🏛️

Formal Reasoning: -(으)로 인하여

Agent Progress
Built
Build Order
37
Keywords
인하여
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Grammar
🏛️
TL;DR 🦄
  • 🧾 -(으)로 인하여 [eu-ro in-ha-yeo / ro in-ha-yeo] means “due to / because of” and attaches to a noun cause.
  • ⚖️ It sounds formal, written, and report-like — great for notices, news, public statements, reports, and policy explanations.
  • 🧭 Use 으로 인하여 [eu-ro in-ha-yeo] after most final consonants, and 로 인하여 [ro in-ha-yeo] after vowels or final ㄹ [rieul].
🔊
🎧 Iru Helper Note — Open
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence. Type any Korean word or sentence from this lesson into the widget and let your ears do the detective work. 🕵️‍♀️
 

🌈 The Big Picture

-(으)로 인하여 [eu-ro in-ha-yeo / ro in-ha-yeo] is a formal way to say “due to” or “because of.” It is built from (으)로 [eu-ro / ro], a particle that can mark cause, plus 인하다 [in-ha-da], meaning “to be caused by / to result from.” 🧩
It usually appears in written or official contexts: weather notices, airport updates, service announcements, company reports, legal writing, academic explanations, and news articles. In everyday conversation, people often choose easier patterns like 때문에 [ttae-mun-e], “because of,” but -(으)로 인하여 gives your sentence a polished marble-floor lobby vibe. 🏢
This lesson focuses on noun-based causes: a typhoon, construction, an error, a policy change, an accident, heavy rain — things that cause an official result. It does not attach directly to a verb stem like 가다 [ga-da], “to go,” or 먹다 [meok-da], “to eat.” Use a noun cause first. 🎯

🎨 The Core Formal Reason Family

1. 명사 + (으)로 인하여 = due to + noun

명사 means noun. For this pattern, the noun is the cause.
  • 태풍 [tae-pung] = typhoon 🌪️ + 으로 인하여 [eu-ro in-ha-yeo] = due to the typhoon
  • 오류 [o-ryu] = error ⚠️ + 로 인하여 [ro in-ha-yeo] = due to the error
  • 공사 [gong-sa] = construction 🚧 + 로 인하여 [ro in-ha-yeo] = due to construction

2. 명사 + (으)로 인해 = due to + noun, shorter formal style

인해 [in-hae] is the shorter form of 인하여 [in-ha-yeo]. It is still formal/written, but a little more common and compact.
  • 폭우로 인해 [po-gu-ro in-hae] = due to heavy rain 🌧️
  • 정전으로 인해 [jeong-jeon-eu-ro in-hae] = due to a power outage 🔌

3. 명사 + (으)로 인한 + 명사 = noun caused by + noun

Use 인한 [in-han] before another noun when you want “damage caused by,” “delay caused by,” “change caused by,” and so on.
  • 사고로 인한 피해 [sa-go-ro in-han pi-hae] = damage caused by an accident 🚨
  • 정책 변경으로 인한 변화 [jeong-chaek byeon-gyeong-eu-ro in-han byeon-hwa] = changes caused by a policy change 📜

Useful formal report words in this lesson

These are the official-sounding nouns and actions used below:
  • 태풍 [tae-pung] → typhoon 🌪️
  • 폭우 [po-gu] → heavy rain 🌧️
  • 폭설 [pok-seol] → heavy snow ❄️
  • 화재 [hwa-jae] → fire 🔥
  • 정전 [jeong-jeon] → power outage 🔌
  • 지진 [ji-jin] → earthquake 🌍
  • 공사 [gong-sa] → construction 🚧
  • 사고 [sa-go] → accident 🚨
  • 오류 [o-ryu] → error ⚠️
  • 혼잡 [hon-jap] → congestion/crowding 🚦
  • 변경 [byeon-gyeong] → change/revision 🔄
  • 취소 [chwi-so] → cancellation ❌
  • 피해 [pi-hae] → damage/harm 🩹
  • 손실 [son-sil] → loss 📉
  • 불편 [bul-pyeon] → inconvenience 😵‍💫
  • 항공편 [hang-gong-pyeon] → flight ✈️
  • 도로 [do-ro] → road 🛣️
  • 회의 [hoe-ui] → meeting 🗓️
  • 일정 [il-jeong] → schedule 📅
  • 배송 [bae-song] → delivery 📦
  • 결제 [gyeol-je] → payment 💳
  • 서비스 [seo-bi-seu] → service 🛎️
  • 운영 [un-yeong] → operation/management 🏢
  • 안내 [an-nae] → notice/guidance 📢
  • 주민 [ju-min] → residents 🏘️
  • 이용객 [i-yong-gaek] → users/passengers 👥
  • 회사 [hoe-sa] → company 🏢
  • 자료 [ja-ryo] → data/materials 📊
  • 보고서 [bo-go-seo] → report 📄
  • 결정 [gyeol-jeong] → decision ✅
  • 상황 [sang-hwang] → situation 🧭
  • 문제 [mun-je] → problem 🧯
  • 기준 [gi-jun] → standard/criterion 📏
  • 정책 [jeong-chaek] → policy 📜
  • 지연되다 [ji-yeon-doe-da] → to be delayed ⏳
  • 취소되다 [chwi-so-doe-da] → to be canceled ❌
  • 통제되다 [tong-je-doe-da] → to be controlled/closed 🚧
  • 발생하다 [bal-saeng-ha-da] → to occur ⚡
  • 중단되다 [jung-dan-doe-da] → to be suspended ⛔
  • 변경되다 [byeon-gyeong-doe-da] → to be changed 🔄
  • 증가하다 [jeung-ga-ha-da] → to increase 📈
  • 감소하다 [gam-so-ha-da] → to decrease 📉
  • 겪다 [gyeok-tta] → to experience/go through 😵
  • 확인되다 [hwa-gin-doe-da] → to be confirmed 🔎

🛠️ How They Work in a Sentence

Pattern A — Formal cause before the result

폭우로 인하여 도로가 통제되었습니다.
[po-gu-ro in-ha-yeo do-ro-ga tong-je-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The road was closed due to heavy rain. 🌧️🛣️
  • 폭우 = heavy rain; 도로 = road; 통제되었습니다 = was closed/controlled.

Pattern B — Official notice style

시스템 오류로 인하여 결제가 지연되었습니다.
[si-seu-tem o-ryu-ro in-ha-yeo gyeol-je-ga ji-yeon-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Payment was delayed due to a system error. ⚠️💳
  • 시스템 = system; 오류 = error; 결제 = payment; 지연되었습니다 = was delayed.

Pattern C — Noun modifier with 인한

정책 변경으로 인한 불편을 줄이겠습니다.
[jeong-chaek byeon-gyeong-eu-ro in-han bul-pyeon-eul ju-ri-get-seum-ni-da]
We will reduce the inconvenience caused by the policy change. 📜😵‍💫
  • 정책 변경 = policy change; 불편 = inconvenience; 줄이겠습니다 = will reduce.

🧩 General Formation Rule

Use the noun’s final sound to choose 으로 or 로:
  • Final consonant, except ㄹ → 으로 인하여
    • 태풍으로 인하여 [tae-pung-eu-ro in-ha-yeo] = due to the typhoon 🌪️
    • 정전으로 인하여 [jeong-jeon-eu-ro in-ha-yeo] = due to the power outage 🔌
  • Vowel or final ㄹ → 로 인하여
    • 오류로 인하여 [o-ryu-ro in-ha-yeo] = due to the error ⚠️
    • 폭우로 인하여 [po-gu-ro in-ha-yeo] = due to heavy rain 🌧️
    • 불편으로 인하여 [bul-pyeon-eu-ro in-ha-yeo] = due to inconvenience 😵‍💫
There is no special irregular conjugation here. The main challenge is choosing 로 or 으로 and keeping the style formal enough for the situation. 🧭

📚 Cross-check note

The meanings of 인하다, the cause-marking use of 로/으로, and the formal usage of 인하여 were cross-checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources at korean.go.kr. ✅

🪞 Synonym Alert

  • -(으)로 인하여 [eu-ro in-ha-yeo / ro in-ha-yeo] → formal written “due to”; polished and official 🏛️
  • -(으)로 인해 [eu-ro in-hae / ro in-hae] → shorter formal written “due to”; common in reports and notices 🧾
  • -(으)로 인한 [eu-ro in-han / ro in-han] → “caused by,” used before a noun 📌
  • -(으)로 말미암아 [eu-ro mal-mi-am-a / ro mal-mi-am-a] → very formal/literary “owing to”; often heavier than 인하여 🏺
  • 때문에 [ttae-mun-e] → everyday “because of”; clear, common, and less official ☕

⚠️ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • ❌ 태풍로 인하여 → ✅ 태풍으로 인하여 (final consonant ㅇ takes 으로) 🌪️
  • ❌ 오류으로 인하여 → ✅ 오류로 인하여 (vowel-ending noun takes 로) ⚠️
  • ❌ Using it for cozy chat like “I’m late because of coffee” → ✅ use 때문에 in casual speech; 인하여 sounds official. ☕
  • ❌ 회의로 인한 지연되었습니다 → ✅ 회의로 인하여 지연되었습니다 or 회의로 인한 지연 (인한 must modify a noun) 🗓️
  • ❌ Treating 인해 and 인한 as identical → ✅ 인해 usually leads to a sentence result; 인한 modifies the next noun. 📌
🎉 You now have a formal “cause → official result” tool. Use -(으)로 인하여 when your Korean puts on a blazer, opens a report, and calmly explains why the road is closed. 🏛️🛣️
 

Try this exercise

Instructions: Complete each formal sentence with the correct cause marker: 로 인하여 or 으로 인하여. Say the sentence aloud, check whether the noun ends in a vowel or consonant, then open the Answer toggle. 🧭
1. 태풍＿＿＿＿ 항공편이 지연되었습니다.
[tae-pung ＿＿＿＿ hang-gong-pyeon-i ji-yeon-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The flight was delayed due to the typhoon. 🌪️✈️
Answer
으로 인하여 — 태풍 ends in final ㅇ, so use 으로 인하여. 🌪️
2. 오류＿＿＿＿ 결제가 지연되었습니다.
[o-ryu ＿＿＿＿ gyeol-je-ga ji-yeon-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Payment was delayed due to the error. ⚠️💳
Answer
로 인하여 — 오류 ends in a vowel, so use 로 인하여. ⚠️
3. 폭설＿＿＿＿ 도로가 통제되었습니다.
[pok-seol ＿＿＿＿ do-ro-ga tong-je-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The road was closed due to heavy snow. ❄️🛣️
Answer
로 인하여 — final ㄹ behaves like the vowel side: use 로, not 으로. ❄️
4. 정전＿＿＿＿ 서비스가 중단되었습니다.
[jeong-jeon ＿＿＿＿ seo-bi-seu-ga jung-dan-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The service was suspended due to a power outage. 🔌🛎️
Answer
으로 인하여 — 정전 ends in final ㄴ. 🔌
5. 공사＿＿＿＿ 주민이 불편을 겪었습니다.
[gong-sa ＿＿＿＿ ju-min-i bul-pyeon-eul gyeok-eot-seum-ni-da]
Residents experienced inconvenience due to construction. 🚧🏘️
Answer
로 인하여 — 공사 ends in a vowel. 🚧
6. 사고＿＿＿＿ 배송이 지연되었습니다.
[sa-go ＿＿＿＿ bae-song-i ji-yeon-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Delivery was delayed due to an accident. 🚨📦
Answer
로 인하여 — 사고 ends in a vowel. 🚨
7. 화재＿＿＿＿ 운영이 중단되었습니다.
[hwa-jae ＿＿＿＿ un-yeong-i jung-dan-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Operation was suspended due to a fire. 🔥🏢
Answer
로 인하여 — 화재 ends in a vowel. 🔥
8. 혼잡＿＿＿＿ 일정이 변경되었습니다.
[hon-jap ＿＿＿＿ il-jeong-i byeon-gyeong-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The schedule was changed due to congestion. 🚦📅
Answer
으로 인하여 — 혼잡 ends in final ㅂ. 🚦
9. 지진＿＿＿＿ 피해가 발생했습니다.
[ji-jin ＿＿＿＿ pi-hae-ga bal-saeng-haet-seum-ni-da]
Damage occurred due to the earthquake. 🌍🩹
Answer
으로 인하여 — 지진 ends in final ㄴ. 🌍
10. 변경＿＿＿＿ 안내가 지연되었습니다.
[byeon-gyeong ＿＿＿＿ an-nae-ga ji-yeon-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The notice was delayed due to the change. 🔄📢
Answer
으로 인하여 — 변경 ends in final ㅇ. 🔄
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 태풍 → typhoon
  • 항공편 → flight
  • 오류 → error
  • 결제 → payment
  • 폭설 → heavy snow
  • 도로 → road
  • 정전 → power outage
  • 서비스 → service
  • 공사 → construction
  • 주민 → residents
  • 사고 → accident
  • 배송 → delivery
  • 화재 → fire
  • 운영 → operation
  • 혼잡 → congestion
  • 일정 → schedule
  • 지진 → earthquake
  • 피해 → damage
  • 변경 → change
  • 안내 → notice
  • 지연되다 → to be delayed
  • 통제되다 → to be closed/controlled
  • 중단되다 → to be suspended
  • 변경되다 → to be changed
  • 발생하다 → to occur
  • 겪다 → to experience
Tip 💡 Vowel or final ㄹ → 로; most other final consonants → 으로.
🚀
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready for formal-reason muscle training. 🏋️‍♀️
 
📦
🎯 Practice Hub — Formal Reasoning: -(으)로 인하여
 
Welcome to your formal-reason gym, where causes wear name tags and results arrive with official stamps. 🏛️ In these drills, you’ll practice choosing 로 인하여, 으로 인하여, 인해, and 인한 in polished report-style Korean. By the end, you’ll be able to read notices about delays, closures, policy changes, and service issues without blinking dramatically at the sentence. 📄
 
🔊 Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a formal sentence before repeating it aloud.
 
📝 Instructions: Complete each sentence, say the Korean line aloud, then check the Answer toggle. Focus on the noun before the blank: vowel or final ㄹ takes 로; most other final consonants take 으로. When the blank asks for 인한, make sure it comes before a noun. 🧭
 

Exercise 1 — Choose 로 인하여 or 으로 인하여 🧭

A. 태풍＿＿＿＿ 회의가 취소되었습니다.
[tae-pung ＿＿＿＿ hoe-ui-ga chwi-so-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The meeting was canceled due to the typhoon. 🌪️🗓️
Answer
으로 인하여 — 태풍 ends in final ㅇ. Use 으로. 🌪️
B. 폭우＿＿＿＿ 일정이 변경되었습니다.
[po-gu ＿＿＿＿ il-jeong-i byeon-gyeong-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The schedule was changed due to heavy rain. 🌧️📅
Answer
로 인하여 — 폭우 ends in a vowel. 🌧️
C. 정전＿＿＿＿ 결제가 지연되었습니다.
[jeong-jeon ＿＿＿＿ gyeol-je-ga ji-yeon-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Payment was delayed due to a power outage. 🔌💳
Answer
으로 인하여 — 정전 ends in final ㄴ. 🔌
D. 공사＿＿＿＿ 도로가 통제되었습니다.
[gong-sa ＿＿＿＿ do-ro-ga tong-je-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The road was closed due to construction. 🚧🛣️
Answer
로 인하여 — 공사 ends in a vowel. 🚧
E. 오류＿＿＿＿ 안내가 지연되었습니다.
[o-ryu ＿＿＿＿ an-nae-ga ji-yeon-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The notice was delayed due to an error. ⚠️📢
Answer
로 인하여 — 오류 ends in a vowel. ⚠️
F. 혼잡＿＿＿＿ 서비스가 중단되었습니다.
[hon-jap ＿＿＿＿ seo-bi-seu-ga jung-dan-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The service was suspended due to congestion. 🚦🛎️
Answer
으로 인하여 — 혼잡 ends in final ㅂ. 🚦
G. 폭설＿＿＿＿ 배송이 지연되었습니다.
[pok-seol ＿＿＿＿ bae-song-i ji-yeon-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Delivery was delayed due to heavy snow. ❄️📦
Answer
로 인하여 — final ㄹ takes 로. ❄️
H. 화재＿＿＿＿ 운영이 중단되었습니다.
[hwa-jae ＿＿＿＿ un-yeong-i jung-dan-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Operation was suspended due to a fire. 🔥🏢
Answer
로 인하여 — 화재 ends in a vowel. 🔥
I. 지진＿＿＿＿ 피해가 발생했습니다.
[ji-jin ＿＿＿＿ pi-hae-ga bal-saeng-haet-seum-ni-da]
Damage occurred due to the earthquake. 🌍🩹
Answer
으로 인하여 — 지진 ends in final ㄴ. 🌍
J. 변경＿＿＿＿ 회사가 손실을 겪었습니다.
[byeon-gyeong ＿＿＿＿ hoe-sa-ga son-sil-eul gyeok-eot-seum-ni-da]
The company experienced a loss due to the change. 🔄🏢
Answer
으로 인하여 — 변경 ends in final ㅇ. 🔄
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 태풍 → typhoon
  • 회의 → meeting
  • 폭우 → heavy rain
  • 일정 → schedule
  • 정전 → power outage
  • 결제 → payment
  • 공사 → construction
  • 도로 → road
  • 오류 → error
  • 안내 → notice
  • 혼잡 → congestion
  • 서비스 → service
  • 폭설 → heavy snow
  • 배송 → delivery
  • 화재 → fire
  • 운영 → operation
  • 지진 → earthquake
  • 피해 → damage
  • 변경 → change
  • 회사 → company
  • 손실 → loss
  • 취소되다 → to be canceled
  • 변경되다 → to be changed
  • 지연되다 → to be delayed
  • 통제되다 → to be closed/controlled
  • 중단되다 → to be suspended
  • 발생하다 → to occur
  • 겪다 → to experience
Tip 💡 This exercise is pure form selection: 로 vs 으로.

Exercise 2 — Shorter Formal Style: 인해 🧾

A. 사고＿＿＿＿ 배송이 지연되었습니다.
[sa-go ＿＿＿＿ bae-song-i ji-yeon-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Delivery was delayed due to an accident. 🚨📦
Answer
로 인해 — 사고 ends in a vowel; 인해 is the compact formal version of 인하여. 🚨
B. 정책 변경＿＿＿＿ 불편이 발생했습니다.
[jeong-chaek byeon-gyeong ＿＿＿＿ bul-pyeon-i bal-saeng-haet-seum-ni-da]
Inconvenience occurred due to the policy change. 📜😵‍💫
Answer
으로 인해 — 변경 ends in final ㅇ. 📜
C. 폭우＿＿＿＿ 피해가 증가했습니다.
[po-gu ＿＿＿＿ pi-hae-ga jeung-ga-haet-seum-ni-da]
Damage increased due to heavy rain. 🌧️📈
Answer
로 인해 — 폭우 ends in a vowel. 🌧️
D. 혼잡＿＿＿＿ 이용객이 불편을 겪었습니다.
[hon-jap ＿＿＿＿ i-yong-gaek-i bul-pyeon-eul gyeok-eot-seum-ni-da]
Users experienced inconvenience due to congestion. 🚦👥
Answer
으로 인해 — 혼잡 ends in final ㅂ. 🚦
E. 오류＿＿＿＿ 자료가 변경되었습니다.
[o-ryu ＿＿＿＿ ja-ryo-ga byeon-gyeong-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The data was changed due to an error. ⚠️📊
Answer
로 인해 — 오류 ends in a vowel. ⚠️
F. 화재＿＿＿＿ 서비스가 중단되었습니다.
[hwa-jae ＿＿＿＿ seo-bi-seu-ga jung-dan-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The service was suspended due to a fire. 🔥🛎️
Answer
로 인해 — 화재 ends in a vowel. 🔥
G. 태풍＿＿＿＿ 항공편이 취소되었습니다.
[tae-pung ＿＿＿＿ hang-gong-pyeon-i chwi-so-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The flight was canceled due to the typhoon. 🌪️✈️
Answer
으로 인해 — 태풍 ends in final ㅇ. 🌪️
H. 공사＿＿＿＿ 도로가 변경되었습니다.
[gong-sa ＿＿＿＿ do-ro-ga byeon-gyeong-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The road was changed due to construction. 🚧🛣️
Answer
로 인해 — 공사 ends in a vowel. 🚧
I. 지진＿＿＿＿ 주민이 피해를 겪었습니다.
[ji-jin ＿＿＿＿ ju-min-i pi-hae-reul gyeok-eot-seum-ni-da]
Residents experienced damage due to the earthquake. 🌍🏘️
Answer
으로 인해 — 지진 ends in final ㄴ. 🌍
J. 폭설＿＿＿＿ 운영이 지연되었습니다.
[pok-seol ＿＿＿＿ un-yeong-i ji-yeon-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Operation was delayed due to heavy snow. ❄️🏢
Answer
로 인해 — final ㄹ takes 로. ❄️
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 사고 → accident
  • 배송 → delivery
  • 정책 변경 → policy change
  • 불편 → inconvenience
  • 폭우 → heavy rain
  • 피해 → damage
  • 혼잡 → congestion
  • 이용객 → users/passengers
  • 오류 → error
  • 자료 → data/materials
  • 화재 → fire
  • 서비스 → service
  • 태풍 → typhoon
  • 항공편 → flight
  • 공사 → construction
  • 도로 → road
  • 지진 → earthquake
  • 주민 → residents
  • 폭설 → heavy snow
  • 운영 → operation
  • 지연되다 → to be delayed
  • 발생하다 → to occur
  • 증가하다 → to increase
  • 겪다 → to experience
  • 변경되다 → to be changed
  • 중단되다 → to be suspended
  • 취소되다 → to be canceled
Tip 💡 인해 is shorter than 인하여, but it keeps the same formal “due to” feeling.

Exercise 3 — Before a Noun: 인한 📌

A. 사고＿＿＿＿ 피해가 확인되었습니다.
[sa-go ＿＿＿＿ pi-hae-ga hwa-gin-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Damage caused by the accident was confirmed. 🚨🩹
Answer
로 인한 — 인한 modifies the noun 피해, “damage.” 📌
B. 정전＿＿＿＿ 불편이 증가했습니다.
[jeong-jeon ＿＿＿＿ bul-pyeon-i jeung-ga-haet-seum-ni-da]
Inconvenience caused by the power outage increased. 🔌📈
Answer
으로 인한 — 정전 ends in final ㄴ, and 인한 comes before 불편. 🔌
C. 공사＿＿＿＿ 변경이 안내되었습니다.
[gong-sa ＿＿＿＿ byeon-gyeong-i an-nae-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The change caused by construction was announced. 🚧📢
Answer
로 인한 — 공사 ends in a vowel; 변경 is the noun being modified. 🚧
D. 태풍＿＿＿＿ 취소가 확인되었습니다.
[tae-pung ＿＿＿＿ chwi-so-ga hwa-gin-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The cancellation caused by the typhoon was confirmed. 🌪️❌
Answer
으로 인한 — final consonant ㅇ takes 으로. 🌪️
E. 오류＿＿＿＿ 지연이 발생했습니다.
[o-ryu ＿＿＿＿ ji-yeon-i bal-saeng-haet-seum-ni-da]
A delay caused by an error occurred. ⚠️⏳
Answer
로 인한 — 오류 ends in a vowel; 지연 is the noun. ⚠️
F. 폭우＿＿＿＿ 손실이 증가했습니다.
[po-gu ＿＿＿＿ son-sil-i jeung-ga-haet-seum-ni-da]
Losses caused by heavy rain increased. 🌧️📉
Answer
로 인한 — 폭우 ends in a vowel. 🌧️
G. 혼잡＿＿＿＿ 불편이 확인되었습니다.
[hon-jap ＿＿＿＿ bul-pyeon-i hwa-gin-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Inconvenience caused by congestion was confirmed. 🚦🔎
Answer
으로 인한 — 혼잡 ends in final ㅂ. 🚦
H. 화재＿＿＿＿ 중단이 발생했습니다.
[hwa-jae ＿＿＿＿ jung-dan-i bal-saeng-haet-seum-ni-da]
A suspension caused by a fire occurred. 🔥⛔
Answer
로 인한 — 화재 ends in a vowel. 🔥
I. 폭설＿＿＿＿ 지연이 안내되었습니다.
[pok-seol ＿＿＿＿ ji-yeon-i an-nae-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
A delay caused by heavy snow was announced. ❄️📢
Answer
로 인한 — final ㄹ takes 로. ❄️
J. 지진＿＿＿＿ 피해가 감소했습니다.
[ji-jin ＿＿＿＿ pi-hae-ga gam-so-haet-seum-ni-da]
Damage caused by the earthquake decreased. 🌍📉
Answer
으로 인한 — 지진 ends in final ㄴ. 🌍
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 사고 → accident
  • 피해 → damage
  • 정전 → power outage
  • 불편 → inconvenience
  • 공사 → construction
  • 변경 → change
  • 태풍 → typhoon
  • 취소 → cancellation
  • 오류 → error
  • 지연 → delay
  • 폭우 → heavy rain
  • 손실 → loss
  • 혼잡 → congestion
  • 화재 → fire
  • 중단 → suspension
  • 폭설 → heavy snow
  • 지진 → earthquake
  • 확인되다 → to be confirmed
  • 증가하다 → to increase
  • 안내되다 → to be announced
  • 발생하다 → to occur
  • 감소하다 → to decrease
Tip 💡 인한 must sit before a noun: 사고로 인한 피해 = damage caused by an accident.

Exercise 4 — Formal Nuance: 인하여, 인해, 말미암아 🏛️

A. 정책 변경＿＿＿＿ 회사의 기준이 변경되었습니다.
[jeong-chaek byeon-gyeong ＿＿＿＿ hoe-sa-ui gi-jun-i byeon-gyeong-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The company’s standard was changed due to the policy change. 📜📏
Answer
으로 인하여 — polished formal written style; 변경 ends in final ㅇ. 📜
B. 오류＿＿＿＿ 보고서의 자료가 변경되었습니다.
[o-ryu ＿＿＿＿ bo-go-seo-ui ja-ryo-ga byeon-gyeong-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The report’s data was changed due to an error. ⚠️📄
Answer
로 인해 — compact formal “due to”; 오류 ends in a vowel. ⚠️
C. 지진＿＿＿＿ 주민의 피해가 증가했습니다.
[ji-jin ＿＿＿＿ ju-min-ui pi-hae-ga jeung-ga-haet-seum-ni-da]
Residents’ damage increased owing to the earthquake. 🌍🏘️
Answer
으로 말미암아 — very formal/literary “owing to”; 지진 ends in final ㄴ. 🏺
D. 공사＿＿＿＿ 도로 상황이 변경되었습니다.
[gong-sa ＿＿＿＿ do-ro sang-hwang-i byeon-gyeong-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The road situation changed due to construction. 🚧🛣️
Answer
로 인하여 — formal “due to”; 공사 ends in a vowel. 🚧
E. 폭우＿＿＿＿ 서비스 운영이 중단되었습니다.
[po-gu ＿＿＿＿ seo-bi-seu un-yeong-i jung-dan-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Service operation was suspended due to heavy rain. 🌧️🛎️
Answer
로 인해 — natural short formal notice style. 🌧️
F. 혼잡＿＿＿＿ 이용객의 불편이 확인되었습니다.
[hon-jap ＿＿＿＿ i-yong-gaek-ui bul-pyeon-i hwa-gin-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
Users’ inconvenience was confirmed due to congestion. 🚦👥
Answer
으로 인하여 — 혼잡 ends in final ㅂ; the tone is formal and report-like. 🚦
G. 화재＿＿＿＿ 회사의 손실이 발생했습니다.
[hwa-jae ＿＿＿＿ hoe-sa-ui son-sil-i bal-saeng-haet-seum-ni-da]
The company’s loss occurred due to a fire. 🔥📉
Answer
로 인하여 — 화재 ends in a vowel; formal written cause. 🔥
H. 태풍＿＿＿＿ 항공편 일정이 취소되었습니다.
[tae-pung ＿＿＿＿ hang-gong-pyeon il-jeong-i chwi-so-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The flight schedule was canceled due to the typhoon. 🌪️✈️
Answer
으로 인해 — shorter formal notice style; 태풍 takes 으로. 🌪️
I. 폭설＿＿＿＿ 도로 안내가 지연되었습니다.
[pok-seol ＿＿＿＿ do-ro an-nae-ga ji-yeon-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The road notice was delayed due to heavy snow. ❄️📢
Answer
로 인해 — final ㄹ takes 로. ❄️
J. 정전＿＿＿＿ 결제 서비스가 중단되었습니다.
[jeong-jeon ＿＿＿＿ gyeol-je seo-bi-seu-ga jung-dan-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The payment service was suspended due to a power outage. 🔌💳
Answer
으로 인하여 — formal and fully spelled out; 정전 ends in final ㄴ. 🔌
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 정책 변경 → policy change
  • 회사 → company
  • 기준 → standard
  • 오류 → error
  • 보고서 → report
  • 자료 → data/materials
  • 지진 → earthquake
  • 주민 → residents
  • 피해 → damage
  • 공사 → construction
  • 도로 → road
  • 상황 → situation
  • 폭우 → heavy rain
  • 서비스 → service
  • 운영 → operation
  • 혼잡 → congestion
  • 이용객 → users/passengers
  • 불편 → inconvenience
  • 화재 → fire
  • 손실 → loss
  • 태풍 → typhoon
  • 항공편 → flight
  • 일정 → schedule
  • 폭설 → heavy snow
  • 안내 → notice
  • 정전 → power outage
  • 결제 → payment
  • 변경되다 → to be changed
  • 증가하다 → to increase
  • 중단되다 → to be suspended
  • 확인되다 → to be confirmed
  • 발생하다 → to occur
  • 취소되다 → to be canceled
  • 지연되다 → to be delayed
Tip 💡 말미암아 is heavier and more literary; 인해 is shorter and common in notices.

Exercise 5 — Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol 🛡️

A. 태풍＿＿＿＿ 항공편 지연이 발생했습니다.
[tae-pung ＿＿＿＿ hang-gong-pyeon ji-yeon-i bal-saeng-haet-seum-ni-da]
A flight delay occurred due to the typhoon. 🌪️✈️
Answer
으로 인하여 — Pitfall check: ❌ 태풍로 → ✅ 태풍으로. 🌪️
B. 오류＿＿＿＿ 결제 서비스가 중단되었습니다.
[o-ryu ＿＿＿＿ gyeol-je seo-bi-seu-ga jung-dan-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The payment service was suspended due to an error. ⚠️💳
Answer
로 인해 — Pitfall check: ❌ 오류으로 → ✅ 오류로. ⚠️
C. 회의＿＿＿＿ 일정 변경이 안내되었습니다.
[hoe-ui ＿＿＿＿ il-jeong byeon-gyeong-i an-nae-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The schedule change caused by the meeting was announced. 🗓️📢
Answer
로 인한 — 인한 modifies the noun phrase 일정 변경. 📌
D. 정전＿＿＿＿ 운영 중단이 확인되었습니다.
[jeong-jeon ＿＿＿＿ un-yeong jung-dan-i hwa-gin-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The operation suspension caused by the power outage was confirmed. 🔌🔎
Answer
으로 인한 — Pitfall check: 인한 belongs before a noun; here 운영 중단 is the noun phrase. 🔌
E. 공사＿＿＿＿ 주민 불편이 증가했습니다.
[gong-sa ＿＿＿＿ ju-min bul-pyeon-i jeung-ga-haet-seum-ni-da]
Residents’ inconvenience increased due to construction. 🚧🏘️
Answer
로 인하여 — Formal sentence result; 공사 ends in a vowel. 🚧
F. 폭설＿＿＿＿ 도로 통제가 발생했습니다.
[pok-seol ＿＿＿＿ do-ro tong-je-ga bal-saeng-haet-seum-ni-da]
Road control occurred due to heavy snow. ❄️🛣️
Answer
로 인해 — Pitfall check: final ㄹ uses 로, not 으로. ❄️
G. 혼잡＿＿＿＿ 이용객 안내가 지연되었습니다.
[hon-jap ＿＿＿＿ i-yong-gaek an-nae-ga ji-yeon-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
User guidance was delayed due to congestion. 🚦👥
Answer
으로 인하여 — 혼잡 ends in final ㅂ. 🚦
H. 화재＿＿＿＿ 회사 손실이 확인되었습니다.
[hwa-jae ＿＿＿＿ hoe-sa son-sil-i hwa-gin-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The company loss caused by the fire was confirmed. 🔥📉
Answer
로 인한 — Pitfall check: use 인한 because it modifies 회사 손실. 🔥
I. 지진＿＿＿＿ 상황이 변경되었습니다.
[ji-jin ＿＿＿＿ sang-hwang-i byeon-gyeong-doe-eot-seum-ni-da]
The situation changed due to the earthquake. 🌍🧭
Answer
으로 인하여 — 지진 ends in final ㄴ; full formal style fits reports. 🌍
J. 변경＿＿＿＿ 보고서 자료가 감소했습니다.
[byeon-gyeong ＿＿＿＿ bo-go-seo ja-ryo-ga gam-so-haet-seum-ni-da]
The report data decreased due to the change. 🔄📄
Answer
으로 인해 — Pitfall check: 변경 ends in final ㅇ, so use 으로. 🔄
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 태풍 → typhoon
  • 항공편 → flight
  • 지연 → delay
  • 오류 → error
  • 결제 → payment
  • 서비스 → service
  • 회의 → meeting
  • 일정 변경 → schedule change
  • 정전 → power outage
  • 운영 중단 → operation suspension
  • 공사 → construction
  • 주민 불편 → residents’ inconvenience
  • 폭설 → heavy snow
  • 도로 통제 → road control/closure
  • 혼잡 → congestion
  • 이용객 안내 → user/passenger guidance
  • 화재 → fire
  • 회사 손실 → company loss
  • 지진 → earthquake
  • 상황 → situation
  • 변경 → change
  • 보고서 자료 → report data/materials
  • 발생하다 → to occur
  • 중단되다 → to be suspended
  • 안내되다 → to be announced
  • 확인되다 → to be confirmed
  • 증가하다 → to increase
  • 지연되다 → to be delayed
  • 변경되다 → to be changed
  • 감소하다 → to decrease
Tip 💡 Final boss rule: 인하여/인해 leads into a result sentence; 인한 modifies the next noun.
 
🎉 Excellent work — your formal Korean can now explain delays, cancellations, and official consequences without sounding like it wandered in from a casual coffee chat. Next time you see 인하여 in a notice, you’ll know exactly who caused the paperwork. 🏛️📄