TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐ฐ ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ means fiscal soundness: whether public finances can stay stable and sustainable over time. (fiscal soundness)
- ๐งพ ์์ฐ is the planned money map: expected revenue, planned spending, priorities, and limits. (budget)
- โ๏ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ฑ and ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด both concern government debt, but careful texts often distinguish broad liabilities from direct repayment obligations.
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Fiscal phrases can sound dense, so try pasting sentences like ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ์ ์ ์งํด์ผ ํ๋ค (the government must maintain fiscal soundness) into Korean Helper Widgets. Hearing the rhythm makes policy vocabulary less crunchy. ๐ฅจ
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๐ The Big Picture
Fiscal responsibility is about how a government manages public money without creating unsustainable burdens for the future. In Korean, the central phrase is ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ (fiscal soundness). ์ฌ์ means public finance, and ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ means soundness or health. ๐๏ธ
This topic often appears with ์์ฐ (budget), ์ธ์
(revenue), ์ธ์ถ (expenditure), ์ง์ถ ๊ด๋ฆฌ (spending management), and ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด (national debt as direct government obligations). Together, these words help explain whether a country is spending wisely, borrowing responsibly, and preparing for future costs. ๐
The nuance is not โnever spend money.โ A responsible fiscal policy can still expand spending during a crisis, invest in infrastructure, or support vulnerable groups. The key question is whether spending is transparent, prioritized, sustainable, and balanced against long-term repayment capacity. โ๏ธ
๐จ The Core Fiscal Responsibility Family
- ์ฌ์ = public finance; government money management.
- ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ = fiscal soundness; the condition of public finance being stable and sustainable.
- ์์ฐ = budget; planned revenue and spending.
- ์ธ์ = revenue coming into the public budget, especially taxes and other government income.
- ์ธ์ถ = government expenditure; money going out.
- ์ง์ถ ๊ด๋ฆฌ = spending management; controlling, prioritizing, or restructuring expenditure.
- ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด = national debt; direct debt obligations the government must repay.
- ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ฑ = national liabilities; often broader than ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด, depending on the accounting frame.
- ์ฌ์ ์ ์ = fiscal deficit; when spending exceeds revenue.
- ์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ ฅ = fiscal space; the capacity to spend or respond without damaging fiscal stability.
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ์ ์ ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ง์ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ค. (The government adjusted the spending structure to maintain fiscal soundness.) ๐งพ
์ ์งํ๋ค = to maintain, ์ง์ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ = spending structure, ์กฐ์ ํ๋ค = to adjust.
- ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ์๋ ์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ํ์ฉํ ์ง์ ์ ์ฑ ์ด ํ์ํ ์ ์๋ค. (During an economic downturn, support policies using fiscal space may be necessary.) ๐
๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ = period of economic recession, ํ์ฉํ๋ค = to utilize, ์ง์ ์ ์ฑ
= support policy.
- ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด๊ฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๋ ์ธ๋์ ๋ถ๋ด์ด ์ปค์ง ์ ์๋ค. (If national debt increases quickly, the burden on future generations may grow.) ๐ถ
์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค = to increase, ๋ฏธ๋ ์ธ๋ = future generations, ๋ถ๋ด = burden.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
Fiscal vocabulary often forms compact noun phrases:
- ์ฌ์ (public finance) + ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ (soundness) โ ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ (fiscal soundness)
- ๊ตญ๊ฐ (state/nation) + ์ฑ๋ฌด (debt obligation) โ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด (national debt)
- ์ง์ถ (spending) + ๊ด๋ฆฌ (management) โ ์ง์ถ ๊ด๋ฆฌ (spending management)
- ์์ฐ (budget) + ํธ์ฑ (compilation/formation) โ ์์ฐ ํธ์ฑ (budget formulation)
Helpful verb pairings:
- ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ์ ์ ์งํ๋ค (to maintain fiscal soundness)
- ์์ฐ์ ํธ์ฑํ๋ค (to formulate a budget)
- ์ง์ถ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ค (to manage spending)
- ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ค (to manage national debt)
- ์ฌ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๋ค (to reduce the fiscal deficit)
๐ Cross-check note
Key terms and usage were cross-checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์ / korean.go.kr and public Korean fiscal terminology sources, especially the distinction between budget, expenditure, debt, and fiscal soundness. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ (fiscal soundness) โ formal policy/economics term; emphasizes sustainability and stability.
- ์ฌ์ ์์ ์ฑ (fiscal stability) โ similar, but more focused on stable conditions rather than โsoundness.โ
- ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด (national debt) โ direct repayment obligations of the government.
- ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ฑ (national liabilities/debt) โ can be broader; check the textโs accounting context.
- ๊ธด์ถ ์ฌ์ (fiscal austerity) โ reducing spending or tightening fiscal policy; not identical to fiscal responsibility.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ = โspending less no matter whatโ โ โ It means sustainable finance, not automatic budget cuts.
- โ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ฑ and ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด are always identical โ โ They can differ by accounting definition; read context carefully.
- โ ์์ฐ = only spending โ โ A budget includes revenue plans, spending plans, and priorities.
- โ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ is always bad โ โ A deficit may be used during crises, but persistent deficits can weaken fiscal soundness.
- โ ์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ ฅ means โfree moneyโ โ โ It means room to respond while keeping public finance sustainable.
You now have the vocabulary to discuss public money like a calm policy analyst, not a panicked calculator. Fiscal responsibility: serious topic, tidy phrases, fewer budget gremlins. ๐ฐ๐งฎ
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Try this exercise
Practice choosing the fiscal-policy term that best completes each sentence. Read the Korean first, decide which concept fits, then open the Answer toggle for the nuance.
1. ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ง์ถ ๊ณํ์ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ค.
The government adjusted its spending plan to maintain long-term fiscal soundness. ๐งพ
Answer
์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ โ This refers to sustainable and stable public finance.
2. ์ ํ๊ณ์ฐ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ตญํ ์ฌ์๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํ์ ๋๋ค.
The new fiscal yearโs budget is finalized after parliamentary review. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์์ฐ โ ์์ฐ is the planned public money map for a fiscal year.
3. ์ธ๊ธ ์์
์ด ์ค๋ฉด ์ ๋ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๊ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
If tax revenue falls, government revenue may also decrease. ๐ธ
Answer
์ธ์
โ ์ธ์
means money coming into the public budget.
4. ๋ณต์ง ํ๋๋ ์ ๋ถ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ์ ์๋ค.
Welfare expansion may lead to an increase in government expenditure. ๐ค
Answer
์ธ์ถ โ ์ธ์ถ means money going out as government expenditure.
5. ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ถํ์ํ ์ฌ์
์ ์ค์ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐํํ๋ค.
The government strengthened spending management by reducing unnecessary projects. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ง์ถ ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ This means managing and prioritizing expenditure.
6. ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ง์ ์ํํด์ผ ํ๋ ๋น์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํฌํจ๋๋ค.
Debt the government must directly repay is included in national debt obligations. ๐
Answer
๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด โ ์ฑ๋ฌด stresses direct repayment obligations.
7. ์ง์ถ์ด ์์
๋ณด๋ค ๋ง์ผ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
When spending exceeds revenue, a fiscal deficit occurs. โ ๏ธ
Answer
์ฌ์ ์ ์ โ A deficit appears when public spending is greater than public revenue.
8. ์๊ธฐ ๋์์ ์ํด์๋ ์ด๋ ์ ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
Some fiscal space is needed to respond to a crisis. ๐
Answer
์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ ฅ โ This means capacity to respond without damaging fiscal sustainability.
9. ์์ฐ์ ๋ง๋ค ๋๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ฐ์ ์์๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
When making a budget, policy priorities must be reflected. ๐งญ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค means to reflect something in a plan or decision.
10. ๊ณ ๋ นํ๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํค์ธ ์ ์๋ค.
Population aging can increase the fiscal burden in the long term. ๐ต
Answer
๋ถ๋ด โ ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด means fiscal burden.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ โ fiscal soundness
- ์์ฐ โ budget
- ์ธ์ โ public revenue
- ์ธ์ถ โ public expenditure
- ์ง์ถ ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ spending management
- ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด โ national debt obligations
- ์ฌ์ ์ ์ โ fiscal deficit
- ์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ ฅ โ fiscal space
- ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค โ to reflect
- ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด โ fiscal burden
Tip ๐ก ์ธ์
comes in; ์ธ์ถ goes out. Tiny pair, huge budget drama.
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns fiscal-policy vocabulary into confident analysis. ๐ฐ
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Fiscal Responsibility
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Welcome to your fiscal-responsibility practice zone. ๐ฐ This set helps you use ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ (fiscal soundness), ์์ฐ (budget), ์ง์ถ ๊ด๋ฆฌ (spending management), and ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด (national debt obligations) with clear policy nuance.
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever a long policy sentence needs an audio check.
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๐ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best fiscal-policy word or phrase. Focus on the difference between revenue, expenditure, debt, deficit, and fiscal space, then open the Answer toggle to confirm the nuance.
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Exercise 1 โ Budget Basics ๐งพ
A. ์ ๋ถ์ ํ ํด ์์
๊ณผ ์ง์ถ ๊ณํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The governmentโs yearly plan for revenue and spending is called a budget. ๐
Answer
์์ฐ โ A budget covers both planned income and planned expenditure.
B. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ๋ธ ์ธ๊ธ์ ์ ๋ถ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ค์ํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ด๋ค.
Taxes paid by citizens are an important part of government revenue. ๐งพ
Answer
์ธ์
โ ์ธ์
means revenue entering the public budget.
C. ๋๋ก ๊ฑด์ค๊ณผ ๋ณต์ง ์ฌ์
์๋ ์ ๋ถ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํฌ์
๋๋ค.
Government expenditure is put into road construction and welfare projects. ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
์ธ์ถ โ ์ธ์ถ means public money spent by the government.
D. ์์ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณผ์ ์์๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ฐ์ ์์๊ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
In the budget formulation process, policy priorities are important. ๐งญ
Answer
ํธ์ฑ โ ์์ฐ ํธ์ฑ means formulating or compiling a budget.
E. ๊ตญํ๋ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ ์ถํ ์์ฐ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The National Assembly reviews the budget bill submitted by the government. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ฌ์ โ ์ฌ์ํ๋ค means to review or deliberate formally.
F. ์์ฐ ์งํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์ด๋ฉด ๋ญ๋น๋ฅผ ์ค์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
If the efficiency of budget execution is improved, waste can be reduced. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํจ์จ์ฑ โ ํจ์จ์ฑ means efficiency; it pairs well with ๋์ด๋ค.
G. ์ ์ฑ
๋ชฉํ๋ ์์ฐ์ ์ ๋๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Policy goals should be properly reflected in the budget. ๐ฏ
Answer
๋ฐ์ โ ๋ฐ์๋๋ค means to be reflected in a plan, system, or decision.
H. ๋ถํ์ํ ์ฌ์
์ ์ค์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ง์ถ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด๋ค.
Reducing unnecessary projects is one method of spending management. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ด๋ฆฌ โ ์ง์ถ ๊ด๋ฆฌ means managing expenditure.
I. ์์ฐ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ฉด ์ฌ์
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
If the budget is insufficient, the scale of the project must be adjusted. ๐
Answer
๊ท๋ชจ โ ์ฌ์
๊ท๋ชจ means the scale of a project.
J. ์ฌ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ํฉ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ฌ ์ค๊ณ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Fiscal policy should be designed by considering economic conditions. ๐
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค means to consider; common in formal policy writing.
Vocabulary Box
- ์์ฐ โ budget
- ์ธ์ โ public revenue
- ์ธ์ถ โ public expenditure
- ์์ฐ ํธ์ฑ โ budget formulation
- ์ฌ์ํ๋ค โ to review; deliberate
- ํจ์จ์ฑ โ efficiency
- ๋ฐ์๋๋ค โ to be reflected
- ์ง์ถ ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ spending management
- ์ฌ์ ๊ท๋ชจ โ project scale
- ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค โ to consider
Tip ๐ก Budget language is about planning, reviewing, executing, and adjusting public money.
Exercise 2 โ Debt and Deficit ๐
A. ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์์ผ ํ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ๋น์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The direct debt that the government must repay is national debt. ๐งฎ
Answer
๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด โ ์ฑ๋ฌด emphasizes repayment obligations.
B. ์ง์ถ์ด ์ธ์
๋ณด๋ค ๋ง์ผ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ปค์ง๋ค.
If spending is greater than revenue, the fiscal deficit grows. โ ๏ธ
Answer
์ฌ์ ์ ์ โ A fiscal deficit means expenditure exceeds revenue.
C. ์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด์ ์ฆ๊ฐ ์๋๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The government must manage the growth rate of national debt. ๐ข
Answer
๊ด๋ฆฌ โ ์ฑ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ค means to manage debt.
D. ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ฑ ํต๊ณ๋ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง ์ ์๋ค.
National-liability statistics may vary in scope depending on the standard. ๐
Answer
๋ฒ์ โ Debt/liability figures depend on what range is included.
E. ์ฌ์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๊ณ์๋๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๋ ์ธ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If fiscal deficits continue, the burden on future generations may increase. ๐ถ
Answer
๋ถ๋ด โ ๋ฏธ๋ ์ธ๋์ ๋ถ๋ด is a common phrase in debt discussions.
F. ์ฑ๋ฌด ๋น์จ์ ๊ตญ๋ด์ด์์ฐ ๋๋น ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ํํ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
The debt ratio is sometimes expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product. ๐
Answer
๋น์จ โ ๋น์จ means ratio; policy texts often compare debt to GDP.
G. ์ธ์
๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด ์ฝํ๋ฉด ์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์
ํ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If the revenue base is weak, fiscal soundness may worsen. ๐งฑ
Answer
๊ฑด์ ์ฑ โ ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ is the condition being weakened.
H. ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ ์ ํญ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ง์ถ์ ์ ๊ฒํ๋ค.
The government reviewed spending to reduce the size of the deficit. ๐
Answer
์ถ์ โ ์ ์ ํญ์ ์ถ์ํ๋ค means to reduce the deficit gap.
I. ๋ถ์ฑ๊ฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด ์ ์ฉ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค ์ ์๋ค.
If debt increases quickly, it can affect credit rating. ๐ฆ
Answer
๋ฑ๊ธ โ ์ ์ฉ ๋ฑ๊ธ means credit rating.
J. ๋จ๊ธฐ ๋ถ์์ฑ
์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ฒํ ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Short-term stimulus measures should be reviewed together with long-term fiscal sustainability. โณ
Answer
์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means sustainability.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด โ national debt obligations
- ์ฌ์ ์ ์ โ fiscal deficit
- ์ฑ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ค โ to manage debt
- ๋ฒ์ โ scope
- ๋ถ๋ด โ burden
- ๋น์จ โ ratio
- ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ โ fiscal soundness
- ์ถ์ํ๋ค โ to reduce; shrink
- ์ ์ฉ ๋ฑ๊ธ โ credit rating
- ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ sustainability
Tip ๐ก Use ์ฑ๋ฌด when the focus is repayment obligations; use ๋ถ์ฑ carefully when the scope may be broader.
Exercise 3 โ Fiscal Space and Crisis Response ๐
A. ๊ฒฝ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋ ์ ๋ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ค์ํด์ง๋ค.
In an economic crisis, the governmentโs fiscal space becomes important. ๐จ
Answer
์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ ฅ โ This is the capacity to respond while maintaining fiscal stability.
B. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ง์ถ์ ์ผ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ์ ์๋ค.
During a recession, the government may temporarily expand spending. ๐
Answer
ํ๋ โ ์ง์ถ์ ํ๋ํ๋ค means to expand spending.
C. ์๊ธฐ ๋์ ์ง์ถ์ ๋ช
ํํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Crisis-response spending should have a clear purpose. ๐ฏ
Answer
๋ชฉ์ โ Responsible spending needs a clear objective.
D. ํ์์ ์ง์์ ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ด์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Temporary support can be a device to reduce fiscal burden. โฑ๏ธ
Answer
์ฅ์น โ ์ฅ์น here means a mechanism or device.
E. ์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ฉด ์ ์ฑ
์ ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ข์์ง๋ค.
If fiscal space is insufficient, the range of policy choices narrows. ๐ช
Answer
๋ฒ์ โ ์ ํ์ ๋ฒ์ means the range of choices.
F. ๊ธด๊ธ ์ง์์ ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
Emergency support may be used to protect vulnerable groups. ๐ก๏ธ
Answer
๋ณดํธ โ ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต์ ๋ณดํธํ๋ค means to protect vulnerable groups.
G. ์ฌ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ณ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ์ญํ ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
Fiscal policy sometimes plays a role in easing economic fluctuations. ๐
Answer
์ํ โ ์ํํ๋ค means to ease or mitigate.
H. ์๊ธฐ ์ดํ์๋ ์ง์ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
After a crisis, there is a need to readjust the spending structure. ๐ง
Answer
์กฐ์ โ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ค means to adjust, especially after conditions change.
I. ์ง์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The effect of support policies should be verified through data. ๐
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ ๊ฒ์ฆ๋๋ค means to be verified.
J. ์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋ ์ ์ฑ
๋์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ค.
Fiscal space broadens the options for policy response during a crisis. ๐งฐ
Answer
์ ํ์ง โ ์ ํ์ง means options.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ ฅ โ fiscal space
- ์ง์ถ์ ํ๋ํ๋ค โ to expand spending
- ๋ชฉ์ โ purpose
- ์ฅ์น โ mechanism; device
- ์ ํ์ ๋ฒ์ โ range of choices
- ์ทจ์ฝ ๊ณ์ธต โ vulnerable groups
- ์ํํ๋ค โ to ease; mitigate
- ์กฐ์ ํ๋ค โ to adjust
- ๊ฒ์ฆ๋๋ค โ to be verified
- ์ ํ์ง โ options
Tip ๐ก Fiscal responsibility allows crisis response, but asks whether the response is targeted, temporary, and sustainable.
Exercise 4 โ Policy Collocations โ๏ธ
A. ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ค์ฅ๊ธฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณํ์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
The government announced a mid- to long-term fiscal management plan. ๐
Answer
์ฌ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ ์ฌ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๊ณํ is a natural policy phrase.
B. ์์ฐ ๋ญ๋น๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ค.
Project evaluation was strengthened to prevent budget waste. ๐
Answer
ํ๊ฐ โ ์ฌ์
ํ๊ฐ means project evaluation.
C. ์ฌ์ ์ค์น์ ์ง์ถ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
Fiscal rules can be a standard for controlling spending growth. ๐
Answer
ํต์ โ ํต์ ํ๋ค means to control.
D. ์ธ์ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
Expenditure restructuring helps improve fiscal soundness. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐ์ โ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ ๊ฐ์ means improvement in soundness.
E. ์ฌ์ ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋์ธ๋ค.
Fiscal transparency increases public trust. ๐ค
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ โ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์ ๋ขฐ means public trust.
F. ์ ๋ถ ์ง์ถ์ ์ ์ฑ
ํจ๊ณผ์ ๋น์ฉ์ ํจ๊ป ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Government spending should compare policy effects and costs together. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋น๊ต โ ๋น๊ตํ๋ค means to compare.
G. ๋ณต์ง ์์ฐ์ ํํ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
The welfare budget requires balance between equity and sustainability. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ท ํ โ ๊ท ํ means balance.
H. ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ์์ฐ ์งํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์ธ๋ค.
Disclosure of fiscal information increases accountability in budget execution. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ฑ
์์ฑ โ ์ฑ
์์ฑ means accountability or responsibility.
I. ์ธ์
ํ์ถฉ์ ์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด๋ค.
Expanding revenue is a way to strengthen the fiscal base. ๐งฑ
Answer
๊ฐํ โ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐํํ๋ค means to strengthen a foundation.
J. ๋ถํ์คํ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ํฉ์์๋ ๋ณด์์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
In uncertain economic conditions, conservative fiscal operation may be necessary. ๐งญ
Answer
์ฌ์ ์ด์ฉ โ ์ฌ์ ์ด์ฉ means fiscal operation or management.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฌ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ โ fiscal management
- ์ฌ์ ํ๊ฐ โ project evaluation
- ์ฌ์ ์ค์น โ fiscal rules
- ํต์ ํ๋ค โ to control
- ์ธ์ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ โ expenditure restructuring
- ๊ฐ์ โ improvement
- ์ฌ์ ํฌ๋ช ์ฑ โ fiscal transparency
- ๊ท ํ โ balance
- ์ฑ ์์ฑ โ accountability
- ์ฌ์ ์ด์ฉ โ fiscal operation
Tip ๐ก Fiscal responsibility sounds strongest when paired with transparency, accountability, evaluation, and sustainability.
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์ง์ถ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ผ๋ ๋ป์ด ์๋๋ค.
Fiscal soundness does not mean reducing spending unconditionally. โ
Answer
์ถ์ โ โ Fiscal soundness = always cut spending โ โ
It means sustainable, prioritized finance.
B. ์์ฐ์ ์ง์ถ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณํ๋ ํฌํจํ๋ค.
A budget includes not only spending but also revenue plans. ๐งพ
Answer
์ธ์
โ โ Budget = only spending โ โ
Budget includes revenue and expenditure.
C. ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ง์ ๊ฐ์์ผ ํ๋ ์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งํ ๋๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ ํํ๋ค.
When referring to obligations the government must directly repay, national debt obligation is precise. ๐ฏ
Answer
์ฑ๋ฌด โ โ
๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด stresses direct repayment obligations.
D. ๋์ ํ๊ณ ๋ฒ์์ ๋น์ ๋งํ ๋๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๋ ํํ์ด ์ฐ์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
When referring to debt in a broader accounting scope, national liabilities/debt may be used. ๐
Answer
๋ถ์ฑ โ โ
๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ฑ can be broader depending on the accounting frame.
E. ์ฌ์ ์ ์๋ ์์
๋ณด๋ค ์ง์ถ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
A fiscal deficit occurs when spending is greater than revenue. โ ๏ธ
Answer
๋ง์ โ This tests the basic concept: expenditure exceeds revenue.
F. ์๊ธฐ ๋ ์ธ ์ ์๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ฌ์ง๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค.
The policy room available in a crisis is called fiscal space. ๐
Answer
์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ ฅ โ โ Free money โ โ
fiscal capacity that must still remain sustainable.
G. ๊ธด์ถ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ฑ
์์ฑ๊ณผ ํญ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ง๋ ์๋๋ค.
Fiscal austerity is not always identical to fiscal responsibility. ๐ง
Answer
์ผ์น โ โ Austerity = fiscal responsibility โ โ
sometimes responsible policy requires targeted spending.
H. ์ฌ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํ์ฌ ํ์์ ๋ฏธ๋ ๋ถ๋ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Fiscal policy should consider the balance between present needs and future burdens. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ท ํ โ Fiscal responsibility balances todayโs support with tomorrowโs repayment capacity.
I. ์๋ฃ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์๋ ์์ฐ ์งํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์ธ๋ค.
Data disclosure and oversight raise accountability in budget execution. ๐
Answer
์ฑ
์์ฑ โ Transparency and oversight make budget execution accountable.
J. ์ข์ ์ฌ์ ๋
ผ์๋ ์ง์ถ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ ์ฑ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๋ฐ์ง๋ค.
A good fiscal discussion considers not only the size of spending but also policy effectiveness. โ
Answer
ํจ๊ณผ โ Precision matters: spending amount alone does not show whether policy works.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ถ์ํ๋ค โ to reduce
- ์ธ์ โ revenue
- ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฌด โ national debt obligations
- ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ฑ โ national liabilities/debt
- ์ฌ์ ์ ์ โ fiscal deficit
- ์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ ฅ โ fiscal space
- ๊ธด์ถ ์ฌ์ โ fiscal austerity
- ๊ท ํ โ balance
- ์ฑ ์์ฑ โ accountability
- ์ ์ฑ ํจ๊ณผ โ policy effect
Tip ๐ก The final check is nuance: fiscal responsibility is not just โspend less,โ but โspend, borrow, and plan sustainably.โ
ย
๐ Nicely done โ you can now discuss fiscal responsibility with sharper Korean: ์ธ์
comes in, ์ธ์ถ goes out, ์ฌ์ ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ keeps the roof from leaking, and ์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ ฅ is the emergency umbrella. โ๏ธ๐ฐ