” (์‹œ๊ฐ„ = duration in hours)
  • โŒ ๋ฐฑํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‚ด (trying to keep using Native past 99)
  • โœ… ๋ฐฑ ์‚ด, ๋ฐฑํ•œ ์‚ด (use Sino at 100+, then ํ•œ ์‚ด mutation continues)
  • โŒ ์ด์‹ญ์˜ค ์‚ด in casual speech
  • โœ… ์Šค๋ฌผ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด (casual ages are Native)
  • โŒ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์‹ญ์˜ค ์‹œ (using ์‹œ for the minute portion)
  • โœ… ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์‹ญ์˜ค ๋ถ„ (minutes are Sino + ๋ถ„)

๐ŸŽ‰ You did it!

You now own the Native Korean number system: 1โ€“99, the five mutations (ํ•œ, ๋‘, ์„ธ, ๋„ค, ์Šค๋ฌด), the 100 cliff that hands off to Sino, ten everyday counters, hours of the clock, casual ages, and counting people, animals, and items. ์ •๋ง ์ž˜ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”! ํ™”์ดํŒ…! ๐Ÿš€

๐ŸŽฎ Try this exercise

๐Ÿ’ก
Vocabulary Box
Watch for the mutation rule (ํ•œ, ๋‘, ์„ธ, ๋„ค, ์Šค๋ฌด) before any counter. Decide whether the slot needs Native (hours, ages, items, people) or Sino (dates, money, minutes).
  1. Write 5 in Native Korean.
Answer
๋‹ค์„ฏ โ€” no mutation; 5+ stay the same before a counter.
  1. Mutate ํ•˜๋‚˜ before a counter.
Answer
ํ•œ โ€” ํ•˜๋‚˜ โ†’ ํ•œ (one of the five mutations).
  1. Mutate ์Šค๋ฌผ before a counter.
Answer
์Šค๋ฌด โ€” ์Šค๋ฌผ โ†’ ์Šค๋ฌด (one of the five mutations).
  1. Translate "three cats" into Korean.
Answer
๊ณ ์–‘์ด ์„ธ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ โ€” ์…‹ โ†’ ์„ธ + ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ (animal counter).
  1. Translate "one cup of coffee" into Korean.
Answer
์ปคํ”ผ ํ•œ ์ž” โ€” ํ•˜๋‚˜ โ†’ ํ•œ + ์ž” (cups counter).
  1. Read 4:00 in Korean.
Answer
๋„ค ์‹œ โ€” ๋„ท โ†’ ๋„ค + ์‹œ (hours are Native).
  1. Read 12:30 in Korean.
Answer
์—ด๋‘ ์‹œ ์‚ผ์‹ญ ๋ถ„ โ€” 12 mutates (์—ด๋‘˜ โ†’ ์—ด๋‘), minutes use Sino (์‚ผ์‹ญ).
  1. Say "I'm 25 years old" casually.
Answer
์ €๋Š” ์Šค๋ฌผ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด์ด์—์š”. โ€” Native + ์‚ด for casual ages.
  1. Should "100 apples" use Native or Sino?
Answer
Sino โ€” even when counting items, Native stops at 99. "100 apples" = ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ.
  1. What's the difference between ์‹œ and ์‹œ๊ฐ„?
Answer
์‹œ = hour of the clock (ํ•œ ์‹œ = 1 o'clock). ์‹œ๊ฐ„ = duration in hours (๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ = for two hours).
๐Ÿš€
Ready for more? Head to the Practice Hub block below for 50 deeper exercises across digits, mutations, hours, ages, counters, and Native vs. Sino!

๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Native Korean Numbers Practice Hub
Welcome to your 50-question deep dive! These exercises drill the digits 1โ€“99, the five mutations (ํ•œ, ๋‘, ์„ธ, ๋„ค, ์Šค๋ฌด), hours of the clock, casual ages with ์‚ด, ten everyday counters, and the Native-vs-Sino boundary. ๐Ÿ”ฅ
๐ŸŽง Don't forget to open
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
for audio playback while you practice โ€” saying each phrase aloud locks the mutation rule into your brain.
How to use: Work one exercise at a time. Read each prompt, predict the answer, then open the Answer toggle to confirm. Move on once you can ace 8/10.

๐Ÿ–๏ธ Exercise 1 โ€” Digits & Two-Digit Numbers

๐Ÿ“š Vocabulary Box: Translate the Arabic numeral into Native Korean (standalone form, no counter yet).
๐Ÿ’ก Tip: Each ten (์Šค๋ฌผ, ์„œ๋ฅธ, ๋งˆํ”โ€ฆ) is its own unique word โ€” not built from ์‹ญ.
A. 3 โ†’ ?
Answer
์…‹.
B. 7 โ†’ ?
Answer
์ผ๊ณฑ.
C. 10 โ†’ ?
Answer
์—ด.
D. 15 โ†’ ?
Answer
์—ด๋‹ค์„ฏ โ€” 10 + 5.
E. 20 โ†’ ?
Answer
์Šค๋ฌผ โ€” its own word, not ์ด์‹ญ.
F. 30 โ†’ ?
Answer
์„œ๋ฅธ.
G. 47 โ†’ ?
Answer
๋งˆํ”์ผ๊ณฑ โ€” 40 + 7.
H. 60 โ†’ ?
Answer
์˜ˆ์ˆœ.
I. 80 โ†’ ?
Answer
์—ฌ๋“ .
J. 99 โ†’ ?
Answer
์•„ํ”์•„ํ™‰ โ€” 90 + 9.

๐Ÿ”„ Exercise 2 โ€” The Mutation Rule

๐Ÿ“š Vocabulary Box: Apply the mutation when the number sits in front of a counter.
๐Ÿ’ก Tip: Five mutate (ํ•˜๋‚˜โ†’ํ•œ, ๋‘˜โ†’๋‘, ์…‹โ†’์„ธ, ๋„ทโ†’๋„ค, ์Šค๋ฌผโ†’์Šค๋ฌด). Everything else stays the same.
A. ํ•˜๋‚˜ + ๊ฐœ โ†’ ?
Answer
ํ•œ ๊ฐœ โ€” ํ•˜๋‚˜ mutates to ํ•œ.
B. ๋‘˜ + ์‹œ โ†’ ?
Answer
๋‘ ์‹œ โ€” ๋‘˜ mutates to ๋‘.
C. ์…‹ + ๋ช… โ†’ ?
Answer
์„ธ ๋ช… โ€” ์…‹ mutates to ์„ธ.
D. ๋„ท + ์‚ด โ†’ ?
Answer
๋„ค ์‚ด โ€” ๋„ท mutates to ๋„ค.
E. ๋‹ค์„ฏ + ์‹œ โ†’ ?
Answer
๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‹œ โ€” no mutation; 5 stays ๋‹ค์„ฏ.
F. ์Šค๋ฌผ + ์‚ด โ†’ ?
Answer
์Šค๋ฌด ์‚ด โ€” ์Šค๋ฌผ mutates to ์Šค๋ฌด.
G. ์Šค๋ฌผํ•˜๋‚˜ + ์‚ด โ†’ ?
Answer
์Šค๋ฌผํ•œ ์‚ด โ€” ์Šค๋ฌผ stays + ํ•˜๋‚˜ mutates to ํ•œ.
H. ์„œ๋ฅธ๋‘˜ + ๋ช… โ†’ ?
Answer
์„œ๋ฅธ๋‘ ๋ช… โ€” ์„œ๋ฅธ stays + ๋‘˜ mutates to ๋‘.
I. ์—ดํ•˜๋‚˜ + ์‹œ โ†’ ?
Answer
์—ดํ•œ ์‹œ โ€” ์—ด stays + ํ•˜๋‚˜ mutates to ํ•œ.
J. ์—ด๋‘˜ + ์‹œ โ†’ ?
Answer
์—ด๋‘ ์‹œ โ€” ์—ด stays + ๋‘˜ mutates to ๋‘.

โฐ Exercise 3 โ€” Hours of the Clock

๐Ÿ“š Vocabulary Box: Build the hour with Native Korean + ์‹œ. If minutes are given, add Sino-Korean + ๋ถ„.
๐Ÿ’ก Tip: 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12 mutate before ์‹œ. The rest stay the same.
A. 1:00 โ†’ ?
Answer
ํ•œ ์‹œ.
B. 2:00 โ†’ ?
Answer
๋‘ ์‹œ.
C. 5:00 โ†’ ?
Answer
๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‹œ.
D. 9:00 โ†’ ?
Answer
์•„ํ™‰ ์‹œ.
E. 10:00 โ†’ ?
Answer
์—ด ์‹œ.
F. 11:00 โ†’ ?
Answer
์—ดํ•œ ์‹œ โ€” 11 mutates.
G. 12:00 โ†’ ?
Answer
์—ด๋‘ ์‹œ โ€” 12 mutates.
H. 3:30 โ†’ ?
Answer
์„ธ ์‹œ ์‚ผ์‹ญ ๋ถ„ โ€” Native hour + Sino minute.
I. 7:15 โ†’ ?
Answer
์ผ๊ณฑ ์‹œ ์‹ญ์˜ค ๋ถ„.
J. 9:00 PM โ†’ ?
Answer
์˜คํ›„ ์•„ํ™‰ ์‹œ โ€” ์˜คํ›„ (PM) goes before the hour.

๐ŸŽ‚ Exercise 4 โ€” Ages & People

๐Ÿ“š Vocabulary Box: Use Native Korean + ์‚ด for ages, + ๋ช… for people (or ๋ถ„ honorific). Apply mutations.
๐Ÿ’ก Tip: Casual ages always use Native (์Šค๋ฌผ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด, not ์ด์‹ญ์˜ค ์‚ด).
A. 1 ์‚ด โ†’ ?
Answer
ํ•œ ์‚ด.
B. 4 ์‚ด โ†’ ?
Answer
๋„ค ์‚ด โ€” ๋„ท mutates.
C. 20 ์‚ด โ†’ ?
Answer
์Šค๋ฌด ์‚ด โ€” ์Šค๋ฌผ mutates.
D. 25 ์‚ด โ†’ ?
Answer
์Šค๋ฌผ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด โ€” ์Šค๋ฌผ stays in combinations + ๋‹ค์„ฏ stays.
E. 30 ์‚ด โ†’ ?
Answer
์„œ๋ฅธ ์‚ด.
F. 47 ์‚ด โ†’ ?
Answer
๋งˆํ”์ผ๊ณฑ ์‚ด.
G. 100 ์‚ด โ†’ ?
Answer
๋ฐฑ ์‚ด โ€” Sino kicks in at 100.
H. 2 ๋ช… โ†’ ?
Answer
๋‘ ๋ช… โ€” ๋‘˜ mutates.
I. 3 ๋ถ„ (honorific people) โ†’ ?
Answer
์„ธ ๋ถ„ โ€” ์…‹ mutates; ๋ถ„ is the honorific people-counter.
J. 20 ๋ช… โ†’ ?
Answer
์Šค๋ฌด ๋ช… โ€” ์Šค๋ฌผ mutates.

๐ŸŒ Exercise 5 โ€” Counters, Native vs. Sino, Translation

๐Ÿ“š Vocabulary Box: Use the right counter, mutate when needed, and decide between Native and Sino.
๐Ÿ’ก Tip: Items, hours, ages, people โ†’ Native. Dates, money, minutes, phone numbers โ†’ Sino.
A. "three apples" โ†’ ?
Answer
์‚ฌ๊ณผ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ โ€” ์…‹ โ†’ ์„ธ + ๊ฐœ (general counter).
B. "one book" โ†’ ?
Answer
์ฑ… ํ•œ ๊ถŒ โ€” ํ•˜๋‚˜ โ†’ ํ•œ + ๊ถŒ (book counter).
C. "two bottles of beer" โ†’ ?
Answer
๋งฅ์ฃผ ๋‘ ๋ณ‘ โ€” ๋‘˜ โ†’ ๋‘ + ๋ณ‘ (bottle counter).
D. "five students" โ†’ ?
Answer
ํ•™์ƒ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ช… โ€” no mutation; ๋‹ค์„ฏ + ๋ช… (people counter).
E. "It's 7 o'clock." (~์˜ˆ์š”)
Answer
์ผ๊ณฑ ์‹œ์˜ˆ์š”. โ€” Native hour, no mutation needed for 7.
F. "I'm 30 years old." (์ €๋Š” ~ ์‚ด์ด์—์š”)
Answer
์ €๋Š” ์„œ๋ฅธ ์‚ด์ด์—์š”. โ€” Native + ์‚ด for casual age.
G. "I studied for two hours." (์ €๋Š” ~ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”)
Answer
์ €๋Š” ๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. โ€” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ (duration), not ์‹œ (clock hour).
H. "I went there three times." (์ €๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ~ ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”)
Answer
์ €๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”. โ€” ์…‹ โ†’ ์„ธ + ๋ฒˆ (occurrence counter).
I. Should the year "2026" use Native?
Answer
No โ€” years use Sino-Korean (์ด์ฒœ์ด์‹ญ์œก ๋…„). Native is for hours, ages, items, people.
J. "100 books" โ†’ ?
Answer
์ฑ… ๋ฐฑ ๊ถŒ โ€” Native stops at 99, so Sino ๋ฐฑ + Native counter ๊ถŒ.
๐ŸŽ‰ 50 questions down! You can now read Native Korean digits 1โ€“99, apply the five mutations (ํ•œ, ๋‘, ์„ธ, ๋„ค, ์Šค๋ฌด), tell time with Native hours + Sino minutes, give your age casually, count people, animals, and items with the right counter, and you know exactly when Sino takes over at 100. ์ง„์งœ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•ด์š”! ํ™”์ดํŒ…! ๐Ÿ”ฅ