๐Ÿ”‹

Macro-level Resource Depletion

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ / ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ / ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ / ๋Œ€์•ˆ
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐ŸŽฏ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐ŸŒ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ means macro-level resource depletion: large-scale exhaustion of resources across economies, societies, or the planet.
  • โšก ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ (energy crisis) happens when supply, price, access, or infrastructure problems threaten daily life and economic stability.
  • ๐ŸŒฑ The key response vocabulary is ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ (sustainability), ๋Œ€์•ˆ (alternative), ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ (renewable energy), and ์ž์› ์ˆœํ™˜ (resource circulation).
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Type any Korean word or sentence from this lesson into
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear it read aloud. Big policy nouns like ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ (depletion), ์œ„๊ธฐ (crisis), and ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ (sustainability) deserve a little audio rehearsal before they enter your debate vocabulary like tiny diplomats. ๐ŸŽ™๏ธ
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ (macro-level resource depletion) describes resource exhaustion at a broad scale: not one household running out of batteries, but societies facing shrinking supplies of fossil fuels, minerals, water, forests, soil quality, or other essential resources. ๐ŸŒ
The word ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  (macro-level) tells us to zoom out. We are looking at structural patterns: population growth, industrial demand, climate change, consumption habits, supply chains, and policy choices. The problem is bigger than one unlucky shopping cart. ๐Ÿ›’
This topic often connects to ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ (energy crisis), because energy affects transportation, food production, manufacturing, heating, cooling, and national security. The lessonโ€™s solution vocabulary points toward ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ (sustainability), ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ (renewable energy), ์ž์› ์ˆœํ™˜ (resource circulation), and practical ๋Œ€์•ˆ (alternatives). ๐ŸŒฑ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Macro-level Resource Depletion Family

  • ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  โ†’ macro-level / large-scale. Use it when analyzing society-wide, economy-wide, or global patterns rather than individual cases. ๐Ÿ”ญ
  • ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ โ†’ resource depletion. ์ž์› means resources; ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ means exhaustion or depletion. Together, the phrase describes resources being used up. โ›๏ธ
  • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ โ†’ energy crisis. This can refer to shortages, price spikes, unstable supply, or dependency on limited energy sources. โšก
  • ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ sustainability. This asks whether a system can continue without destroying the conditions it depends on. ๐ŸŒฑ
  • ๋Œ€์•ˆ โ†’ alternative / solution option. In policy writing, ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค means to propose an alternative. ๐Ÿงญ
  • ์ž์› ์ˆœํ™˜ โ†’ resource circulation. This means reducing waste and keeping materials in use through reuse, recycling, repair, and redesign. โ™ป๏ธ

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์€ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์†Œ๋น„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • (Macro-level resource depletion requires changes in industrial structures and consumption patterns.) ๐Ÿญ
      Notes: ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ = industrial structure, ์†Œ๋น„ ๋ฐฉ์‹ = consumption pattern, ๋ณ€ํ™” = change, ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋‹ค = to require.
  • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„์—๋„ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค.
    • (If an energy crisis worsens, it also has a major impact on prices and transportation systems.) ๐Ÿš†
      Notes: ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค = to intensify/worsen, ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€ = prices, ๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„ = transportation system, ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‹ค = to affect.
  • ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์ž์› ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • (To improve sustainability, renewable energy and resource circulation must be expanded together.) ๐ŸŒž
      Notes: ๋†’์ด๋‹ค = to improve/raise, ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ = renewable energy, ํ•จ๊ป˜ = together, ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค = to expand.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

This lesson is an advanced vocabulary cluster, so the โ€œformationโ€ is mostly abstract noun phrases and policy collocations:
  • ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  + ๋ช…์‚ฌ = macro-level + noun
    • Examples: ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๊ด€์  (macro-level perspective), ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๋ถ„์„ (macro-level analysis), ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ (large-scale problem).
  • ๋ช…์‚ฌ + ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ = depletion/exhaustion of that noun
    • Examples: ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ (resource depletion), ์„์œ  ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ (oil depletion), ๋ฌผ ๋ถ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ (water shortage and groundwater depletion).
  • ๋ช…์‚ฌ + ์œ„๊ธฐ = crisis involving that noun
    • Examples: ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ (energy crisis), ๊ธฐํ›„ ์œ„๊ธฐ (climate crisis), ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์œ„๊ธฐ (food crisis).
  • ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค/๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค/๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค = to propose/search for/prepare alternatives
    • These verbs make ๋Œ€์•ˆ useful in essays, policy proposals, and discussion. ๐Ÿ“

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

Key vocabulary and usage patterns in this lesson were cross-checked against standard Korean dictionary and public-language resources from the National Institute of Korean Language at korean.go.kr, including ์ž์› (resources), ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ (depletion), ์œ„๊ธฐ (crisis), ๋Œ€์•ˆ (alternative), and the registered professional expression ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ (sustainable development). โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ (depletion/exhaustion) vs. ๋ถ€์กฑ (shortage). ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ suggests being used up or exhausted; ๋ถ€์กฑ simply means there is not enough. โ›๏ธ
  • ์œ„๊ธฐ (crisis) vs. ๋ฌธ์ œ (problem). ์œ„๊ธฐ sounds more urgent and systemic; ๋ฌธ์ œ is broader and less dramatic. ๐Ÿšจ
  • ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ (sustainability) vs. ์ง€์†์„ฑ (continuity/duration). ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ asks whether something can continue responsibly; ์ง€์†์„ฑ simply asks whether it continues. ๐ŸŒฑ
  • ๋Œ€์•ˆ (alternative) vs. ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ… (solution). ๋Œ€์•ˆ is an option or substitute path; ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ… is a direct solution to a problem. ๐Ÿงญ

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ์ž์› ๋ถ€์กฑ and ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ as identical โ†’ โœ… ๋ถ€์กฑ means shortage; ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ means depletion/exhaustion.
  • โŒ ์ง€์†์„ฑ when you mean sustainability โ†’ โœ… Use ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ for environmental and policy sustainability.
  • โŒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ for every serious crisis โ†’ โœ… Use ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ when supply, price, or stability is threatened.
  • โŒ Talking only about individual recycling โ†’ โœ… ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  analysis includes industry, policy, infrastructure, and consumption systems.
  • โŒ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋‹ค as the default formal phrase โ†’ โœ… Prefer ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค, ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค, or ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค.

Resource depletion is the planetโ€™s way of saying, โ€œPlease stop treating finite things like an all-you-can-eat buffet.โ€ Vocabulary acquired; responsibility loading. ๐ŸŒ๐Ÿ”‹
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Try this exercise

Read each sentence and fill the blank with the most natural word or phrase from this lesson. Focus on whether the sentence is about scale, depletion, crisis, sustainability, or alternatives. Then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance. ๐ŸŽฏ
1. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ž์› ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ ์†Œ๋น„๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
From a macro-level perspective, the resource issue is not only a matter of individual consumption. ๐Ÿ”ญ
Answer
๊ฑฐ์‹œ โ€” ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๊ด€์  means macro-level perspective.
2. ์„์œ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ณ„์† ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ž์› ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋นจ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If oil use continues to increase, resource depletion may accelerate. ๐Ÿ›ข๏ธ
Answer
๊ณ ๊ฐˆ โ€” ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ means resource depletion.
3. ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If electricity supply becomes unstable, an energy crisis may occur. โšก
Answer
์œ„๊ธฐ โ€” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ means energy crisis.
4. ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ง€์† ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Long-term environmental policy must consider sustainability. ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€” ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ means sustainability.
5. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์˜์กด์„ ์ค„์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government proposed an alternative to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๋Œ€์•ˆ โ€” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค means to propose an alternative.
6. ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๊ณผ ํ’๋ ฅ์€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์žฌ์ƒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Solar and wind power are representative renewable energy sources. ๐ŸŒž
Answer
์—๋„ˆ์ง€ โ€” ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ means renewable energy.
7. ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ž์› ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To reduce waste, the resource circulation system must be strengthened. โ™ป๏ธ
Answer
์ˆœํ™˜ โ€” ์ž์› ์ˆœํ™˜ means resource circulation.
8. ๋ฌผ ๋ถ€์กฑ์€ ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค.
Water shortage also affects agricultural production and food security. ๐ŸŒพ
Answer
์•ˆ๋ณด โ€” ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์•ˆ๋ณด means food security.
9. ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋Œ€์‘์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค.
Reducing carbon emissions is central to responding to the climate crisis. ๐ŸŒก๏ธ
Answer
์œ„๊ธฐ โ€” ๊ธฐํ›„ ์œ„๊ธฐ means climate crisis.
10. ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
Resource depletion requires a change in consumption structures. ๐Ÿ›’
Answer
๋ณ€ํ™” โ€” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” means structural change.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๊ด€์  โ†’ macro-level perspective
  • ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ โ†’ resource depletion
  • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ โ†’ energy crisis
  • ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ sustainability
  • ๋Œ€์•ˆ โ†’ alternative
  • ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ โ†’ renewable energy
  • ์ž์› ์ˆœํ™˜ โ†’ resource circulation
  • ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์•ˆ๋ณด โ†’ food security
  • ๊ธฐํ›„ ์œ„๊ธฐ โ†’ climate crisis
  • ์†Œ๋น„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ consumption structure
  • ๋ณ€ํ™” โ†’ change
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก If the sentence zooms out to systems, reach for ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ .

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready! Your sustainability vocabulary is about to become renewable. ๐ŸŒžโ™ป๏ธ
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Macro-level Resource Depletion
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Welcome to the macro-level resource depletion practice zone, where your vocabulary puts on a hard hat, checks the power grid, and asks why the planetโ€™s storage closet is looking nervous. ๐Ÿ”‹ Youโ€™ll practice terms for depletion, energy crisis, sustainability, renewable energy, resource circulation, and policy alternatives. ๐ŸŒ
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear advanced phrases like ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ, or ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Fill each blank with the best Korean word or phrase. Read the completed sentence, decide whether it describes a problem, cause, consequence, or solution, then open the Answer toggle. ๐Ÿงญ
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Exercise 1 โ€” Core Terms and Scale ๐ŸŒ

A. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์  ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ž์› ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ณธ๋‹ค.
Macro-level analysis views resource problems at the level of nations and the global economy. ๐Ÿ”ญ
Answer
๊ฑฐ์‹œ โ€” ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๋ถ„์„ means macro-level analysis.
B. ๊ด‘๋ฌผ ์ž์›์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์‚ฐ์—…์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค.
Depletion of mineral resources also affects high-tech industries. ๐Ÿ’Ž
Answer
๊ณ ๊ฐˆ โ€” ์ž์›์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ means depletion of resources.
C. ๊ตญ์ œ ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šน์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
A rise in international oil prices can be a sign of an energy crisis. ๐Ÿ›ข๏ธ
Answer
์œ„๊ธฐ โ€” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ signals serious instability in energy supply or price.
D. ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค.
Sustainability considers both the current generation and future generations. ๐Ÿ‘ถ
Answer
์„ธ๋Œ€ โ€” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€ is a key phrase in sustainability discussions.
E. ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์˜์กด์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค.
Dependence on fossil fuels increases long-term risk. โš ๏ธ
Answer
์œ„ํ—˜ โ€” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜ means long-term risk.
F. ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ž์› ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ณ„์† ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If industrial structures do not change, resource use may continue to increase. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
์ฆ๊ฐ€ โ€” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค means to increase.
G. ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์€ ๋„์‹œ ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ˜๋‹ค.
Grid instability lowers the stability of urban life. ๐Ÿ™๏ธ
Answer
์•ˆ์ • โ€” ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ means stability.
H. ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Water and energy are core resources of modern society. ๐Ÿ’ง
Answer
์ž์› โ€” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ž์› means core resource.
I. ์ž์› ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์™€๋„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
Resource issues are connected not only to the environment but also to economic security. ๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
์•ˆ๋ณด โ€” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์•ˆ๋ณด means economic security.
J. ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ ์‹ค์ฒœ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
Macro-level problems require both individual practice and institutional response. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
๋Œ€์‘ โ€” ์ œ๋„์  ๋Œ€์‘ means institutional response.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๋ถ„์„ โ†’ macro-level analysis
  • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ โ†’ nation/state
  • ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ โ†’ global economy
  • ๊ด‘๋ฌผ ์ž์› โ†’ mineral resources
  • ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์‚ฐ์—… โ†’ high-tech industry
  • ๊ตญ์ œ ์œ ๊ฐ€ โ†’ international oil price
  • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ โ†’ energy crisis
  • ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ sustainability
  • ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€ โ†’ future generations
  • ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์˜์กด โ†’ dependence on fossil fuels
  • ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ industrial structure
  • ์ฆ๊ฐ€ โ†’ increase
  • ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง โ†’ power grid
  • ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ โ†’ stability
  • ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์•ˆ๋ณด โ†’ economic security
  • ์ œ๋„์  ๋Œ€์‘ โ†’ institutional response
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Macro-level vocabulary loves systems: economy, industry, policy, infrastructure.
ย 

Exercise 2 โ€” Causes and Consequences โšก

A. ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„๋Š” ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Excessive consumption can accelerate resource depletion. ๐Ÿ›’
Answer
๊ฐ€์†ํ™” โ€” ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค means to accelerate.
B. ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฌผ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
Climate change worsens water shortage problems. ๐ŸŒก๏ธ
Answer
์‹ฌํ™” โ€” ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค means to deepen or worsen.
C. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน์€ ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
Rising energy prices increase household burden. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
๋ถ€๋‹ด โ€” ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด means household burden.
D. ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์€ ์›์ž์žฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.
Supply chain instability makes securing raw materials difficult. ๐Ÿšข
Answer
ํ™•๋ณด โ€” ์›์ž์žฌ ํ™•๋ณด means securing raw materials.
E. ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ ํ›ผ์†์€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
Forest damage weakens ecosystem resilience. ๐ŸŒณ
Answer
ํšŒ๋ณต๋ ฅ โ€” ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ํšŒ๋ณต๋ ฅ means ecosystem resilience.
F. ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์€ ๋†์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
Groundwater depletion lowers the sustainability of agricultural production. ๐ŸŒพ
Answer
์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ โ€” ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ means sustainability.
G. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์˜์กด์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉด ๊ตญ์ œ ์ •์„ธ์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋‹ค.
If dependence on energy imports is high, a country is vulnerable to international conditions. ๐ŸŒ
Answer
์ทจ์•ฝ โ€” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค means to be vulnerable.
H. ์ž์› ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค.
Volatility in resource prices increases companiesโ€™ production costs. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
๋น„์šฉ โ€” ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋น„์šฉ means production cost.
I. ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
A food crisis can expand social inequality. ๐Ÿš
Answer
๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ€” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ means social inequality.
J. ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Resource depletion is not a simple environmental problem but a structural risk. โš ๏ธ
Answer
์œ„ํ—˜ โ€” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์œ„ํ—˜ means structural risk.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„ โ†’ excessive consumption
  • ๊ฐ€์†ํ™” โ†’ acceleration
  • ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™” โ†’ climate change
  • ๋ฌผ ๋ถ€์กฑ โ†’ water shortage
  • ์‹ฌํ™” โ†’ worsening/deepening
  • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ƒ์Šน โ†’ rising energy prices
  • ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ household burden
  • ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง ๋ถˆ์•ˆ โ†’ supply chain instability
  • ์›์ž์žฌ ํ™•๋ณด โ†’ securing raw materials
  • ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ ํ›ผ์† โ†’ forest damage
  • ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ํšŒ๋ณต๋ ฅ โ†’ ecosystem resilience
  • ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ โ†’ groundwater depletion
  • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์˜์กด โ†’ dependence on energy imports
  • ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be vulnerable
  • ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ โ†’ volatility
  • ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋น„์šฉ โ†’ production cost
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ social inequality
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์œ„ํ—˜ โ†’ structural risk
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Consequence verbs: ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค, ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค, ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค, ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค.
ย 

Exercise 3 โ€” Sustainability and Alternatives ๐ŸŒฑ

A. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government expanded investment in renewable energy. ๐ŸŒž
Answer
ํˆฌ์ž โ€” ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํˆฌ์ž means investment in renewable energy.
B. ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž์› ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
Designing products to last longer helps resource circulation. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์ˆœํ™˜ โ€” ์ž์› ์ˆœํ™˜ keeps materials in use longer.
C. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Improving energy efficiency can be a realistic alternative. โš™๏ธ
Answer
๋Œ€์•ˆ โ€” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ means realistic alternative.
D. ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The city prepared a policy centered on public transportation. ๐Ÿš†
Answer
์ •์ฑ… โ€” ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ •์ฑ… reduces energy use.
E. ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ํ์ž์›์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœํ™˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The company introduced a circular economy model that reuses waste resources. โ™ป๏ธ
Answer
๊ฒฝ์ œ โ€” ์ˆœํ™˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ means circular economy.
F. ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์€ ๋น„์šฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Long-term measures should prioritize sustainability over cost. ๐ŸŒฟ
Answer
์šฐ์„ ์‹œ โ€” ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค means to prioritize.
G. ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž๋ฆฝ์€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Regional energy self-reliance can reduce supply instability. ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
์™„ํ™” โ€” ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to ease or mitigate.
H. ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๋ฉด ๋งค๋ฆฝ์ง€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the recycling rate increases, dependence on landfills can be reduced. ๐Ÿ—‘๏ธ
Answer
์˜์กด โ€” ๋งค๋ฆฝ์ง€ ์˜์กด means dependence on landfills.
I. ์ •์ฑ… ๋Œ€์•ˆ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Policy alternatives should consider both environmental effects and social fairness. โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ โ€” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ means social equity/fairness.
J. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹ ์€ ์ž์› ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Technological innovation can become an important tool for reducing resource use. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
์ˆ˜๋‹จ โ€” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ means means/tool/method.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํˆฌ์ž โ†’ investment in renewable energy
  • ์ œํ’ˆ โ†’ product
  • ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to design
  • ์ž์› ์ˆœํ™˜ โ†’ resource circulation
  • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ โ†’ energy efficiency
  • ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ โ†’ realistic alternative
  • ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต โ†’ public transportation
  • ์ •์ฑ… โ†’ policy
  • ํ์ž์› โ†’ waste resources
  • ์ˆœํ™˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ โ†’ circular economy
  • ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์ฑ… โ†’ long-term measure
  • ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to prioritize
  • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž๋ฆฝ โ†’ energy self-reliance
  • ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to mitigate/ease
  • ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ๋ฅ  โ†’ recycling rate
  • ๋งค๋ฆฝ์ง€ ์˜์กด โ†’ dependence on landfills
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ โ†’ social equity
  • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹  โ†’ technological innovation
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Alternatives sound stronger when paired with verbs like ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค, ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค, and ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋‹ค.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Policy and System Responses ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

A. ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
To respond to resource depletion, a national-level strategy is necessary. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ „๋žต โ€” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ „๋žต means national-level strategy.
B. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค.
Energy transition is the process of changing a fossil-fuel-centered structure. ๐Ÿ”„
Answer
์ „ํ™˜ โ€” ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋‹ค means to shift or transform.
C. ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๊ฐ์ถ•์€ ๊ธฐํ›„ ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‘์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Carbon emission reduction is a core task in responding to the climate crisis. ๐ŸŒก๏ธ
Answer
๊ณผ์ œ โ€” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ œ means core task.
D. ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ ˆ์•ฝ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government and companies jointly promoted an energy-saving campaign. ๐Ÿ“ข
Answer
์ถ”์ง„ โ€” ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค means to promote/advance a campaign.
E. ์ž์› ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ๋น„์ถ• ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
They strengthened the stockpiling system in preparation for resource price fluctuations. ๐Ÿ“ฆ
Answer
์ฒด๊ณ„ โ€” ๋น„์ถ• ์ฒด๊ณ„ means stockpiling system.
F. ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณต์ง€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
An energy welfare policy for vulnerable groups is also necessary. ๐Ÿงฃ
Answer
์ •์ฑ… โ€” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณต์ง€ ์ •์ฑ… protects vulnerable groups during energy crises.
G. ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Industry developed technology that reduces energy use. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
์ ˆ๊ฐ โ€” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค means to reduce energy consumption.
H. ๊ตญ์ œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์€ ์ž์› ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
International cooperation can spread out the risk of a resource crisis. ๐Ÿค
Answer
์œ„ํ—˜ โ€” ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค means to distribute or reduce concentrated risk.
I. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์› ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค.
Data-based management improves the efficiency of resource use. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
ํšจ์œจ โ€” ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ means efficiency.
J. ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„ํš ์—†์ด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If only short-term fixes are repeated without long-term planning, the crisis may recur. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ณต โ€” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋‹ค means to be repeated or recur.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์› โ†’ national level
  • ์ „๋žต โ†’ strategy
  • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „ํ™˜ โ†’ energy transition
  • ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ fossil-fuel-centered structure
  • ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๊ฐ์ถ• โ†’ carbon emission reduction
  • ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ œ โ†’ core task
  • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ ˆ์•ฝ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ โ†’ energy-saving campaign
  • ์ถ”์ง„ โ†’ promotion/advancement
  • ๋น„์ถ• ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ stockpiling system
  • ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต โ†’ vulnerable groups
  • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณต์ง€ ์ •์ฑ… โ†’ energy welfare policy
  • ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„ โ†’ industry sector
  • ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ ˆ๊ฐ โ†’ consumption reduction
  • ๊ตญ์ œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ โ†’ international cooperation
  • ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ โ†’ risk distribution
  • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ โ†’ data-based management
  • ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ โ†’ efficiency
  • ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ โ†’ short-term fix
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Policy sentences often use action nouns: ์ „ํ™˜, ๊ฐ์ถ•, ์ถ”์ง„, ์ ˆ๊ฐ.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. โŒ ์ž์› ๋ถ€์กฑ = ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ โ†’ โœ… ๋ถ€์กฑ์€ ์–‘์ด ๋ชจ์ž๋žŒ, ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์€ ์ž์›์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Fix the nuance: shortage is not the same as depletion. โ›๏ธ
Answer
์†Œ์ง„ โ€” ์†Œ์ง„๋˜๋‹ค means to be exhausted/used up, close to ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋˜๋‹ค.
B. โŒ ์ง€์†์„ฑ โ†’ โœ… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์† ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
Fix the word: in environmental policy, sustainability is usually intended. ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€” Use ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ for sustainability.
C. โŒ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ๋งŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ โ†’ โœ… ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์™€ ์‚ฐ์—… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋„ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Fix the scale: macro-level problems require looking at institutions and industry structures. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ€” ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ is part of macro-level analysis.
D. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ธ‰๋“ฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If energy supply is unstable and prices surge, it can be called an energy crisis. โšก
Answer
์œ„๊ธฐ โ€” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ is stronger than a simple โ€œenergy problem.โ€
E. ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์žฌ์ƒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To reduce fossil fuels, renewable energy use must be expanded. ๐ŸŒž
Answer
์—๋„ˆ์ง€ โ€” ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ means renewable energy.
F. ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์™€ ํ† ๋ก ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๋‹ค.
โ€œTo propose an alternativeโ€ is a natural expression in reports and debates. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
์ œ์‹œ โ€” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค is formal and natural.
G. ์ž์› ์ˆœํ™˜์€ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์ž์›์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
Resource circulation reduces waste and increases the period of resource use. โ™ป๏ธ
Answer
๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ โ€” ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ means period of use.
H. ๋ฌผ ๋ถ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Water shortage and food crises can worsen social inequality. ๐Ÿ’ง
Answer
์‹ฌํ™” โ€” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค means to worsen inequality.
I. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ž์›์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Stable securing of core resources is important for economic security. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
ํ™•๋ณด โ€” ์ž์›์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์  ํ™•๋ณด means stable securing of resources.
J. ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์€ ์†Œ๋น„, ์ƒ์‚ฐ, ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
Macro-level resource depletion requires structural changes in consumption, production, and policy. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ์  โ€” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™” means structural change, matching the macro-level scale.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ž์› ๋ถ€์กฑ โ†’ resource shortage
  • ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ โ†’ resource depletion
  • ์†Œ์ง„๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be used up/exhausted
  • ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ sustainability
  • ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ โ†’ macro-level problem
  • ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ industrial structure
  • ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ โ†’ energy crisis
  • ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ โ†’ renewable energy
  • ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to propose an alternative
  • ์ž์› ์ˆœํ™˜ โ†’ resource circulation
  • ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ โ†’ period of use
  • ๋ฌผ ๋ถ€์กฑ โ†’ water shortage
  • ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์œ„๊ธฐ โ†’ food crisis
  • ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ โ†’ inequality
  • ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์•ˆ๋ณด โ†’ economic security
  • ์•ˆ์ •์  ํ™•๋ณด โ†’ stable securing
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™” โ†’ structural change
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol rule: match the word to the scale of the problem.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work โ€” you can now discuss ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์ž์› ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ with the vocabulary of systems, crises, and realistic alternatives. The planetโ€™s storage closet still needs help, but your Korean is officially more sustainable. ๐ŸŒโ™ป๏ธ