TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๋ง [man] means โonly / justโ and is the simplest limiting particle: ๋ฌผ๋ง ๋ง์ จ์ด์. [mul-man ma-syeo-sseo-yo] โ I only drank water.
- ๋ฟ [ppun] means โonly / nothing more than that,โ often in N๋ฟ์ด์์ [N-ppun-i-e-yo] or -(์ผ)ใน ๋ฟ์ด์์ [-(eu)l ppun-i-e-yo]: ์น๊ตฌ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์์. [chin-gu-il ppun-i-e-yo] โ We are only friends.
- ๋ฐ์ [ba-kke] means โonly / nothing but,โ but it must pair with a negative idea: ๋ฌผ๋ฐ์ ์์ด์. [mul-ba-kke eop-seo-yo] โ There is only water / nothing but water.
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Use Korean Helper Widgets to hear ๋ง [man], ๋ฟ [ppun], and ๋ฐ์ [ba-kke] in full sentences. Practice the contrast: ํ๋๋ง ์์ด์ [ha-na-man i-sseo-yo], ํ๋๋ฟ์ด์์ [ha-na-ppun-i-e-yo], and ํ๋๋ฐ์ ์์ด์ [ha-na-ba-kke eop-seo-yo]. ๐ง
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๐ The Big Picture
All three forms limit something, but they feel different.
- ๋ง = โonly / justโ in a neutral, flexible way.
- ๋ฟ = โonly / merely / nothing more than that,โ often a stronger โthatโs all.โ
- ๋ฐ์ = โnothing but / only,โ but it needs a negative ending such as ์์ด์, ๋ชฐ๋ผ์, ์, ๋ชป, or ์์์.
Compare:
- ์ ๋ ๋ฌผ๋ง ๋ง์ จ์ด์. [jeo-neun mul-man ma-syeo-sseo-yo] โ I drank only water.
- ๋ฌผ๋ฟ์ด์์. [mul-ppun-i-e-yo] โ It is only water / water is all.
- ๋ฌผ๋ฐ์ ์์ด์. [mul-ba-kke eop-seo-yo] โ There is nothing but water.
The meaning may be similar, but the grammar and feeling are different. ๐งญ
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๐จ Core Pattern 1: ๋ง
๋ง attaches directly after the thing being limited.
- ์ ๋ง [jeo-man] โ only me
- ์ค๋๋ง [o-neul-man] โ only today
- ํ๋๋ง [ha-na-man] โ only one
- ๋ฌผ๋ง [mul-man] โ only water
Examples:
- ์ ๋ง ๊ฐ์ด์. [jeo-man ga-sseo-yo] โ Only I went.
- ์ค๋๋ง ์ฌ์ด์. [o-neul-man swi-eo-yo] โ I rest only today.
- ์ปคํผ๋ง ๋ง์ ์. [keo-pi-man ma-syeo-yo] โ I only drink coffee.
๋ง can also combine with other particles:
- ์ง์๋ง ์์ด์. [ji-be-man i-sseo-yo] โ I stay only at home.
- ํ๊ตญ์์๋ง ์ด์์ด์. [han-gu-ge-seo-man sa-ra-sseo-yo] โ I lived only in Korea.
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๐จ Core Pattern 2: ๋ฟ
๋ฟ often means โonly / just / nothing more.โ
With nouns:
- N๋ฟ์ด์์ [N-ppun-i-e-yo] โ It is only N / N is all.
Examples:
- ์ ๋ ํ์์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์์. [jeo-neun hak-saeng-il ppun-i-e-yo] โ I am only a student.
- ์ด๊ฑด ์์์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์์. [i-geon si-ja-gil ppun-i-e-yo] โ This is only the beginning.
- ๋จ์ ๊ฑด ๋ฌผ๋ฟ์ด์์. [na-meun geon mul-ppun-i-e-yo] โ What is left is only water.
With verbs:
- ๋์ฌ ์ด๊ฐ + -(์ผ)ใน ๋ฟ์ด์์ โ I only do / it only does / nothing more than doing.
Examples:
- ์ ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆด ๋ฟ์ด์์. [jeo-neun gi-da-ril ppun-i-e-yo] โ I only wait / I can only wait.
- ๊ทธ๋ฅ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ดค์ ๋ฟ์ด์์. [geu-nyang mu-reo-bwa-sseul ppun-i-e-yo] โ I only asked.
- ๋์์ฃผ๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋ฟ์ด์์. [do-wa-ju-go si-peul ppun-i-e-yo] โ I only want to help.
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๐จ Core Pattern 3: ๋ฐ์
๋ฐ์ is the spicy one. ๐ถ๏ธ It means โonly / nothing but,โ but it needs a negative predicate.
The most common pattern:
- N๋ฐ์ ์์ด์ [N-ba-kke eop-seo-yo] โ There is only N / There is nothing but N.
Examples:
- ๋์ด ์ฒ ์๋ฐ์ ์์ด์. [do-ni cheon won-ba-kke eop-seo-yo] โ I only have 1,000 won.
- ์๊ฐ์ด 10๋ถ๋ฐ์ ์์ด์. [shi-ga-ni ship-bun-ba-kke eop-seo-yo] โ There are only 10 minutes.
- ์ ๋ ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธ๋ฐ์ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์. [jeo-neun han-gu-geo-reul jo-geum-ba-kke mol-la-yo] โ I only know a little Korean.
The negative partner is required:
- โ ํ๋๋ฐ์ ์์ด์. [ha-na-ba-kke eop-seo-yo] โ There is only one.
- โ ํ๋๋ฐ์ ์์ด์. [ha-na-ba-kke i-sseo-yo] โ wrong for โThere is only one.โ
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๐ ๏ธ How It Works in Sentences
- ์ ๋ ์ค๋๋ง ์ผํด์. [jeo-neun o-neul-man i-rae-yo] โ I work only today.
- ์ค๋๋ง limits the time to today.
- ์ด๊ฑด ์ฐ์ต์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์์. [i-geon yeon-seu-bil ppun-i-e-yo] โ This is only practice.
- ๋ฟ์ด์์ makes it sound like โnothing more than practice.โ
- ์ ๋ ํ๋๋ฐ์ ๋ชป ๋จน์์ด์. [jeo-neun ha-na-ba-kke mot meo-geo-sseo-yo] โ I could only eat one.
- ๋ฐ์ pairs with negative ๋ชป.
- ์น๊ตฌ๋ง ์์ด์. [chin-gu-man wa-sseo-yo] โ Only my friend came.
- Neutral โonly.โ
- ์น๊ตฌ๋ฐ์ ์ ์์ด์. [chin-gu-ba-kke an wa-sseo-yo] โ Nobody came except my friend / only my friend came.
- Same basic meaning, but with a negative structure.
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๐งฉ Quick Comparison Card
๋ง
- Flexible and neutral.
- Can be used with positive or negative sentences.
- ์ ๋ง ์์์. [jeo-man a-ra-yo] โ Only I know.
๋ฟ
- Strong โonly / merely / nothing more.โ
- Common in ๋ฟ์ด์์ and -(์ผ)ใน ๋ฟ์ด์์.
- ์ ๋ ๋์์ ๋ฟ์ด์์. [jeo-neun do-wa-sseul ppun-i-e-yo] โ I only helped.
๋ฐ์
- Means โnothing but / only,โ with a negative partner.
- Very common with ์์ด์, ๋ชฐ๋ผ์, ์, ๋ชป, ์์์.
- ์ ๋ ์ด๊ฒ๋ฐ์ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์. [jeo-neun i-geot-ba-kke mol-la-yo] โ I know only this.
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๐ Cross-check note
The limiting uses of ๋ง, ๋ฟ, and ๋ฐ์ were checked against korean.go.kr and standard Korean grammar references. Korean grammar describes forms like ๋ง and ๋ฟ as particles that add limiting meaning, and ๋ฐ์ is characteristically used with negative expressions such as ์๋ค and ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ค. โ
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โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ Using ๋ฐ์ with a positive verb โ โ Use a negative partner: ํ๋๋ฐ์ ์์ด์, not ํ๋๋ฐ์ ์์ด์.
- โ Treating ๋ง, ๋ฟ, and ๋ฐ์ as identical โ โ They can all mean โonly,โ but the grammar and nuance differ.
- โ Forgetting that ๋ฟ often needs ์ด๋ค after nouns โ โ ํ์์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
- โ Saying ๋ฌผ๋ฐ์ ์์ด์ for โThere is only waterโ โ โ ๋ฌผ๋ฐ์ ์์ด์.
- โ Overusing ๋ฟ in casual beginner speech โ โ ๋ง is often the safest first choice.
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๐ Bottom line: use ๋ง for easy โonly,โ ๋ฟ for โnothing more than,โ and ๋ฐ์ when the sentence has a negative partner. Limitation toolkit unlocked. ๐๏ธโจ
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Try this exercise
Instructions: Choose ๋ง, ๋ฟ, or ๋ฐ์. Read each Korean sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle. ๐ง
1. ๋ฌผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ง์
จ์ด์.
[mul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ma-syeo-sseo-yo]
I drank only water. ๐ง
Answer
๋ง โ ๋ฌผ๋ง ๋ง์
จ์ด์.
2. ๋ฌผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด์.
[mul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
There is only water / nothing but water. ๐ง
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ๋ฌผ๋ฐ์ ์์ด์.
3. ์ด๊ฑด ์ฐ์ต์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[i-geon yeon-seu-bil ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
This is only practice. ๐
Answer
๋ฟ โ ์ด๊ฑด ์ฐ์ต์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
4. ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์์.
[jeo-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ a-ra-yo]
Only I know. ๐คซ
Answer
๋ง โ ์ ๋ง ์์์.
5. ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์.
[jeo-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ mol-la-yo]
I know only myself? / I do not know anyone except me. ๐งญ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์. This means someone knows only themselves / cares only about themselves depending on context.
6. ํ๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด์.
[ha-na-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ i-sseo-yo]
There is only one. 1๏ธโฃ
Answer
๋ง โ ํ๋๋ง ์์ด์.
7. ํ๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด์.
[ha-na-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
There is only one / nothing but one. 1๏ธโฃ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ํ๋๋ฐ์ ์์ด์.
8. ์ ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[jeo-neun gi-da-ril ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I can only wait. โณ
Answer
๋ฟ โ ์ ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆด ๋ฟ์ด์์.
9. ์ค๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฌ์ด์.
[o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ swi-eo-yo]
I rest only today. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ง โ ์ค๋๋ง ์ฌ์ด์.
10. 10๋ถ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด์.
[ship-bun-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
There are only 10 minutes. โฐ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ 10๋ถ๋ฐ์ ์์ด์.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ฌผ โ water
- ๋ง์๋ค โ to drink
- ์๋ค โ to not exist / not have
- ์ฐ์ต โ practice
- ์๋ค โ to know
- ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ค โ to not know
- ํ๋ โ one
- ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ค โ to wait
- ์ค๋ โ today
- 10๋ถ โ 10 minutes
Memory tip ๐ก ๋ฐ์ loves negative friends: ์์ด์, ๋ชฐ๋ผ์, ์, ๋ชป.
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below gives you a full limiting-particle workout.
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Limiting Particle: ๋ง / ๋ฟ / ๋ฐ์
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Welcome to the limiting-particle workout. ๐๏ธ Youโll practice neutral โonly,โ strong โnothing more than,โ and the special negative pattern with ๋ฐ์. By the end, ํ๋๋ง ์์ด์, ํ๋๋ฟ์ด์์, and ํ๋๋ฐ์ ์์ด์ will feel different instead of confusing.
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets to hear ์ ๋ง ์์์, ์ฐ์ต์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์์, and ํ๋๋ฐ์ ์์ด์.
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๐ Instructions: Fill in each blank, read the Korean aloud, then check the Answer toggle. Watch especially for negative words near ๋ฐ์.
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Exercise 1 โ ๋ง: Easy โOnlyโ ๐งฑ
A. ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ์ด์.
[jeo-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ga-sseo-yo]
Only I went. ๐ถ
Answer
์ ๋ง ๊ฐ์ด์. [jeo-man ga-sseo-yo]
B. ์ปคํผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ง์
์.
[keo-pi-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ma-syeo-yo]
I only drink coffee. โ
Answer
์ปคํผ๋ง ๋ง์
์. [keo-pi-man ma-syeo-yo]
C. ์ค๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ผํด์.
[o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ i-rae-yo]
I work only today. ๐
Answer
์ค๋๋ง ์ผํด์. [o-neul-man i-rae-yo]
D. ํ๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฃผ์ธ์.
[ha-na-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ju-se-yo]
Please give me only one. 1๏ธโฃ
Answer
ํ๋๋ง ์ฃผ์ธ์. [ha-na-man ju-se-yo]
E. ์ง์๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด์.
[ji-be-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ i-sseo-yo]
I stay only at home. ๐
Answer
์ง์๋ง ์์ด์. [ji-be-man i-sseo-yo]
F. ํ๊ตญ์์๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด์์ด์.
[han-gu-ge-seo-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ sa-ra-sseo-yo]
I lived only in Korea. ๐ฐ๐ท
Answer
ํ๊ตญ์์๋ง ์ด์์ด์. [han-gu-ge-seo-man sa-ra-sseo-yo]
G. ์ด๊ฒ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ํด์.
[i-geot-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ pi-ryo-hae-yo]
I need only this. ๐
Answer
์ด๊ฒ๋ง ํ์ํด์. [i-geot-man pi-ryo-hae-yo]
H. ์ฃผ๋ง์๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด๋ํด์.
[ju-ma-re-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ un-dong-hae-yo]
I exercise only on weekends. ๐
Answer
์ฃผ๋ง์๋ง ์ด๋ํด์. [ju-ma-re-man un-dong-hae-yo]
I. ์น๊ตฌ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด์.
[chin-gu-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ wa-sseo-yo]
Only my friend came. ๐
Answer
์น๊ตฌ๋ง ์์ด์. [chin-gu-man wa-sseo-yo]
J. ์กฐ๊ธ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋จน์์ด์.
[jo-geum-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ meo-geo-sseo-yo]
I ate only a little. ๐
Answer
์กฐ๊ธ๋ง ๋จน์์ด์. [jo-geum-man meo-geo-sseo-yo]
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ฐ๋ค โ to go
- ์ปคํผ โ coffee
- ์ผํ๋ค โ to work
- ์ฃผ๋ค โ to give
- ์ง โ house/home
- ์ด๋ค โ to live
- ํ์ํ๋ค โ to need
- ์ฃผ๋ง โ weekend
- ์ด๋ํ๋ค โ to exercise
- ์กฐ๊ธ โ a little
Tip ๐ก ๋ง is the safest beginner โonly.โ
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Exercise 2 โ ๋ฟ: Nothing More Than ๐งฑ
A. ์ ๋ ํ์์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[jeo-neun hak-saeng-il ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I am only a student. ๐
Answer
๋ฟ โ ์ ๋ ํ์์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
B. ์ด๊ฑด ์์์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[i-geon si-ja-gil ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
This is only the beginning. ๐ฑ
Answer
๋ฟ โ ์ด๊ฑด ์์์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
C. ๋จ์ ๊ฑด ๋ฌผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[na-meun geon mul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
What is left is only water. ๐ง
Answer
๋ฟ โ ๋จ์ ๊ฑด ๋ฌผ๋ฟ์ด์์.
D. ์ ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[jeo-neun gi-da-ril ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I can only wait. โณ
Answer
๋ฟ โ ์ ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆด ๋ฟ์ด์์.
E. ๊ทธ๋ฅ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ดค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[geu-nyang mu-reo-bwa-sseul ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I only asked. โ
Answer
๋ฟ โ ๊ทธ๋ฅ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ดค์ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
F. ๋์์ฃผ๊ณ ์ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[do-wa-ju-go si-peul ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I only want to help. ๐ค
Answer
๋ฟ โ ๋์์ฃผ๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
G. ๋๋ด์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[nong-da-mil ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
It is only a joke. ๐
Answer
๋ฟ โ ๋๋ด์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
H. ์ ๋ ๋ค์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[jeo-neun deu-reo-sseul ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I only heard it. ๐
Answer
๋ฟ โ ์ ๋ ๋ค์์ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
I. ์ด๊ฑด ์์์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[i-geon ye-shi-il ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
This is only an example. ๐งพ
Answer
๋ฟ โ ์ด๊ฑด ์์์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
J. ์ ๋ ์ต์ ์ ๋คํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[jeo-neun choe-seo-neul da-hae-sseul ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I only did my best. ๐ช
Answer
๋ฟ โ ์ ๋ ์ต์ ์ ๋คํ์ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
Vocabulary Box
- ํ์ โ student
- ์์ โ beginning
- ๋จ๋ค โ to remain
- ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ค โ to wait
- ๊ทธ๋ฅ โ just
- ๋ฌผ์ด๋ณด๋ค โ to ask
- ๋๋ด โ joke
- ๋ฃ๋ค โ to hear
- ์์ โ example
- ์ต์ ์ ๋คํ๋ค โ to do one's best
Tip ๐ก ๋ฟ์ด์์ often sounds like โthat is all.โ
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Exercise 3 โ ๋ฐ์: Negative Partner Required ๐ถ๏ธ
A. ๋์ด ์ฒ ์๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด์.
[do-ni cheon won-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
I only have 1,000 won. ๐ธ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ๋์ด ์ฒ ์๋ฐ์ ์์ด์.
B. ์๊ฐ์ด 10๋ถ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด์.
[shi-ga-ni ship-bun-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
There are only 10 minutes. โฐ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ์๊ฐ์ด 10๋ถ๋ฐ์ ์์ด์.
C. ์ ๋ ์ด๊ฒ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์.
[jeo-neun i-geot-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ mol-la-yo]
I know only this. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ์ ๋ ์ด๊ฒ๋ฐ์ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์.
D. ํ๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด์.
[ha-na-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
There is only one. 1๏ธโฃ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ํ๋๋ฐ์ ์์ด์.
E. ์กฐ๊ธ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชป ๋จน์์ด์.
[jo-geum-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ mot meo-geo-sseo-yo]
I could only eat a little. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ์กฐ๊ธ๋ฐ์ ๋ชป ๋จน์์ด์.
F. ์น๊ตฌ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์์ด์.
[chin-gu-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ an wa-sseo-yo]
Only my friend came / nobody came except my friend. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ์น๊ตฌ๋ฐ์ ์ ์์ด์.
G. ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์.
[han-gu-geo-reul jo-geum-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ mol-la-yo]
I know only a little Korean. ๐ฐ๐ท
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธ๋ฐ์ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์.
H. ๋ ๋ช
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด์.
[du myeong-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
There are only two people. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ๋ ๋ช
๋ฐ์ ์์ด์.
I. ์ค๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ ๋ผ์.
[o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ shi-ga-ni an dwae-yo]
Only today does not work for me. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ์ can work with a negative idea: ์ค๋๋ฐ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ ๋ผ์.
J. ๋ฌผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ๋ง์
จ์ด์.
[mul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ an ma-syeo-sseo-yo]
I drank nothing but water. ๐ง
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ๋ฌผ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ง์
จ์ด์.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ โ money
- ์ฒ ์ โ 1,000 won
- ์๊ฐ โ time
- ์ด๊ฒ โ this thing
- ๋จน๋ค โ to eat
- ์ค๋ค โ to come
- ๋ ๋ช โ two people
- ์๊ฐ์ด ๋๋ค โ time works / be available
- ์ โ not
- ๋ชป โ cannot
Tip ๐ก If you see ๋ฐ์, look for the negative partner.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Choose the Best Limiter ๐งญ
A. ํ๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด์.
[ha-na-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ i-sseo-yo]
There is only one. 1๏ธโฃ
Answer
๋ง โ ํ๋๋ง ์์ด์. Use ๋ง with positive ์์ด์.
B. ํ๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด์.
[ha-na-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
There is only one. 1๏ธโฃ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ํ๋๋ฐ์ ์์ด์. Use ๋ฐ์ with negative ์์ด์.
C. ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฟ์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[i-geon kku-mil ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
This is only a dream. ๐
Answer
๋ฟ โ ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฟ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
D. ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ ์ ์์ด์.
[jeo-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ gal su i-sseo-yo]
Only I can go. ๐ถ
Answer
๋ง โ ์ ๋ง ๊ฐ ์ ์์ด์.
E. ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ ์ ์์ด์.
[jeo-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ gal su eop-seo-yo]
Only I cannot go / no one except me can go, depending context. ๐ถ
Answer
๋ฐ์ can fit a negative frame: ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ ์ ์์ด์. Often this means โOnly I can goโ because โno one except me can go.โ
F. ์ฅ๋์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[jang-na-nil ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
It is only a joke/prank. ๐
Answer
๋ฟ โ ์ฅ๋์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
G. ์ค๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํน๋ณํด์.
[o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ teuk-byeo-rae-yo]
Only today is special. โจ
Answer
๋ง โ ์ค๋๋ง ํน๋ณํด์.
H. ์ค๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๊ฐ์ด ์์ด์.
[o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ shi-ga-ni eop-seo-yo]
I only do not have time today. ๐
Answer
๋ง is natural here: ์ค๋๋ง ์๊ฐ์ด ์์ด์.
I. ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[gi-da-ril ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I can only wait. โณ
Answer
๋ฟ โ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆด ๋ฟ์ด์์.
J. ๊น์น๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋จน์์ด์.
[gim-chi-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ meo-geo-sseo-yo]
I ate only kimchi. ๐ฅฌ
Answer
๋ง โ ๊น์น๋ง ๋จน์์ด์.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ฟ โ dream
- ๊ฐ ์ ์๋ค โ can go
- ๊ฐ ์ ์๋ค โ cannot go
- ์ฅ๋ โ joke/prank
- ํน๋ณํ๋ค โ to be special
- ์๊ฐ์ด ์๋ค โ to not have time
- ๊น์น โ kimchi
Tip ๐ก Positive sentence? ๋ง is often easiest. โThatโs allโ? ๋ฟ. Negative frame? Consider ๋ฐ์.
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. โ ํ๋๋ฐ์ ์์ด์. โ โ
ํ๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด์.
[ha-na-ba-kke i-sseo-yo โ ha-na-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ i-sseo-yo]
There is only one. 1๏ธโฃ
Answer
๋ง โ ํ๋๋ง ์์ด์.
B. โ ๋ฌผ๋ฐ์ ์์ด์. โ โ
๋ฌผ๋ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
[mul-ba-kke i-sseo-yo โ mul-ba-kke ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ]
There is only water. ๐ง
Answer
์์ด์ โ ๋ฌผ๋ฐ์ ์์ด์.
C. ์ ๋ ๋์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[jeo-neun do-wa-sseul ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I only helped. ๐ค
Answer
๋ฟ โ ๋์์ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
D. ์ ๋ ์ค๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๊ฐ์ด ์์ด์.
[jeo-neun o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ shi-ga-ni i-sseo-yo]
I have time only today. ๐
Answer
๋ง โ ์ค๋๋ง ์๊ฐ์ด ์์ด์.
E. ์ ๋ ์ค๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๊ฐ์ด ์์ด์.
[jeo-neun o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ shi-ga-ni eop-seo-yo]
Only today, I do not have time. ๐
Answer
๋ง โ ์ค๋๋ง ์๊ฐ์ด ์์ด์.
F. ์ ๋ ์ค๋๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ ๋ผ์.
[jeo-neun o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ shi-ga-ni an dwae-yo]
Only today works / no day except today works, depending context. ๐
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ์ค๋๋ฐ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ ๋ผ์.
G. ์ด๊ฑด ์์์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[i-geon ye-shi-il ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
This is only an example. ๐งพ
Answer
๋ฟ โ ์์์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
H. ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์์.
[han-gu-geo-reul jo-geum-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ a-ra-yo]
I know only a little Korean. ๐ฐ๐ท
Answer
๋ง โ ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธ๋ง ์์์.
I. ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์.
[han-gu-geo-reul jo-geum-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ mol-la-yo]
I know only a little Korean. ๐ฐ๐ท
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธ๋ฐ์ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์.
J. ์ ๋ ์์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์์.
[jeo-neun u-seo-sseul ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I only laughed. ๐
Answer
๋ฟ โ ์ ๋ ์์์ ๋ฟ์ด์์.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋๋ค โ to help
- ์ค๋ โ today
- ์๊ฐ์ด ์๋ค โ to have time
- ์๊ฐ์ด ์ ๋๋ค โ time does not work
- ์์ โ example
- ํ๊ตญ์ด โ Korean language
- ์กฐ๊ธ โ a little
- ์๋ค โ to know
- ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ค โ to not know
- ์๋ค โ to laugh
Tip ๐ก Same English โonlyโ can become different Korean grammar depending on the sentence structure.
ย
๐ You finished the limiting-particle workout. You can now say โonlyโ three Korean ways: simple ๋ง, strong ๋ฟ, and negative-frame ๋ฐ์. Tiny particles, huge precision. ๐๏ธโจ