TL;DR โ Native Korean Numbers in 3 bullets
- ๐๏ธ Native Korean numbers (๊ณ ์ ์ด ์ซ์) are ํ๋, ๋, ์ , ๋ท, ๋ค์ฏโฆ up to ์ํ์ํ (99). Above 100, switch to Sino-Korean.
- โฐ Use them for hours, ages, people, items โ anything you'd literally count on your fingers.
- ๐ Five mutate before a counter: ํ๋โํ, ๋โ๋, ์ โ์ธ, ๋ทโ๋ค, ์ค๋ฌผโ์ค๋ฌด. (๋ค์ฏ onward stay the same.)
๐ง Audio Practice
Use Korean Helper Widgets to hear every word in this lesson read aloud. Repeat after each clip to lock in pronunciation.
๐๏ธ Native Korean Digits 1โ10
- 1๏ธโฃ ํ๋ (mutates to ํ before a counter)
- 2๏ธโฃ ๋ (mutates to ๋)
- 3๏ธโฃ ์ (mutates to ์ธ)
- 4๏ธโฃ ๋ท (mutates to ๋ค)
- 5๏ธโฃ ๋ค์ฏ
- 6๏ธโฃ ์ฌ์ฏ
- 7๏ธโฃ ์ผ๊ณฑ
- 8๏ธโฃ ์ฌ๋
- 9๏ธโฃ ์ํ
- ๐ ์ด
๐ก Memorize 1โ10 cold. Two-digit numbers stack predictably from these.
๐๏ธ Tens 20โ90 (Each One Is Its Own Word!)
Unlike Sino-Korean (which just multiplies ์ญ), Native Korean has unique words for each ten:
- 2๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ ์ค๋ฌผ (mutates to ์ค๋ฌด before a counter)
- 3๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ ์๋ฅธ
- 4๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ ๋งํ
- 5๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ ์ฐ
- 6๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ ์์
- 7๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ ์ผํ
- 8๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ ์ฌ๋
- 9๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ ์ํ
Two-digit examples:
- 11 = ์ดํ๋ (or ์ดํ + counter)
- 15 = ์ด๋ค์ฏ
- 21 = ์ค๋ฌผํ๋ (or ์ค๋ฌผํ + counter)
- 25 = ์ค๋ฌผ๋ค์ฏ
- 30 = ์๋ฅธ
- 47 = ๋งํ์ผ๊ณฑ
- 99 = ์ํ์ํ
๐ช The 100 Cliff โ Switch to Sino-Korean
Native Korean stops at 99. Above 100, switch to Sino-Korean (๋ฐฑ, ์ฒ, ๋งโฆ) even when counting items:
- 99 apples = ์ฌ๊ณผ ์ํ์ํ ๊ฐ (Native)
- 100 apples = ์ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ ๊ฐ (Sino โ even though it's still counting items!)
- 1,000 people = ์ฒ ๋ช (Sino)
๐ก Why? Native Korean simply never developed words for hundreds and thousands, so the language borrowed Sino at the 100 boundary.
๐ The Mutation Rule (CRITICAL!)
Five Native numbers shrink when they sit directly in front of a counter:
- ํ๋ โ ํ (ํ ๊ฐ, ํ ์ด, ํ ๋ช )
- ๋ โ ๋ (๋ ์, ๋ ๋ง๋ฆฌ, ๋ ๊ถ)
- ์ โ ์ธ (์ธ ์, ์ธ ๋ช , ์ธ ์)
- ๋ท โ ๋ค (๋ค ์ด, ๋ค ๋ช , ๋ค ๊ทธ๋ฃจ)
- ์ค๋ฌผ โ ์ค๋ฌด (์ค๋ฌด ์ด, ์ค๋ฌด ๋ช )
Combinations also mutate the final part:
- 21 ์ด = ์ค๋ฌผํ ์ด (์ค๋ฌผ stays + ํ)
- 24 ์ด = ์ค๋ฌผ๋ค ์ด
- 32 ๋ช = ์๋ฅธ๋ ๋ช
- 43 ์ด = ๋งํ์ธ ์ด
Numbers 5 onward DON'T mutate:
- ๋ค์ฏ ๊ฐ (stays ๋ค์ฏ)
- ์ฌ์ฏ ์ (stays ์ฌ์ฏ)
- ์ผ๊ณฑ ์ด (stays ์ผ๊ณฑ)
- ์ฌ๋ ๋ง๋ฆฌ (stays ์ฌ๋)
โ ๏ธ Saying "ํ๋ ๊ฐ" or "๋ ์" sounds immediately wrong to a Korean ear. Always mutate.
๐ฆ Counters You'll Use Every Day
Korean counters work like "slices" in English ("three slices of bread"). The number sits before the counter, and the counter sits before or after the noun:
- ๐ฆ ๊ฐ โ general items: ์ฌ๊ณผ ํ ๊ฐ, ์ฑ ๋ ๊ฐ, ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ
- ๐ค ๋ช โ people (casual): ์น๊ตฌ ๋ ๋ช , ํ์ ๋ค์ฏ ๋ช
- ๐ ๋ถ โ people (honorific): ์ ์๋ ํ ๋ถ, ์๋ ๋ ๋ถ
- ๐ถ ๋ง๋ฆฌ โ animals: ๊ณ ์์ด ํ ๋ง๋ฆฌ, ๊ฐ์์ง ์ธ ๋ง๋ฆฌ
- ๐ ๊ถ โ books / volumes: ์ฑ ๋ ๊ถ
- โ ์ โ cups, glasses: ์ปคํผ ํ ์, ๋ฌผ ๋ ์
- ๐พ ๋ณ โ bottles: ๋งฅ์ฃผ ์ธ ๋ณ
- ๐ ์ด โ age (years old): ๋ค์ฏ ์ด, ์ค๋ฌด ์ด
- โฐ ์ โ hour of the clock: ํ ์, ๋ ์
- โ ์๊ฐ โ hours of duration: ๋ ์๊ฐ (I studied for two hours)
- ๐ ๋ฒ โ times (occurrences): ํ ๋ฒ, ๋ ๋ฒ (once, twice)
- ๐ ์ฅ โ sheets/pages: ์ข ์ด ๋ ์ฅ
- ๐ ๋ โ vehicles/machines: ์๋์ฐจ ํ ๋
- ๐น ์ก์ด โ flowers: ์ฅ๋ฏธ ์ด๋ ์ก์ด
- ๐ ์ผค๋ โ pairs of shoes/socks: ์๋ง ๋ ์ผค๋
๐ก Pattern: "noun + (subject particle) + number + counter + verb" or "number + counter + ์ + noun". Most common: ์ฌ๊ณผ ์ธ ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ธ์ ("give me three apples").
โฐ Telling Time โ Hours Use Native, Minutes Use Sino
This is where Native and Sino blend:
- โฐ 1:00 = ํ ์
- โฐ 2:00 = ๋ ์
- โฐ 3:00 = ์ธ ์
- โฐ 4:00 = ๋ค ์
- โฐ 5:00 = ๋ค์ฏ ์
- โฐ 9:00 = ์ํ ์
- โฐ 10:00 = ์ด ์
- โฐ 11:00 = ์ดํ ์ (11 mutates: ์ดํ๋ โ ์ดํ)
- โฐ 12:00 = ์ด๋ ์ (12 mutates: ์ด๋ โ ์ด๋)
With minutes (minutes always Sino-Korean):
- โฐ 1:30 = ํ ์ ์ผ์ญ ๋ถ
- โฐ 3:45 = ์ธ ์ ์ฌ์ญ์ค ๋ถ
- โฐ 7:15 = ์ผ๊ณฑ ์ ์ญ์ค ๋ถ
- โฐ 12:00 = ์ด๋ ์ (no ๋ถ needed on the hour)
Time-of-day modifiers (go before the time):
- ๐ ์ค์ = AM (forenoon)
- ๐ ์คํ = PM (afternoon/evening)
- ๐ ๋ฐค = night
- ๐ ์๋ฒฝ = early morning
- ๐ณ ์์นจ = morning
- ๐ ์ ๋ = evening
Example: ์ค์ ์ํ ์ = 9:00 AM. ์คํ ์ผ๊ณฑ ์ = 7:00 PM.
โ ๏ธ ์ vs. ์๊ฐ: ์ is the hour of the clock (ํ ์ = 1 o'clock). ์๊ฐ is duration in hours (๋ ์๊ฐ = for two hours). Don't mix them up!
๐ Ages โ Casual Native, Formal Sino
In casual conversation, ages use Native Korean + the counter ์ด:
- ๐ 1 ์ด = ํ ์ด
- ๐ 5 ์ด = ๋ค์ฏ ์ด
- ๐ 10 ์ด = ์ด ์ด
- ๐ 20 ์ด = ์ค๋ฌด ์ด (์ค๋ฌผ mutates!)
- ๐ 25 ์ด = ์ค๋ฌผ๋ค์ฏ ์ด
- ๐ 30 ์ด = ์๋ฅธ ์ด
- ๐ 47 ์ด = ๋งํ์ผ๊ณฑ ์ด
- ๐ 99 ์ด = ์ํ์ํ ์ด
- ๐ 100 ์ด = ๋ฐฑ ์ด (Sino kicks in)
Asking and answering:
- ๋ช ์ด์ด์์? = How old are you?
- ์ ๋ ์ค๋ฌผ๋ค์ฏ ์ด์ด์์. = I'm 25 years old.
๐ก Formal/legal ages use Sino-Korean + ์ธ: ๋ง 25 ์ธ (officially 25 years old). You'll see this on documents and forms, but in casual speech always use Native + ์ด.
๐ฅ Counting People
- ๐ค 1 ๋ช = ํ ๋ช (casual)
- ๐ 1 ๋ถ = ํ ๋ถ (honorific โ for elders, customers, teachers)
- ๐ฅ 2 ๋ช = ๋ ๋ช / 2 ๋ถ = ๋ ๋ถ
- ๐จโ๐ฉโ๐ง 3 ๋ช = ์ธ ๋ช / 3 ๋ถ = ์ธ ๋ถ
- ๐จโ๐ฉโ๐งโ๐ฆ 4 ๋ช = ๋ค ๋ช / 4 ๋ถ = ๋ค ๋ถ
- 5+ name (no mutation): ๋ค์ฏ ๋ช , ์ฌ์ฏ ๋ช , ์ผ๊ณฑ ๋ช โฆ
- 20 ๋ช = ์ค๋ฌด ๋ช (์ค๋ฌผ mutates!)
Real sentences:
- ์น๊ตฌ ๋ ๋ช ์ ๋ง๋ฌ์ด์. = I met two friends.
- ํ์ ๋ค์ฏ ๋ช ์ด ์์ด์. = There are five students.
- ์๋ ์ธ ๋ถ์ด ์ค์ จ์ด์. = Three guests (honorific) have arrived.
๐ฑ Counting Animals & Things
- ๐ฑ ๊ณ ์์ด ํ ๋ง๋ฆฌ = one cat
- ๐ถ ๊ฐ์์ง ์ธ ๋ง๋ฆฌ = three puppies
- ๐ฆ ์ ๋ ๋ง๋ฆฌ = two birds
- ๐ ์ฌ๊ณผ ๋ค์ฏ ๊ฐ = five apples
- ๐ ์ฑ ๋ ๊ถ = two books
- โ ์ปคํผ ํ ์ ์ฃผ์ธ์. = One cup of coffee, please.
- ๐บ ๋งฅ์ฃผ ์ธ ๋ณ ์ฃผ์ธ์. = Three bottles of beer, please.
- ๐น ์ฅ๋ฏธ ์ด๋ ์ก์ด = a dozen roses
- ๐ ์ด๋ํ ๋ ์ผค๋ = two pairs of sneakers
- ๐ ์๋์ฐจ ํ ๋ = one car
๐ฐ๐ท Why This Matters
Native Korean numbers are the older layer of the language โ they predate Chinese contact and survive in the most everyday situations: counting on your fingers, telling someone your age at a barbecue, ordering coffee at a cafรฉ. Per korean.go.kr (the National Institute of Korean Language), the Native + Sino dual system is the foundation of Korean numeracy, and the mutation rule (ํ/๋/์ธ/๋ค/์ค๋ฌด) is one of the highest-frequency grammar patterns in spoken Korean. Every K-drama hour, every cafรฉ order, every birthday conversation runs on these numbers. Master 1โ99 and the five mutations and you'll sound natural in 90% of daily conversations.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls
- โ ํ๋ ๊ฐ / ๋ ์ / ์ ๋ช / ๋ท ์ด / ์ค๋ฌผ ์ด
- โ ํ ๊ฐ / ๋ ์ / ์ธ ๋ช / ๋ค ์ด / ์ค๋ฌด ์ด (always mutate before a counter)
- โ ์ผ ์ / ์ด ์ / ์ผ ์ (using Sino-Korean for hours)
- โ ํ ์ / ๋ ์ / ์ธ ์ (hours are Native)
- โ ๋ ์ ๊ณต๋ถํ์ด์ (using ์ for duration)
- โ ๋ ์๊ฐ ๊ณต๋ถํ์ด์ (์๊ฐ = duration in hours)
- โ ๋ฐฑํ๋ ์ด (trying to keep using Native past 99)
- โ ๋ฐฑ ์ด, ๋ฐฑํ ์ด (use Sino at 100+, then ํ ์ด mutation continues)
- โ ์ด์ญ์ค ์ด in casual speech
- โ ์ค๋ฌผ๋ค์ฏ ์ด (casual ages are Native)
- โ ๋ค์ฏ ์ ์ฌ์ญ์ค ์ (using ์ for the minute portion)
- โ ๋ค์ฏ ์ ์ฌ์ญ์ค ๋ถ (minutes are Sino + ๋ถ)
๐ You did it!
You now own the Native Korean number system: 1โ99, the five mutations (ํ, ๋, ์ธ, ๋ค, ์ค๋ฌด), the 100 cliff that hands off to Sino, ten everyday counters, hours of the clock, casual ages, and counting people, animals, and items. ์ ๋ง ์ํ์ด์! ํ์ดํ
! ๐
๐ฎ Try this exercise
Vocabulary Box
Watch for the mutation rule (ํ, ๋, ์ธ, ๋ค, ์ค๋ฌด) before any counter. Decide whether the slot needs Native (hours, ages, items, people) or Sino (dates, money, minutes).
- Write 5 in Native Korean.
Answer
๋ค์ฏ โ no mutation; 5+ stay the same before a counter.
- Mutate ํ๋ before a counter.
Answer
ํ โ ํ๋ โ ํ (one of the five mutations).
- Mutate ์ค๋ฌผ before a counter.
Answer
์ค๋ฌด โ ์ค๋ฌผ โ ์ค๋ฌด (one of the five mutations).
- Translate "three cats" into Korean.
Answer
๊ณ ์์ด ์ธ ๋ง๋ฆฌ โ ์
โ ์ธ + ๋ง๋ฆฌ (animal counter).
- Translate "one cup of coffee" into Korean.
Answer
์ปคํผ ํ ์ โ ํ๋ โ ํ + ์ (cups counter).
- Read 4:00 in Korean.
Answer
๋ค ์ โ ๋ท โ ๋ค + ์ (hours are Native).
- Read 12:30 in Korean.
Answer
์ด๋ ์ ์ผ์ญ ๋ถ โ 12 mutates (์ด๋ โ ์ด๋), minutes use Sino (์ผ์ญ).
- Say "I'm 25 years old" casually.
Answer
์ ๋ ์ค๋ฌผ๋ค์ฏ ์ด์ด์์. โ Native + ์ด for casual ages.
- Should "100 apples" use Native or Sino?
Answer
Sino โ even when counting items, Native stops at 99. "100 apples" = ์ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ ๊ฐ.
- What's the difference between ์ and ์๊ฐ?
Answer
์ = hour of the clock (ํ ์ = 1 o'clock). ์๊ฐ = duration in hours (๋ ์๊ฐ = for two hours).
Ready for more? Head to the Practice Hub block below for 50 deeper exercises across digits, mutations, hours, ages, counters, and Native vs. Sino!
๐ฏ Native Korean Numbers Practice Hub
Welcome to your 50-question deep dive! These exercises drill the digits 1โ99, the five mutations (ํ, ๋, ์ธ, ๋ค, ์ค๋ฌด), hours of the clock, casual ages with ์ด, ten everyday counters, and the Native-vs-Sino boundary. ๐ฅ
๐ง Don't forget to open Korean Helper Widgets for audio playback while you practice โ saying each phrase aloud locks the mutation rule into your brain.
How to use: Work one exercise at a time. Read each prompt, predict the answer, then open the Answer toggle to confirm. Move on once you can ace 8/10.
๐๏ธ Exercise 1 โ Digits & Two-Digit Numbers
๐ Vocabulary Box: Translate the Arabic numeral into Native Korean (standalone form, no counter yet).
๐ก Tip: Each ten (์ค๋ฌผ, ์๋ฅธ, ๋งํโฆ) is its own unique word โ not built from ์ญ.
A. 3 โ ?
Answer
์
.
B. 7 โ ?
Answer
์ผ๊ณฑ.
C. 10 โ ?
Answer
์ด.
D. 15 โ ?
Answer
์ด๋ค์ฏ โ 10 + 5.
E. 20 โ ?
Answer
์ค๋ฌผ โ its own word, not ์ด์ญ.
F. 30 โ ?
Answer
์๋ฅธ.
G. 47 โ ?
Answer
๋งํ์ผ๊ณฑ โ 40 + 7.
H. 60 โ ?
Answer
์์.
I. 80 โ ?
Answer
์ฌ๋ .
J. 99 โ ?
Answer
์ํ์ํ โ 90 + 9.
๐ Exercise 2 โ The Mutation Rule
๐ Vocabulary Box: Apply the mutation when the number sits in front of a counter.
๐ก Tip: Five mutate (ํ๋โํ, ๋โ๋, ์
โ์ธ, ๋ทโ๋ค, ์ค๋ฌผโ์ค๋ฌด). Everything else stays the same.
A. ํ๋ + ๊ฐ โ ?
Answer
ํ ๊ฐ โ ํ๋ mutates to ํ.
B. ๋ + ์ โ ?
Answer
๋ ์ โ ๋ mutates to ๋.
C. ์
+ ๋ช
โ ?
Answer
์ธ ๋ช
โ ์
mutates to ์ธ.
D. ๋ท + ์ด โ ?
Answer
๋ค ์ด โ ๋ท mutates to ๋ค.
E. ๋ค์ฏ + ์ โ ?
Answer
๋ค์ฏ ์ โ no mutation; 5 stays ๋ค์ฏ.
F. ์ค๋ฌผ + ์ด โ ?
Answer
์ค๋ฌด ์ด โ ์ค๋ฌผ mutates to ์ค๋ฌด.
G. ์ค๋ฌผํ๋ + ์ด โ ?
Answer
์ค๋ฌผํ ์ด โ ์ค๋ฌผ stays + ํ๋ mutates to ํ.
H. ์๋ฅธ๋ + ๋ช
โ ?
Answer
์๋ฅธ๋ ๋ช
โ ์๋ฅธ stays + ๋ mutates to ๋.
I. ์ดํ๋ + ์ โ ?
Answer
์ดํ ์ โ ์ด stays + ํ๋ mutates to ํ.
J. ์ด๋ + ์ โ ?
Answer
์ด๋ ์ โ ์ด stays + ๋ mutates to ๋.
โฐ Exercise 3 โ Hours of the Clock
๐ Vocabulary Box: Build the hour with Native Korean + ์. If minutes are given, add Sino-Korean + ๋ถ.
๐ก Tip: 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12 mutate before ์. The rest stay the same.
A. 1:00 โ ?
Answer
ํ ์.
B. 2:00 โ ?
Answer
๋ ์.
C. 5:00 โ ?
Answer
๋ค์ฏ ์.
D. 9:00 โ ?
Answer
์ํ ์.
E. 10:00 โ ?
Answer
์ด ์.
F. 11:00 โ ?
Answer
์ดํ ์ โ 11 mutates.
G. 12:00 โ ?
Answer
์ด๋ ์ โ 12 mutates.
H. 3:30 โ ?
Answer
์ธ ์ ์ผ์ญ ๋ถ โ Native hour + Sino minute.
I. 7:15 โ ?
Answer
์ผ๊ณฑ ์ ์ญ์ค ๋ถ.
J. 9:00 PM โ ?
Answer
์คํ ์ํ ์ โ ์คํ (PM) goes before the hour.
๐ Exercise 4 โ Ages & People
๐ Vocabulary Box: Use Native Korean + ์ด for ages, + ๋ช
for people (or ๋ถ honorific). Apply mutations.
๐ก Tip: Casual ages always use Native (์ค๋ฌผ๋ค์ฏ ์ด, not ์ด์ญ์ค ์ด).
A. 1 ์ด โ ?
Answer
ํ ์ด.
B. 4 ์ด โ ?
Answer
๋ค ์ด โ ๋ท mutates.
C. 20 ์ด โ ?
Answer
์ค๋ฌด ์ด โ ์ค๋ฌผ mutates.
D. 25 ์ด โ ?
Answer
์ค๋ฌผ๋ค์ฏ ์ด โ ์ค๋ฌผ stays in combinations + ๋ค์ฏ stays.
E. 30 ์ด โ ?
Answer
์๋ฅธ ์ด.
F. 47 ์ด โ ?
Answer
๋งํ์ผ๊ณฑ ์ด.
G. 100 ์ด โ ?
Answer
๋ฐฑ ์ด โ Sino kicks in at 100.
H. 2 ๋ช
โ ?
Answer
๋ ๋ช
โ ๋ mutates.
I. 3 ๋ถ (honorific people) โ ?
Answer
์ธ ๋ถ โ ์
mutates; ๋ถ is the honorific people-counter.
J. 20 ๋ช
โ ?
Answer
์ค๋ฌด ๋ช
โ ์ค๋ฌผ mutates.
๐ Exercise 5 โ Counters, Native vs. Sino, Translation
๐ Vocabulary Box: Use the right counter, mutate when needed, and decide between Native and Sino.
๐ก Tip: Items, hours, ages, people โ Native. Dates, money, minutes, phone numbers โ Sino.
A. "three apples" โ ?
Answer
์ฌ๊ณผ ์ธ ๊ฐ โ ์
โ ์ธ + ๊ฐ (general counter).
B. "one book" โ ?
Answer
์ฑ
ํ ๊ถ โ ํ๋ โ ํ + ๊ถ (book counter).
C. "two bottles of beer" โ ?
Answer
๋งฅ์ฃผ ๋ ๋ณ โ ๋ โ ๋ + ๋ณ (bottle counter).
D. "five students" โ ?
Answer
ํ์ ๋ค์ฏ ๋ช
โ no mutation; ๋ค์ฏ + ๋ช
(people counter).
E. "It's 7 o'clock." (~์์)
Answer
์ผ๊ณฑ ์์์. โ Native hour, no mutation needed for 7.
F. "I'm 30 years old." (์ ๋ ~ ์ด์ด์์)
Answer
์ ๋ ์๋ฅธ ์ด์ด์์. โ Native + ์ด for casual age.
G. "I studied for two hours." (์ ๋ ~ ๊ณต๋ถํ์ด์)
Answer
์ ๋ ๋ ์๊ฐ ๊ณต๋ถํ์ด์. โ ์๊ฐ (duration), not ์ (clock hour).
H. "I went there three times." (์ ๋ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์ ~ ๊ฐ์ด์)
Answer
์ ๋ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ด์. โ ์
โ ์ธ + ๋ฒ (occurrence counter).
I. Should the year "2026" use Native?
Answer
No โ years use Sino-Korean (์ด์ฒ์ด์ญ์ก ๋
). Native is for hours, ages, items, people.
J. "100 books" โ ?
Answer
์ฑ
๋ฐฑ ๊ถ โ Native stops at 99, so Sino ๋ฐฑ + Native counter ๊ถ.
๐ 50 questions down! You can now read Native Korean digits 1โ99, apply the five mutations (ํ, ๋, ์ธ, ๋ค, ์ค๋ฌด), tell time with Native hours + Sino minutes, give your age casually, count people, animals, and items with the right counter, and you know exactly when Sino takes over at 100. ์ง์ง ๋๋จํด์! ํ์ดํ
! ๐ฅ