๐Ÿ—๏ธ

Limiting Particle: ๋งŒ / ๋ฟ / ๋ฐ–์—

Keywords
๋งŒ/๋ฟ/๋ฐ–์—
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Basic Grammar
๐ŸŽฏ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๋งŒ [man] means โ€œonly / justโ€ and is the simplest limiting particle: ๋ฌผ๋งŒ ๋งˆ์…จ์–ด์š”. [mul-man ma-syeo-sseo-yo] โ€” I only drank water.
  • ๋ฟ [ppun] means โ€œonly / nothing more than that,โ€ often in N๋ฟ์ด์—์š” [N-ppun-i-e-yo] or -(์œผ)ใ„น ๋ฟ์ด์—์š” [-(eu)l ppun-i-e-yo]: ์นœ๊ตฌ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”. [chin-gu-il ppun-i-e-yo] โ€” We are only friends.
  • ๋ฐ–์— [ba-kke] means โ€œonly / nothing but,โ€ but it must pair with a negative idea: ๋ฌผ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”. [mul-ba-kke eop-seo-yo] โ€” There is only water / nothing but water.
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear ๋งŒ [man], ๋ฟ [ppun], and ๋ฐ–์— [ba-kke] in full sentences. Practice the contrast: ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ์žˆ์–ด์š” [ha-na-man i-sseo-yo], ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฟ์ด์—์š” [ha-na-ppun-i-e-yo], and ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š” [ha-na-ba-kke eop-seo-yo]. ๐ŸŽง
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

All three forms limit something, but they feel different.
  • ๋งŒ = โ€œonly / justโ€ in a neutral, flexible way.
  • ๋ฟ = โ€œonly / merely / nothing more than that,โ€ often a stronger โ€œthatโ€™s all.โ€
  • ๋ฐ–์— = โ€œnothing but / only,โ€ but it needs a negative ending such as ์—†์–ด์š”, ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”, ์•ˆ, ๋ชป, or ์•Š์•„์š”.
Compare:
  • ์ €๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋งŒ ๋งˆ์…จ์–ด์š”. [jeo-neun mul-man ma-syeo-sseo-yo] โ€” I drank only water.
  • ๋ฌผ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”. [mul-ppun-i-e-yo] โ€” It is only water / water is all.
  • ๋ฌผ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”. [mul-ba-kke eop-seo-yo] โ€” There is nothing but water.
The meaning may be similar, but the grammar and feeling are different. ๐Ÿงญ
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๐ŸŽจ Core Pattern 1: ๋งŒ

๋งŒ attaches directly after the thing being limited.
  • ์ €๋งŒ [jeo-man] โ€” only me
  • ์˜ค๋Š˜๋งŒ [o-neul-man] โ€” only today
  • ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ [ha-na-man] โ€” only one
  • ๋ฌผ๋งŒ [mul-man] โ€” only water
Examples:
  • ์ €๋งŒ ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”. [jeo-man ga-sseo-yo] โ€” Only I went.
  • ์˜ค๋Š˜๋งŒ ์‰ฌ์–ด์š”. [o-neul-man swi-eo-yo] โ€” I rest only today.
  • ์ปคํ”ผ๋งŒ ๋งˆ์…”์š”. [keo-pi-man ma-syeo-yo] โ€” I only drink coffee.
๋งŒ can also combine with other particles:
  • ์ง‘์—๋งŒ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. [ji-be-man i-sseo-yo] โ€” I stay only at home.
  • ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ด์•˜์–ด์š”. [han-gu-ge-seo-man sa-ra-sseo-yo] โ€” I lived only in Korea.
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๐ŸŽจ Core Pattern 2: ๋ฟ

๋ฟ often means โ€œonly / just / nothing more.โ€
With nouns:
  • N๋ฟ์ด์—์š” [N-ppun-i-e-yo] โ€” It is only N / N is all.
Examples:
  • ์ €๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”. [jeo-neun hak-saeng-il ppun-i-e-yo] โ€” I am only a student.
  • ์ด๊ฑด ์‹œ์ž‘์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”. [i-geon si-ja-gil ppun-i-e-yo] โ€” This is only the beginning.
  • ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฑด ๋ฌผ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”. [na-meun geon mul-ppun-i-e-yo] โ€” What is left is only water.
With verbs:
  • ๋™์‚ฌ ์–ด๊ฐ„ + -(์œผ)ใ„น ๋ฟ์ด์—์š” โ€” I only do / it only does / nothing more than doing.
Examples:
  • ์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”. [jeo-neun gi-da-ril ppun-i-e-yo] โ€” I only wait / I can only wait.
  • ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”. [geu-nyang mu-reo-bwa-sseul ppun-i-e-yo] โ€” I only asked.
  • ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”. [do-wa-ju-go si-peul ppun-i-e-yo] โ€” I only want to help.
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๐ŸŽจ Core Pattern 3: ๋ฐ–์—

๋ฐ–์— is the spicy one. ๐ŸŒถ๏ธ It means โ€œonly / nothing but,โ€ but it needs a negative predicate.
The most common pattern:
  • N๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š” [N-ba-kke eop-seo-yo] โ€” There is only N / There is nothing but N.
Examples:
  • ๋ˆ์ด ์ฒœ ์›๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”. [do-ni cheon won-ba-kke eop-seo-yo] โ€” I only have 1,000 won.
  • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 10๋ถ„๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”. [shi-ga-ni ship-bun-ba-kke eop-seo-yo] โ€” There are only 10 minutes.
  • ์ €๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”. [jeo-neun han-gu-geo-reul jo-geum-ba-kke mol-la-yo] โ€” I only know a little Korean.
The negative partner is required:
  • โœ… ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”. [ha-na-ba-kke eop-seo-yo] โ€” There is only one.
  • โŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”. [ha-na-ba-kke i-sseo-yo] โ€” wrong for โ€œThere is only one.โ€
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๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How It Works in Sentences

  1. ์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋งŒ ์ผํ•ด์š”. [jeo-neun o-neul-man i-rae-yo] โ€” I work only today.
      • ์˜ค๋Š˜๋งŒ limits the time to today.
  1. ์ด๊ฑด ์—ฐ์Šต์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”. [i-geon yeon-seu-bil ppun-i-e-yo] โ€” This is only practice.
      • ๋ฟ์ด์—์š” makes it sound like โ€œnothing more than practice.โ€
  1. ์ €๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ๋ชป ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด์š”. [jeo-neun ha-na-ba-kke mot meo-geo-sseo-yo] โ€” I could only eat one.
      • ๋ฐ–์— pairs with negative ๋ชป.
  1. ์นœ๊ตฌ๋งŒ ์™”์–ด์š”. [chin-gu-man wa-sseo-yo] โ€” Only my friend came.
      • Neutral โ€œonly.โ€
  1. ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ ์™”์–ด์š”. [chin-gu-ba-kke an wa-sseo-yo] โ€” Nobody came except my friend / only my friend came.
      • Same basic meaning, but with a negative structure.
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๐Ÿงฉ Quick Comparison Card

๋งŒ

  • Flexible and neutral.
  • Can be used with positive or negative sentences.
  • ์ €๋งŒ ์•Œ์•„์š”. [jeo-man a-ra-yo] โ€” Only I know.

๋ฟ

  • Strong โ€œonly / merely / nothing more.โ€
  • Common in ๋ฟ์ด์—์š” and -(์œผ)ใ„น ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
  • ์ €๋Š” ๋„์™”์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”. [jeo-neun do-wa-sseul ppun-i-e-yo] โ€” I only helped.

๋ฐ–์—

  • Means โ€œnothing but / only,โ€ with a negative partner.
  • Very common with ์—†์–ด์š”, ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”, ์•ˆ, ๋ชป, ์•Š์•„์š”.
  • ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”. [jeo-neun i-geot-ba-kke mol-la-yo] โ€” I know only this.
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๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

The limiting uses of ๋งŒ, ๋ฟ, and ๋ฐ–์— were checked against korean.go.kr and standard Korean grammar references. Korean grammar describes forms like ๋งŒ and ๋ฟ as particles that add limiting meaning, and ๋ฐ–์— is characteristically used with negative expressions such as ์—†๋‹ค and ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‹ค. โœ…
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โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ Using ๋ฐ–์— with a positive verb โ†’ โœ… Use a negative partner: ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”, not ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
  • โŒ Treating ๋งŒ, ๋ฟ, and ๋ฐ–์— as identical โ†’ โœ… They can all mean โ€œonly,โ€ but the grammar and nuance differ.
  • โŒ Forgetting that ๋ฟ often needs ์ด๋‹ค after nouns โ†’ โœ… ํ•™์ƒ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
  • โŒ Saying ๋ฌผ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ์–ด์š” for โ€œThere is only waterโ€ โ†’ โœ… ๋ฌผ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”.
  • โŒ Overusing ๋ฟ in casual beginner speech โ†’ โœ… ๋งŒ is often the safest first choice.
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๐ŸŽ‰ Bottom line: use ๋งŒ for easy โ€œonly,โ€ ๋ฟ for โ€œnothing more than,โ€ and ๋ฐ–์— when the sentence has a negative partner. Limitation toolkit unlocked. ๐Ÿ—๏ธโœจ
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Try this exercise
Instructions: Choose ๋งŒ, ๋ฟ, or ๋ฐ–์—. Read each Korean sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle. ๐ŸŽง
1. ๋ฌผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋งˆ์…จ์–ด์š”.
[mul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ma-syeo-sseo-yo]
I drank only water. ๐Ÿ’ง
Answer
๋งŒ โ€” ๋ฌผ๋งŒ ๋งˆ์…จ์–ด์š”.
2. ๋ฌผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์—†์–ด์š”.
[mul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
There is only water / nothing but water. ๐Ÿ’ง
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ๋ฌผ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”.
3. ์ด๊ฑด ์—ฐ์Šต์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[i-geon yeon-seu-bil ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
This is only practice. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ์ด๊ฑด ์—ฐ์Šต์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
4. ์ €๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์•Œ์•„์š”.
[jeo-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ a-ra-yo]
Only I know. ๐Ÿคซ
Answer
๋งŒ โ€” ์ €๋งŒ ์•Œ์•„์š”.
5. ์ €๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
[jeo-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ mol-la-yo]
I know only myself? / I do not know anyone except me. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ์ €๋ฐ–์— ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”. This means someone knows only themselves / cares only about themselves depending on context.
6. ํ•˜๋‚˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
[ha-na-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ i-sseo-yo]
There is only one. 1๏ธโƒฃ
Answer
๋งŒ โ€” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
7. ํ•˜๋‚˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์—†์–ด์š”.
[ha-na-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
There is only one / nothing but one. 1๏ธโƒฃ
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”.
8. ์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[jeo-neun gi-da-ril ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I can only wait. โณ
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
9. ์˜ค๋Š˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‰ฌ์–ด์š”.
[o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ swi-eo-yo]
I rest only today. ๐Ÿ›‹๏ธ
Answer
๋งŒ โ€” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋งŒ ์‰ฌ์–ด์š”.
10. 10๋ถ„๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์—†์–ด์š”.
[ship-bun-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
There are only 10 minutes. โฐ
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” 10๋ถ„๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋ฌผ โ†’ water
  • ๋งˆ์‹œ๋‹ค โ†’ to drink
  • ์—†๋‹ค โ†’ to not exist / not have
  • ์—ฐ์Šต โ†’ practice
  • ์•Œ๋‹ค โ†’ to know
  • ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‹ค โ†’ to not know
  • ํ•˜๋‚˜ โ†’ one
  • ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋‹ค โ†’ to wait
  • ์˜ค๋Š˜ โ†’ today
  • 10๋ถ„ โ†’ 10 minutes
Memory tip ๐Ÿ’ก ๋ฐ–์— loves negative friends: ์—†์–ด์š”, ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”, ์•ˆ, ๋ชป.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below gives you a full limiting-particle workout.
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Limiting Particle: ๋งŒ / ๋ฟ / ๋ฐ–์—
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Welcome to the limiting-particle workout. ๐Ÿ—๏ธ Youโ€™ll practice neutral โ€œonly,โ€ strong โ€œnothing more than,โ€ and the special negative pattern with ๋ฐ–์—. By the end, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ์žˆ์–ด์š”, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฟ์ด์—์š”, and ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š” will feel different instead of confusing.
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear ์ €๋งŒ ์•Œ์•„์š”, ์—ฐ์Šต์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”, and ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Fill in each blank, read the Korean aloud, then check the Answer toggle. Watch especially for negative words near ๋ฐ–์—.
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Exercise 1 โ€” ๋งŒ: Easy โ€œOnlyโ€ ๐Ÿงฑ

A. ์ €๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
[jeo-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ga-sseo-yo]
Only I went. ๐Ÿšถ
Answer
์ €๋งŒ ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”. [jeo-man ga-sseo-yo]
B. ์ปคํ”ผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋งˆ์…”์š”.
[keo-pi-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ma-syeo-yo]
I only drink coffee. โ˜•
Answer
์ปคํ”ผ๋งŒ ๋งˆ์…”์š”. [keo-pi-man ma-syeo-yo]
C. ์˜ค๋Š˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ผํ•ด์š”.
[o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ i-rae-yo]
I work only today. ๐Ÿ“…
Answer
์˜ค๋Š˜๋งŒ ์ผํ•ด์š”. [o-neul-man i-rae-yo]
D. ํ•˜๋‚˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
[ha-na-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ju-se-yo]
Please give me only one. 1๏ธโƒฃ
Answer
ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. [ha-na-man ju-se-yo]
E. ์ง‘์—๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
[ji-be-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ i-sseo-yo]
I stay only at home. ๐Ÿ 
Answer
์ง‘์—๋งŒ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. [ji-be-man i-sseo-yo]
F. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‚ด์•˜์–ด์š”.
[han-gu-ge-seo-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ sa-ra-sseo-yo]
I lived only in Korea. ๐Ÿ‡ฐ๐Ÿ‡ท
Answer
ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ด์•˜์–ด์š”. [han-gu-ge-seo-man sa-ra-sseo-yo]
G. ์ด๊ฒƒ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์š”.
[i-geot-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ pi-ryo-hae-yo]
I need only this. ๐Ÿ“Œ
Answer
์ด๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์š”. [i-geot-man pi-ryo-hae-yo]
H. ์ฃผ๋ง์—๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์šด๋™ํ•ด์š”.
[ju-ma-re-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ un-dong-hae-yo]
I exercise only on weekends. ๐Ÿƒ
Answer
์ฃผ๋ง์—๋งŒ ์šด๋™ํ•ด์š”. [ju-ma-re-man un-dong-hae-yo]
I. ์นœ๊ตฌ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์™”์–ด์š”.
[chin-gu-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ wa-sseo-yo]
Only my friend came. ๐Ÿ‘‹
Answer
์นœ๊ตฌ๋งŒ ์™”์–ด์š”. [chin-gu-man wa-sseo-yo]
J. ์กฐ๊ธˆ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
[jo-geum-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ meo-geo-sseo-yo]
I ate only a little. ๐Ÿš
Answer
์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด์š”. [jo-geum-man meo-geo-sseo-yo]
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฐ€๋‹ค โ†’ to go
  • ์ปคํ”ผ โ†’ coffee
  • ์ผํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to work
  • ์ฃผ๋‹ค โ†’ to give
  • ์ง‘ โ†’ house/home
  • ์‚ด๋‹ค โ†’ to live
  • ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to need
  • ์ฃผ๋ง โ†’ weekend
  • ์šด๋™ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to exercise
  • ์กฐ๊ธˆ โ†’ a little
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ๋งŒ is the safest beginner โ€œonly.โ€
ย 

Exercise 2 โ€” ๋ฟ: Nothing More Than ๐Ÿงฑ

A. ์ €๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[jeo-neun hak-saeng-il ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I am only a student. ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ์ €๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
B. ์ด๊ฑด ์‹œ์ž‘์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[i-geon si-ja-gil ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
This is only the beginning. ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ์ด๊ฑด ์‹œ์ž‘์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
C. ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฑด ๋ฌผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[na-meun geon mul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
What is left is only water. ๐Ÿ’ง
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฑด ๋ฌผ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
D. ์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[jeo-neun gi-da-ril ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I can only wait. โณ
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
E. ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[geu-nyang mu-reo-bwa-sseul ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I only asked. โ“
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
F. ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[do-wa-ju-go si-peul ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I only want to help. ๐Ÿค
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
G. ๋†๋‹ด์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[nong-da-mil ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
It is only a joke. ๐Ÿ˜„
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ๋†๋‹ด์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
H. ์ €๋Š” ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[jeo-neun deu-reo-sseul ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I only heard it. ๐Ÿ‘‚
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ์ €๋Š” ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
I. ์ด๊ฑด ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[i-geon ye-shi-il ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
This is only an example. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ์ด๊ฑด ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
J. ์ €๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์„ ๋‹คํ–ˆ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[jeo-neun choe-seo-neul da-hae-sseul ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I only did my best. ๐Ÿ’ช
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ์ €๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์„ ๋‹คํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํ•™์ƒ โ†’ student
  • ์‹œ์ž‘ โ†’ beginning
  • ๋‚จ๋‹ค โ†’ to remain
  • ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋‹ค โ†’ to wait
  • ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ โ†’ just
  • ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋‹ค โ†’ to ask
  • ๋†๋‹ด โ†’ joke
  • ๋“ฃ๋‹ค โ†’ to hear
  • ์˜ˆ์‹œ โ†’ example
  • ์ตœ์„ ์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to do one's best
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ๋ฟ์ด์—์š” often sounds like โ€œthat is all.โ€
ย 

Exercise 3 โ€” ๋ฐ–์—: Negative Partner Required ๐ŸŒถ๏ธ

A. ๋ˆ์ด ์ฒœ ์›๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์—†์–ด์š”.
[do-ni cheon won-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
I only have 1,000 won. ๐Ÿ’ธ
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ๋ˆ์ด ์ฒœ ์›๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”.
B. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 10๋ถ„๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์—†์–ด์š”.
[shi-ga-ni ship-bun-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
There are only 10 minutes. โฐ
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 10๋ถ„๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”.
C. ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
[jeo-neun i-geot-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ mol-la-yo]
I know only this. ๐Ÿ“Œ
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
D. ํ•˜๋‚˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์—†์–ด์š”.
[ha-na-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
There is only one. 1๏ธโƒฃ
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”.
E. ์กฐ๊ธˆ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชป ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
[jo-geum-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ mot meo-geo-sseo-yo]
I could only eat a little. ๐Ÿš
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชป ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
F. ์นœ๊ตฌ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์•ˆ ์™”์–ด์š”.
[chin-gu-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ an wa-sseo-yo]
Only my friend came / nobody came except my friend. ๐Ÿ‘‹
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ ์™”์–ด์š”.
G. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
[han-gu-geo-reul jo-geum-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ mol-la-yo]
I know only a little Korean. ๐Ÿ‡ฐ๐Ÿ‡ท
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
H. ๋‘ ๋ช…๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์—†์–ด์š”.
[du myeong-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
There are only two people. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ๋‘ ๋ช…๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”.
I. ์˜ค๋Š˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
[o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ shi-ga-ni an dwae-yo]
Only today does not work for me. ๐Ÿ“…
Answer
๋ฐ–์— can work with a negative idea: ์˜ค๋Š˜๋ฐ–์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
J. ๋ฌผ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์•ˆ ๋งˆ์…จ์–ด์š”.
[mul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ an ma-syeo-sseo-yo]
I drank nothing but water. ๐Ÿ’ง
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ๋ฌผ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ ๋งˆ์…จ์–ด์š”.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋ˆ โ†’ money
  • ์ฒœ ์› โ†’ 1,000 won
  • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ โ†’ time
  • ์ด๊ฒƒ โ†’ this thing
  • ๋จน๋‹ค โ†’ to eat
  • ์˜ค๋‹ค โ†’ to come
  • ๋‘ ๋ช… โ†’ two people
  • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ time works / be available
  • ์•ˆ โ†’ not
  • ๋ชป โ†’ cannot
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก If you see ๋ฐ–์—, look for the negative partner.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Choose the Best Limiter ๐Ÿงญ

A. ํ•˜๋‚˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
[ha-na-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ i-sseo-yo]
There is only one. 1๏ธโƒฃ
Answer
๋งŒ โ€” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. Use ๋งŒ with positive ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
B. ํ•˜๋‚˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์—†์–ด์š”.
[ha-na-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eop-seo-yo]
There is only one. 1๏ธโƒฃ
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”. Use ๋ฐ–์— with negative ์—†์–ด์š”.
C. ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฟˆ์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[i-geon kku-mil ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
This is only a dream. ๐ŸŒ™
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฟˆ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
D. ์ €๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
[jeo-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ gal su i-sseo-yo]
Only I can go. ๐Ÿšถ
Answer
๋งŒ โ€” ์ €๋งŒ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
E. ์ €๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
[jeo-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ gal su eop-seo-yo]
Only I cannot go / no one except me can go, depending context. ๐Ÿšถ
Answer
๋ฐ–์— can fit a negative frame: ์ €๋ฐ–์— ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”. Often this means โ€œOnly I can goโ€ because โ€œno one except me can go.โ€
F. ์žฅ๋‚œ์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[jang-na-nil ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
It is only a joke/prank. ๐Ÿ˜„
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ์žฅ๋‚œ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
G. ์˜ค๋Š˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•ด์š”.
[o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ teuk-byeo-rae-yo]
Only today is special. โœจ
Answer
๋งŒ โ€” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋งŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•ด์š”.
H. ์˜ค๋Š˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
[o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ shi-ga-ni eop-seo-yo]
I only do not have time today. ๐Ÿ“…
Answer
๋งŒ is natural here: ์˜ค๋Š˜๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
I. ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[gi-da-ril ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I can only wait. โณ
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
J. ๊น€์น˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
[gim-chi-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ meo-geo-sseo-yo]
I ate only kimchi. ๐Ÿฅฌ
Answer
๋งŒ โ€” ๊น€์น˜๋งŒ ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฟˆ โ†’ dream
  • ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค โ†’ can go
  • ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค โ†’ cannot go
  • ์žฅ๋‚œ โ†’ joke/prank
  • ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be special
  • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†๋‹ค โ†’ to not have time
  • ๊น€์น˜ โ†’ kimchi
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Positive sentence? ๋งŒ is often easiest. โ€œThatโ€™s allโ€? ๋ฟ. Negative frame? Consider ๋ฐ–์—.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. โŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”. โ†’ โœ… ํ•˜๋‚˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
[ha-na-ba-kke i-sseo-yo โ†’ ha-na-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ i-sseo-yo]
There is only one. 1๏ธโƒฃ
Answer
๋งŒ โ€” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
B. โŒ ๋ฌผ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”. โ†’ โœ… ๋ฌผ๋ฐ–์— ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ.
[mul-ba-kke i-sseo-yo โ†’ mul-ba-kke ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ]
There is only water. ๐Ÿ’ง
Answer
์—†์–ด์š” โ€” ๋ฌผ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”.
C. ์ €๋Š” ๋„์™”์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[jeo-neun do-wa-sseul ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I only helped. ๐Ÿค
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ๋„์™”์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
D. ์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
[jeo-neun o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ shi-ga-ni i-sseo-yo]
I have time only today. ๐Ÿ“…
Answer
๋งŒ โ€” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
E. ์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
[jeo-neun o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ shi-ga-ni eop-seo-yo]
Only today, I do not have time. ๐Ÿ“…
Answer
๋งŒ โ€” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
F. ์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
[jeo-neun o-neul-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ shi-ga-ni an dwae-yo]
Only today works / no day except today works, depending context. ๐Ÿ“…
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋ฐ–์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
G. ์ด๊ฑด ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[i-geon ye-shi-il ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
This is only an example. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
H. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์•Œ์•„์š”.
[han-gu-geo-reul jo-geum-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ a-ra-yo]
I know only a little Korean. ๐Ÿ‡ฐ๐Ÿ‡ท
Answer
๋งŒ โ€” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ์•Œ์•„์š”.
I. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
[han-gu-geo-reul jo-geum-๏ผฟ๏ผฟ mol-la-yo]
I know only a little Korean. ๐Ÿ‡ฐ๐Ÿ‡ท
Answer
๋ฐ–์— โ€” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
J. ์ €๋Š” ์›ƒ์—ˆ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด์—์š”.
[jeo-neun u-seo-sseul ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ-i-e-yo]
I only laughed. ๐Ÿ˜‚
Answer
๋ฟ โ€” ์ €๋Š” ์›ƒ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋•๋‹ค โ†’ to help
  • ์˜ค๋Š˜ โ†’ today
  • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค โ†’ to have time
  • ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ time does not work
  • ์˜ˆ์‹œ โ†’ example
  • ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด โ†’ Korean language
  • ์กฐ๊ธˆ โ†’ a little
  • ์•Œ๋‹ค โ†’ to know
  • ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‹ค โ†’ to not know
  • ์›ƒ๋‹ค โ†’ to laugh
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Same English โ€œonlyโ€ can become different Korean grammar depending on the sentence structure.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ You finished the limiting-particle workout. You can now say โ€œonlyโ€ three Korean ways: simple ๋งŒ, strong ๋ฟ, and negative-frame ๋ฐ–์—. Tiny particles, huge precision. ๐Ÿ—๏ธโœจ