📌

Including: -을/를 비롯하여

Keywords
비롯하여
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Intermediate Grammar
🎯
TL;DR 🦄
  • 📌 -을/를 비롯하여 [-eul/reul bi-ro-ta-yeo] means “including,” “starting with,” or “with A as a main example.”
  • It highlights one representative item first, then includes a wider group.
  • 🏙️ 서울을 비롯하여 여러 도시에서 행사가 열렸어요. [seo-u-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo yeo-reo do-si-e-seo haeng-sa-ga yeol-lyeo-sseo-yo] = Events were held in many cities, including Seoul.
🔊
🎧 Iru Helper Note — Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets and listen to 서울을 비롯하여 [seo-u-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo], 학생들을 비롯하여 [hak-saeng-deu-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo], 한국을 비롯하여 [han-gu-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo], and 선생님을 비롯한 [seon-saeng-ni-meul bi-ro-tan]. This expression sounds formal, organized, and list-friendly.
 

🌈 The Big Picture

Use -을/를 비롯하여 when you want to introduce a representative example and then include other related people, places, or things.
 
It can mean:
  • “including”
  • “including especially”
  • “starting with”
  • “beginning with”
  • “with A as the first/main example”
 
Examples:
  • 한국을 비롯하여 여러 나라에서 김치를 먹어요.
      • [han-gu-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo yeo-reo na-ra-e-seo gim-chi-reul meo-geo-yo] — Kimchi is eaten in many countries, including Korea.
      한국 [han-guk] = Korea; 여러 나라 [yeo-reo na-ra] = many countries.
  • 학생들을 비롯하여 많은 사람들이 참여했어요.
      • [hak-saeng-deu-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo ma-neun sa-ram-deu-ri cham-yeo-hae-sseo-yo] — Many people participated, including students.
      학생 [hak-saeng] = student; 참여하다 [cham-yeo-ha-da] = to participate.
  • 문법을 비롯하여 발음도 연습해야 해요.
      • [mun-beo-beul bi-ro-ta-yeo ba-reum-do yeon-seu-pae-ya hae-yo] — You should practice pronunciation too, including grammar.
      문법 [mun-beop] = grammar; 발음 [ba-reum] = pronunciation.
 
The core idea is representative inclusion. You point to one important example first, then open the door to a bigger group.

🎨 The Core -을/를 비롯하여 Family

1. Places

  • 서울을 비롯하여 여러 도시에서 축제가 열렸어요.
      • [seo-u-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo yeo-reo do-si-e-seo chuk-je-ga yeol-lyeo-sseo-yo] — Festivals were held in many cities, including Seoul.
  • 한국을 비롯하여 아시아 여러 나라에서 인기가 많아요.
      • [han-gu-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo a-si-a yeo-reo na-ra-e-seo in-gi-ga ma-na-yo] — It is popular in many Asian countries, including Korea.
  • 부산을 비롯하여 남부 지역에 비가 왔어요.
      • [bu-sa-neul bi-ro-ta-yeo nam-bu ji-yeo-ge bi-ga wa-sseo-yo] — It rained in southern regions, including Busan.
 

2. People/groups

  • 선생님을 비롯하여 학생들도 참석했어요.
      • [seon-saeng-ni-meul bi-ro-ta-yeo hak-saeng-deul-do cham-seo-kae-sseo-yo] — Students also attended, including the teacher.
  • 가족을 비롯하여 친구들이 많이 도와줬어요.
      • [ga-jo-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo chin-gu-deu-ri ma-ni do-wa-jwo-sseo-yo] — Many friends helped, including family.
  • 전문가들을 비롯하여 시민들도 의견을 냈어요.
      • [jeon-mun-ga-deu-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo si-min-deul-do ui-gyeo-neul nae-sseo-yo] — Citizens also gave opinions, including experts.
 

3. Topics/items

  • 문법을 비롯하여 어휘와 발음도 중요해요.
      • [mun-beo-beul bi-ro-ta-yeo eo-hwi-wa ba-reum-do jung-yo-hae-yo] — Vocabulary and pronunciation are also important, including grammar.
  • 가격을 비롯하여 품질과 서비스도 확인해야 해요.
      • [ga-gyeo-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo pum-jil-gwa seo-bi-seu-do hwa-gin-hae-ya hae-yo] — You should check quality and service too, including price.
  • 환경 문제를 비롯하여 여러 사회 문제가 논의됐어요.
      • [hwan-gyeong mun-je-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo yeo-reo sa-hoe mun-je-ga non-ui-dwae-sseo-yo] — Several social issues were discussed, including environmental issues.

🛠️ How It Works in a Sentence

The basic structure is:
 
Noun + 을/를 비롯하여 + wider group / additional items
 
Choose 을 after a consonant-ending noun and 를 after a vowel-ending noun.
 
Examples:
  • 한국 [han-guk] ends in a consonant → 한국을 비롯하여 [han-gu-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo]
  • 서울 [seo-ul] ends in a consonant → 서울을 비롯하여 [seo-u-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo]
  • 부산 [bu-san] ends in a consonant → 부산을 비롯하여 [bu-sa-neul bi-ro-ta-yeo]
  • 친구 [chin-gu] ends in a vowel → 친구를 비롯하여 [chin-gu-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo]
 
Full examples:
  • 대표를 비롯하여 모든 직원이 회의에 참석했어요.
      • [dae-pyo-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo mo-deun jig-wo-ni hoe-ui-e cham-seo-kae-sseo-yo] — All employees attended the meeting, including the representative.
  • 역사를 비롯하여 문화와 언어도 배웠어요.
      • [yeok-sa-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo mun-hwa-wa eo-neo-do bae-wo-sseo-yo] — I learned culture and language too, including history.

🧩 General Formation Rule

Consonant-ending noun + 을 비롯하여

  • 한국 [han-guk] → 한국을 비롯하여 [han-gu-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including Korea
  • 서울 [seo-ul] → 서울을 비롯하여 [seo-u-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including Seoul
  • 문법 [mun-beop] → 문법을 비롯하여 [mun-beo-beul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including grammar
  • 가족 [ga-jok] → 가족을 비롯하여 [ga-jo-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including family
 

Vowel-ending noun + 를 비롯하여

  • 친구 [chin-gu] → 친구를 비롯하여 [chin-gu-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including friends
  • 대표 [dae-pyo] → 대표를 비롯하여 [dae-pyo-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including the representative
  • 문화 [mun-hwa] → 문화를 비롯하여 [mun-hwa-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including culture
 

Common formal chunks

  • 서울을 비롯하여 [seo-u-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including Seoul
  • 한국을 비롯하여 [han-gu-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including Korea
  • 학생들을 비롯하여 [hak-saeng-deu-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including students
  • 문법을 비롯하여 [mun-beo-beul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including grammar
  • 가격을 비롯하여 [ga-gyeo-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including price
 

Noun-modifying form: -을/를 비롯한

Use 비롯한 before a noun.
  • 서울을 비롯한 여러 도시
      • [seo-u-reul bi-ro-tan yeo-reo do-si] — many cities including Seoul
  • 학생들을 비롯한 참가자들
      • [hak-saeng-deu-reul bi-ro-tan cham-ga-ja-deul] — participants including students

🚨 Nuance: Formal “representative first”

-을/를 비롯하여 is more formal than simple 포함해서 [po-ham-hae-seo].
 
Compare:
  • 서울을 포함해서 여러 도시에서 행사가 열렸어요.
      • [seo-u-reul po-ham-hae-seo yeo-reo do-si-e-seo haeng-sa-ga yeol-lyeo-sseo-yo] — Events were held in many cities, including Seoul. Neutral.
  • 서울을 비롯하여 여러 도시에서 행사가 열렸어요.
      • [seo-u-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo yeo-reo do-si-e-seo haeng-sa-ga yeol-lyeo-sseo-yo] — Events were held in many cities, starting with / including Seoul. More formal, organized.
 
The 비롯하여 version often sounds like Seoul is a major or representative example, not just a random included item.

🔍 -을/를 비롯하여 vs Related Grammar

-을/를 비롯하여

Including A as a representative/main example.
  • 서울을 비롯하여 여러 도시에서 열렸어요.
      • [seo-u-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo yeo-reo do-si-e-seo yeol-lyeo-sseo-yo] — It was held in many cities, including Seoul.
 

포함하여 / 포함해서

Including; more neutral and direct.
  • 서울을 포함해서 세 도시에서 열렸어요.
      • [seo-u-reul po-ham-hae-seo se do-si-e-seo yeol-lyeo-sseo-yo] — It was held in three cities including Seoul.
 

뿐만 아니라

Not only A but also B; stronger two-part emphasis.
  • 서울뿐만 아니라 부산에서도 열렸어요.
      • [seo-ul-ppun-man a-ni-ra bu-sa-ne-seo-do yeol-lyeo-sseo-yo] — It was held not only in Seoul but also in Busan.
 

-와/과 더불어

Along with / together with; emphasizes togetherness or parallel development.
  • 서울과 더불어 부산도 성장했어요.
      • [seo-ul-gwa deo-bu-reo bu-san-do seong-jang-hae-sseo-yo] — Busan also grew along with Seoul.
 

등

Et cetera / and so on; compact list marker.
  • 서울, 부산, 대구 등
      • [seo-ul bu-san dae-gu deung] — Seoul, Busan, Daegu, etc.

📚 Cross-check note

This lesson was checked against korean.go.kr guidance on 비롯하다. Korean.go.kr explains 비롯하다 as meaning that, among several things, the first item is taken as the starting/main item and other things are included too. Their examples include 이장을 비롯한 마을 사람들 and 서울을 비롯한 각 지방. Practical learner rule: use A을/를 비롯하여 B when A is an important representative example included in B. ✅

🪞 Synonym Alert

Depending on the sentence, -을/를 비롯하여 can sound like:
  • “including”
  • “including especially”
  • “starting with”
  • “beginning with”
  • “with A as a representative example”
  • “A and others”
 
Useful chunks:
  • 서울을 비롯하여 [seo-u-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including Seoul
  • 한국을 비롯하여 [han-gu-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including Korea
  • 학생들을 비롯하여 [hak-saeng-deu-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including students
  • 대표를 비롯하여 [dae-pyo-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including the representative
  • 문법을 비롯하여 [mun-beo-beul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including grammar
  • 가격을 비롯하여 [ga-gyeo-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo] — including price

⚠️ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • ❌ Using it for a tiny casual list → ✅ use 하고, 랑, or 포함해서 in simple daily speech.
  • ❌ Forgetting the object particle → ✅ 서울을 비롯하여, 친구를 비롯하여.
  • ❌ Choosing 을/를 randomly → ✅ consonant ending + 을; vowel ending + 를.
  • ❌ Treating A as just any small detail → ✅ A usually feels representative, first, central, or important.
  • ❌ Confusing 비롯하여 and 비롯한 → ✅ use 비롯하여 before a clause; use 비롯한 before a noun.
 
🎉 Now you can include examples formally: 서울을 비롯하여, 학생들을 비롯하여, 문법을 비롯하여. Representative-inclusion grammar unlocked. 📌✨
 

Try this exercise

Instructions: Choose 을 비롯하여 or 를 비롯하여. Then open the Answer toggle.
1. 서울 → 서울＿＿＿＿ 여러 도시에서 행사가 열렸어요.
[seo-ul → seo-ul＿＿＿＿ yeo-reo do-si-e-seo haeng-sa-ga yeol-lyeo-sseo-yo]
Events were held in many cities, including Seoul.
Answer
서울을 비롯하여 [seo-u-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
2. 친구 → 친구＿＿＿＿ 많은 사람들이 도와줬어요.
[chin-gu → chin-gu＿＿＿＿ ma-neun sa-ram-deu-ri do-wa-jwo-sseo-yo]
Many people helped, including friends.
Answer
친구를 비롯하여 [chin-gu-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
3. 문법 → 문법＿＿＿＿ 발음도 연습해요.
[mun-beop → mun-beop＿＿＿＿ ba-reum-do yeon-seu-pae-yo]
Practice pronunciation too, including grammar.
Answer
문법을 비롯하여 [mun-beo-beul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
4. 문화 → 문화＿＿＿＿ 여러 주제를 배웠어요.
[mun-hwa → mun-hwa＿＿＿＿ yeo-reo ju-je-reul bae-wo-sseo-yo]
We learned many topics, including culture.
Answer
문화를 비롯하여 [mun-hwa-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
5. 가격 → 가격＿＿＿＿ 여러 조건을 확인했어요.
[ga-gyeok → ga-gyeok＿＿＿＿ yeo-reo jo-geo-neul hwa-gin-hae-sseo-yo]
I checked many conditions, including price.
Answer
가격을 비롯하여 [ga-gyeo-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
6. 대표 → 대표＿＿＿＿ 모든 직원이 참석했어요.
[dae-pyo → dae-pyo＿＿＿＿ mo-deun ji-gwo-ni cham-seo-kae-sseo-yo]
All employees attended, including the representative.
Answer
대표를 비롯하여 [dae-pyo-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
7. 한국 → 한국＿＿＿＿ 여러 나라에서 인기가 많아요.
[han-guk → han-guk＿＿＿＿ yeo-reo na-ra-e-seo in-gi-ga ma-na-yo]
It is popular in many countries, including Korea.
Answer
한국을 비롯하여 [han-gu-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
8. Which comes before a noun?
① 비롯하여 / ② 비롯한
Answer
② — 비롯한, as in 서울을 비롯한 여러 도시.
9. Which is more neutral/casual for “including”?
① 포함해서 / ② 비롯하여
Answer
① — 포함해서 is more neutral/casual.
10. Which sounds more formal/organized?
① 서울을 비롯하여 / ② 서울도 포함해서
Answer
① — 서울을 비롯하여.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 행사 [haeng-sa] → event
  • 주제 [ju-je] → topic
  • 조건 [jo-geon] → condition
  • 확인하다 [hwa-gin-ha-da] → to check/confirm
  • 대표 [dae-pyo] → representative
  • 인기 [in-gi] → popularity
Tip 💡 비롯하여 sounds best when the first item is a key example.
🚀
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below trains object particle choice, formal inclusion, and 비롯하여 vs 포함해서.
 
📌
🎯 Practice Hub — Including: -을/를 비롯하여
 
Welcome to the representative-inclusion gym. You’ll practice formal “including A” sentences for places, people, topics, and organized writing. 📌
 
🔊 Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets to hear your full answers. Focus on the object particle rhythm: 서울을 비롯하여, 친구를 비롯하여.
 
📝 Instructions: Fill each blank with a natural -을/를 비롯하여 expression.
 

Exercise 1 — Choose 을 or 를 🧩

A. 서울 → ＿＿＿＿ 행사가 열렸어요.
[seo-ul → ＿＿＿＿ haeng-sa-ga yeol-lyeo-sseo-yo]
The event was held including Seoul / starting with Seoul.
Answer
서울을 비롯하여 [seo-u-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
B. 부산 → ＿＿＿＿ 남부 지역에 비가 왔어요.
[bu-san → ＿＿＿＿ nam-bu ji-yeo-ge bi-ga wa-sseo-yo]
It rained in southern regions, including Busan.
Answer
부산을 비롯하여 [bu-sa-neul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
C. 친구 → ＿＿＿＿ 많은 사람들이 왔어요.
[chin-gu → ＿＿＿＿ ma-neun sa-ram-deu-ri wa-sseo-yo]
Many people came, including friends.
Answer
친구를 비롯하여 [chin-gu-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
D. 가족 → ＿＿＿＿ 모두가 도와줬어요.
[ga-jok → ＿＿＿＿ mo-du-ga do-wa-jwo-sseo-yo]
Everyone helped, including family.
Answer
가족을 비롯하여 [ga-jo-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
E. 대표 → ＿＿＿＿ 직원들이 참석했어요.
[dae-pyo → ＿＿＿＿ ji-gwon-deu-ri cham-seo-kae-sseo-yo]
Employees attended, including the representative.
Answer
대표를 비롯하여 [dae-pyo-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
F. 학생 → ＿＿＿＿ 많은 참가자가 있었어요.
[hak-saeng → ＿＿＿＿ ma-neun cham-ga-ja-ga i-sseo-sseo-yo]
There were many participants, including students.
Answer
학생을 비롯하여 [hak-saeng-eul bi-ro-ta-yeo]. Plural: 학생들을 비롯하여.
G. 문화 → ＿＿＿＿ 여러 주제를 다뤘어요.
[mun-hwa → ＿＿＿＿ yeo-reo ju-je-reul da-rwo-sseo-yo]
We covered several topics, including culture.
Answer
문화를 비롯하여 [mun-hwa-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
H. 역사 → ＿＿＿＿ 다양한 내용을 배웠어요.
[yeok-sa → ＿＿＿＿ da-yang-han nae-yong-eul bae-wo-sseo-yo]
We learned diverse content, including history.
Answer
역사를 비롯하여 [yeok-sa-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
I. 가격 → ＿＿＿＿ 여러 조건을 비교했어요.
[ga-gyeok → ＿＿＿＿ yeo-reo jo-geo-neul bi-gyo-hae-sseo-yo]
I compared several conditions, including price.
Answer
가격을 비롯하여 [ga-gyeo-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
J. 서비스 → ＿＿＿＿ 모든 점이 만족스러웠어요.
[seo-bi-seu → ＿＿＿＿ mo-deun jeo-mi man-jok-seu-reo-wo-sseo-yo]
Every aspect was satisfying, including the service.
Answer
서비스를 비롯하여 [seo-bi-seu-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
🧩
Form Box
  • consonant ending → 을 비롯하여
  • vowel ending → 를 비롯하여
  • 서울을, 한국을, 가격을
  • 친구를, 대표를, 문화를
Tip 💡 The particle is the normal object particle 을/를.
 

Exercise 2 — Places and Regions 🗺️

A. 한국 → ＿＿＿＿ 여러 나라에서 인기가 있어요.
[han-guk → ＿＿＿＿ yeo-reo na-ra-e-seo in-gi-ga i-sseo-yo]
It is popular in many countries, including Korea.
Answer
한국을 비롯하여 [han-gu-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
B. 서울 → ＿＿＿＿ 전국에서 신청했어요.
[seo-ul → ＿＿＿＿ jeon-gu-ge-seo sin-cheong-hae-sseo-yo]
People applied from across the country, including Seoul.
Answer
서울을 비롯하여 [seo-u-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
C. 제주도 → ＿＿＿＿ 관광지가 유명해요.
[je-ju-do → ＿＿＿＿ gwan-gwang-ji-ga yu-myeong-hae-yo]
Tourist spots are famous, including Jeju Island.
Answer
제주도를 비롯하여 [je-ju-do-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
D. 부산 → ＿＿＿＿ 해안 도시가 발전했어요.
[bu-san → ＿＿＿＿ hae-an do-si-ga bal-jeon-hae-sseo-yo]
Coastal cities developed, including Busan.
Answer
부산을 비롯하여 [bu-sa-neul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
E. 아시아 → ＿＿＿＿ 세계 여러 지역에서 사용돼요.
[a-si-a → ＿＿＿＿ se-gye yeo-reo ji-yeo-ge-seo sa-yong-dwae-yo]
It is used in many regions of the world, including Asia.
Answer
아시아를 비롯하여 [a-si-a-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
F. 유럽 → ＿＿＿＿ 여러 시장에 진출했어요.
[yu-reop → ＿＿＿＿ yeo-reo si-jang-e jin-chul-hae-sseo-yo]
They entered several markets, including Europe.
Answer
유럽을 비롯하여 [yu-reo-beul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
G. 대구 → ＿＿＿＿ 여러 지역에서 행사가 있었어요.
[dae-gu → ＿＿＿＿ yeo-reo ji-yeo-ge-seo haeng-sa-ga i-sseo-sseo-yo]
There were events in several regions, including Daegu.
Answer
대구를 비롯하여 [dae-gu-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
H. 수도권 → ＿＿＿＿ 전국적으로 확산됐어요.
[su-do-kkwon → ＿＿＿＿ jeon-guk-jeo-geu-ro hwak-san-dwae-sseo-yo]
It spread nationwide, including the capital region.
Answer
수도권을 비롯하여 [su-do-kkwo-neul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
I. 남부 지방 → ＿＿＿＿ 비가 많이 왔어요.
[nam-bu ji-bang → ＿＿＿＿ bi-ga ma-ni wa-sseo-yo]
It rained a lot in areas including the southern region.
Answer
남부 지방을 비롯하여 [nam-bu ji-bang-eul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
J. 학교 → ＿＿＿＿ 여러 기관이 참여했어요.
[hak-gyo → ＿＿＿＿ yeo-reo gi-gwa-ni cham-yeo-hae-sseo-yo]
Several institutions participated, including schools.
Answer
학교를 비롯하여 [hak-gyo-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
🗺️
Place Box
  • 전국 [jeon-guk] → nationwide
  • 관광지 [gwan-gwang-ji] → tourist spot
  • 해안 도시 [hae-an do-si] → coastal city
  • 시장 [si-jang] → market
  • 확산되다 [hwak-san-doe-da] → to spread
Tip 💡 Place names with 비롯하여 are common in reports/news.
 

Exercise 3 — Formal Lists 📋

A. 문법 → ＿＿＿＿ 어휘와 발음도 중요해요.
[mun-beop → ＿＿＿＿ eo-hwi-wa ba-reum-do jung-yo-hae-yo]
Answer
문법을 비롯하여 [mun-beo-beul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
B. 가격 → ＿＿＿＿ 품질과 서비스도 확인하세요.
[ga-gyeok → ＿＿＿＿ pum-jil-gwa seo-bi-seu-do hwa-gin-ha-se-yo]
Answer
가격을 비롯하여 [ga-gyeo-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
C. 환경 문제 → ＿＿＿＿ 여러 문제가 논의됐어요.
[hwan-gyeong mun-je → ＿＿＿＿ yeo-reo mun-je-ga non-ui-dwae-sseo-yo]
Answer
환경 문제를 비롯하여 [hwan-gyeong mun-je-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
D. 안전 → ＿＿＿＿ 모든 조건을 검토했어요.
[an-jeon → ＿＿＿＿ mo-deun jo-geo-neul geom-to-hae-sseo-yo]
Answer
안전을 비롯하여 [an-jeo-neul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
E. 건강 → ＿＿＿＿ 삶의 여러 부분이 중요해요.
[geon-gang → ＿＿＿＿ sal-meui yeo-reo bu-bu-ni jung-yo-hae-yo]
Answer
건강을 비롯하여 [geon-gang-eul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
F. 태도 → ＿＿＿＿ 면접의 여러 요소를 봐요.
[tae-do → ＿＿＿＿ myeon-jeo-beui yeo-reo yo-so-reul bwa-yo]
Answer
태도를 비롯하여 [tae-do-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
G. 실력 → ＿＿＿＿ 다양한 기준으로 평가해요.
[sil-lyeok → ＿＿＿＿ da-yang-han gi-ju-neu-ro pyeong-ga-hae-yo]
Answer
실력을 비롯하여 [sil-lyeo-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
H. 역사 → ＿＿＿＿ 문화 전반을 배웠어요.
[yeok-sa → ＿＿＿＿ mun-hwa jeon-ba-neul bae-wo-sseo-yo]
Answer
역사를 비롯하여 [yeok-sa-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
I. 기술 → ＿＿＿＿ 여러 분야가 발전했어요.
[gi-sul → ＿＿＿＿ yeo-reo bun-ya-ga bal-jeon-hae-sseo-yo]
Answer
기술을 비롯하여 [gi-su-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
J. 교육 → ＿＿＿＿ 사회 전체가 변했어요.
[gyo-yuk → ＿＿＿＿ sa-hoe jeon-che-ga byeon-hae-sseo-yo]
Answer
교육을 비롯하여 [gyo-yu-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo].
📋
Formal List Box
  • 어휘 [eo-hwi] → vocabulary
  • 논의되다 [no-nui-doe-da] → to be discussed
  • 검토하다 [geom-to-ha-da] → to review
  • 요소 [yo-so] → element/factor
  • 평가하다 [pyeong-ga-ha-da] → to evaluate
Tip 💡 This grammar is useful for essays, presentations, reports, and news-style Korean.
 

Exercise 4 — Choose the Better Expression 🧭

A. Before a noun, choose:
① 비롯하여 / ② 비롯한
Answer
② — 비롯한, as in 서울을 비롯한 도시들.
B. Before a clause, choose:
① 비롯하여 / ② 비롯한
Answer
① — 비롯하여, as in 서울을 비롯하여 여러 도시에서...
C. More neutral/casual “including”:
① 포함해서 / ② 비롯하여
Answer
① — 포함해서.
D. More formal/representative:
① 포함해서 / ② 비롯하여
Answer
② — 비롯하여.
E. Correct form after 서울:
① 서울을 비롯하여 / ② 서울를 비롯하여
Answer
① — 서울을 비롯하여.
F. Correct form after 대표:
① 대표을 비롯하여 / ② 대표를 비롯하여
Answer
② — 대표를 비롯하여.
G. “Not only Seoul but also Busan” is clearer with:
① 뿐만 아니라 / ② 비롯하여
Answer
① — 서울뿐만 아니라 부산도.
H. Compact “etc.” list marker:
① 등 / ② 비롯하여
Answer
① — 등.
I. Target grammar uses:
① 을/를 / ② 와/과
Answer
① — 을/를 비롯하여.
J. 비롯하다 suggests A is:
① a representative/starting item / ② totally unrelated
Answer
① — a representative or starting item.
🧭
Choice Box
  • formal representative including → 을/를 비롯하여
  • neutral including → 포함해서
  • before noun → 을/를 비롯한 N
  • not only A but also B → 뿐만 아니라
  • etc. → 등
Tip 💡 비롯하여 is not just “also.” It spotlights a first/key example.
 

Exercise 5 — Translate into Korean 📝

A. Events were held in many cities, including Seoul.
Use: 서울 + 여러 도시에서 행사가 열리다
Answer
서울을 비롯하여 여러 도시에서 행사가 열렸어요.
[seo-u-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo yeo-reo do-si-e-seo haeng-sa-ga yeol-lyeo-sseo-yo]
B. Many people participated, including students.
Use: 학생들 + 많은 사람들이 참여하다
Answer
학생들을 비롯하여 많은 사람들이 참여했어요.
[hak-saeng-deu-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo ma-neun sa-ram-deu-ri cham-yeo-hae-sseo-yo]
C. Check several conditions, including price.
Use: 가격 + 여러 조건을 확인하다
Answer
가격을 비롯하여 여러 조건을 확인하세요.
[ga-gyeo-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo yeo-reo jo-geo-neul hwa-gin-ha-se-yo]
D. We learned culture and language too, including history.
Use: 역사 + 문화와 언어도 배우다
Answer
역사를 비롯하여 문화와 언어도 배웠어요.
[yeok-sa-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo mun-hwa-wa eo-neo-do bae-wo-sseo-yo]
E. It is popular in many countries, including Korea.
Use: 한국 + 여러 나라에서 인기가 많다
Answer
한국을 비롯하여 여러 나라에서 인기가 많아요.
[han-gu-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo yeo-reo na-ra-e-seo in-gi-ga ma-na-yo]
F. All employees attended, including the representative.
Use: 대표 + 모든 직원이 참석하다
Answer
대표를 비롯하여 모든 직원이 참석했어요.
[dae-pyo-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo mo-deun ji-gwo-ni cham-seo-kae-sseo-yo]
G. Several social issues were discussed, including environmental issues.
Use: 환경 문제 + 여러 사회 문제가 논의되다
Answer
환경 문제를 비롯하여 여러 사회 문제가 논의됐어요.
[hwan-gyeong mun-je-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo yeo-reo sa-hoe mun-je-ga non-ui-dwae-sseo-yo]
H. Several institutions participated, including schools.
Use: 학교 + 여러 기관이 참여하다
Answer
학교를 비롯하여 여러 기관이 참여했어요.
[hak-gyo-reul bi-ro-ta-yeo yeo-reo gi-gwa-ni cham-yeo-hae-sseo-yo]
I. Quality and service are important, including price.
Use: 가격 + 품질과 서비스가 중요하다
Answer
가격을 비롯하여 품질과 서비스가 중요해요.
[ga-gyeo-geul bi-ro-ta-yeo pum-jil-gwa seo-bi-seu-ga jung-yo-hae-yo]
J. Participants including students gathered.
Use: 학생들 + 참가자들이 모이다
Answer
학생들을 비롯한 참가자들이 모였어요.
[hak-saeng-deu-reul bi-ro-tan cham-ga-ja-deu-ri mo-yeo-sseo-yo]
📝
Translation Box
  • 도시 [do-si] → city
  • 참여하다 [cham-yeo-ha-da] → to participate
  • 기관 [gi-gwan] → institution/organization
  • 사회 문제 [sa-hoe mun-je] → social issue
  • 참가자 [cham-ga-ja] → participant
  • 모이다 [mo-i-da] → to gather
Tip 💡 If English says “participants including students,” Korean often uses 학생들을 비롯한 참가자들.
 
🎉 -을/를 비롯하여 mastered! You can now write formal inclusion sentences: 서울을 비롯하여, 학생들을 비롯하여, 가격을 비롯하여, and 문법을 비롯하여. Organized “including” Korean unlocked. 📌✨