๐Ÿ’ฐ

Fiscal Responsibility

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ / ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ / ์ง€์ถœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ / ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿ’ฐ
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿ’ฐ ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ means fiscal soundness: whether public finances can stay stable and sustainable over time. (fiscal soundness)
  • ๐Ÿงพ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ is the planned money map: expected revenue, planned spending, priorities, and limits. (budget)
  • โš–๏ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„ and ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด both concern government debt, but careful texts often distinguish broad liabilities from direct repayment obligations.
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Fiscal phrases can sound dense, so try pasting sentences like ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค (the government must maintain fiscal soundness) into
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
. Hearing the rhythm makes policy vocabulary less crunchy. ๐Ÿฅจ
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

Fiscal responsibility is about how a government manages public money without creating unsustainable burdens for the future. In Korean, the central phrase is ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ (fiscal soundness). ์žฌ์ • means public finance, and ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ means soundness or health. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
This topic often appears with ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ (budget), ์„ธ์ž… (revenue), ์„ธ์ถœ (expenditure), ์ง€์ถœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ (spending management), and ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด (national debt as direct government obligations). Together, these words help explain whether a country is spending wisely, borrowing responsibly, and preparing for future costs. ๐Ÿ“Š
The nuance is not โ€œnever spend money.โ€ A responsible fiscal policy can still expand spending during a crisis, invest in infrastructure, or support vulnerable groups. The key question is whether spending is transparent, prioritized, sustainable, and balanced against long-term repayment capacity. โš–๏ธ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Fiscal Responsibility Family

  • ์žฌ์ • = public finance; government money management.
  • ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ = fiscal soundness; the condition of public finance being stable and sustainable.
  • ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ = budget; planned revenue and spending.
  • ์„ธ์ž… = revenue coming into the public budget, especially taxes and other government income.
  • ์„ธ์ถœ = government expenditure; money going out.
  • ์ง€์ถœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ = spending management; controlling, prioritizing, or restructuring expenditure.
  • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด = national debt; direct debt obligations the government must repay.
  • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„ = national liabilities; often broader than ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด, depending on the accounting frame.
  • ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž = fiscal deficit; when spending exceeds revenue.
  • ์žฌ์ • ์—ฌ๋ ฅ = fiscal space; the capacity to spend or respond without damaging fiscal stability.

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์ถœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. (The government adjusted the spending structure to maintain fiscal soundness.) ๐Ÿงพ
    • ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค = to maintain, ์ง€์ถœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ = spending structure, ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค = to adjust.
  • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์žฌ์ • ์—ฌ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ง€์› ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (During an economic downturn, support policies using fiscal space may be necessary.) ๐Ÿ“‰
    • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ = period of economic recession, ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค = to utilize, ์ง€์› ์ •์ฑ… = support policy.
  • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (If national debt increases quickly, the burden on future generations may grow.) ๐Ÿ‘ถ
    • ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค = to increase, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€ = future generations, ๋ถ€๋‹ด = burden.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

Fiscal vocabulary often forms compact noun phrases:
  • ์žฌ์ • (public finance) + ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ (soundness) โ†’ ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ (fiscal soundness)
  • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ (state/nation) + ์ฑ„๋ฌด (debt obligation) โ†’ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด (national debt)
  • ์ง€์ถœ (spending) + ๊ด€๋ฆฌ (management) โ†’ ์ง€์ถœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ (spending management)
  • ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ (budget) + ํŽธ์„ฑ (compilation/formation) โ†’ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ํŽธ์„ฑ (budget formulation)
Helpful verb pairings:
  • ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค (to maintain fiscal soundness)
  • ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ํŽธ์„ฑํ•˜๋‹ค (to formulate a budget)
  • ์ง€์ถœ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค (to manage spending)
  • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค (to manage national debt)
  • ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋‹ค (to reduce the fiscal deficit)

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

Key terms and usage were cross-checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์–ด์› / korean.go.kr and public Korean fiscal terminology sources, especially the distinction between budget, expenditure, debt, and fiscal soundness. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ (fiscal soundness) โ€” formal policy/economics term; emphasizes sustainability and stability.
  • ์žฌ์ • ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ (fiscal stability) โ€” similar, but more focused on stable conditions rather than โ€œsoundness.โ€
  • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด (national debt) โ€” direct repayment obligations of the government.
  • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„ (national liabilities/debt) โ€” can be broader; check the textโ€™s accounting context.
  • ๊ธด์ถ• ์žฌ์ • (fiscal austerity) โ€” reducing spending or tightening fiscal policy; not identical to fiscal responsibility.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ = โ€œspending less no matter whatโ€ โ†’ โœ… It means sustainable finance, not automatic budget cuts.
  • โŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„ and ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด are always identical โ†’ โœ… They can differ by accounting definition; read context carefully.
  • โŒ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ = only spending โ†’ โœ… A budget includes revenue plans, spending plans, and priorities.
  • โŒ ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž is always bad โ†’ โœ… A deficit may be used during crises, but persistent deficits can weaken fiscal soundness.
  • โŒ ์žฌ์ • ์—ฌ๋ ฅ means โ€œfree moneyโ€ โ†’ โœ… It means room to respond while keeping public finance sustainable.

You now have the vocabulary to discuss public money like a calm policy analyst, not a panicked calculator. Fiscal responsibility: serious topic, tidy phrases, fewer budget gremlins. ๐Ÿ’ฐ๐Ÿงฎ
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Try this exercise

Practice choosing the fiscal-policy term that best completes each sentence. Read the Korean first, decide which concept fits, then open the Answer toggle for the nuance.
1. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์ถœ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government adjusted its spending plan to maintain long-term fiscal soundness. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ โ€” This refers to sustainable and stable public finance.
2. ์ƒˆ ํšŒ๊ณ„์—ฐ๋„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๊ตญํšŒ ์‹ฌ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํ™•์ •๋œ๋‹ค.
The new fiscal yearโ€™s budget is finalized after parliamentary review. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์˜ˆ์‚ฐ โ€” ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ is the planned public money map for a fiscal year.
3. ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ์ค„๋ฉด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If tax revenue falls, government revenue may also decrease. ๐Ÿ’ธ
Answer
์„ธ์ž… โ€” ์„ธ์ž… means money coming into the public budget.
4. ๋ณต์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Welfare expansion may lead to an increase in government expenditure. ๐Ÿค
Answer
์„ธ์ถœ โ€” ์„ธ์ถœ means money going out as government expenditure.
5. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ค„์—ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government strengthened spending management by reducing unnecessary projects. โœ‚๏ธ
Answer
์ง€์ถœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ โ€” This means managing and prioritizing expenditure.
6. ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์ƒํ™˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋นš์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค.
Debt the government must directly repay is included in national debt obligations. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด โ€” ์ฑ„๋ฌด stresses direct repayment obligations.
7. ์ง€์ถœ์ด ์ˆ˜์ž…๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.
When spending exceeds revenue, a fiscal deficit occurs. โš ๏ธ
Answer
์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž โ€” A deficit appears when public spending is greater than public revenue.
8. ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋А ์ •๋„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Some fiscal space is needed to respond to a crisis. ๐Ÿš‘
Answer
์žฌ์ • ์—ฌ๋ ฅ โ€” This means capacity to respond without damaging fiscal sustainability.
9. ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When making a budget, policy priorities must be reflected. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๋ฐ˜์˜ โ€” ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค means to reflect something in a plan or decision.
10. ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ • ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ‚ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Population aging can increase the fiscal burden in the long term. ๐Ÿ‘ต
Answer
๋ถ€๋‹ด โ€” ์žฌ์ • ๋ถ€๋‹ด means fiscal burden.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ โ†’ fiscal soundness
  • ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ โ†’ budget
  • ์„ธ์ž… โ†’ public revenue
  • ์„ธ์ถœ โ†’ public expenditure
  • ์ง€์ถœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ โ†’ spending management
  • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด โ†’ national debt obligations
  • ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž โ†’ fiscal deficit
  • ์žฌ์ • ์—ฌ๋ ฅ โ†’ fiscal space
  • ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reflect
  • ์žฌ์ • ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ fiscal burden
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก ์„ธ์ž… comes in; ์„ธ์ถœ goes out. Tiny pair, huge budget drama.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns fiscal-policy vocabulary into confident analysis. ๐Ÿ’ฐ
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Fiscal Responsibility
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Welcome to your fiscal-responsibility practice zone. ๐Ÿ’ฐ This set helps you use ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ (fiscal soundness), ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ (budget), ์ง€์ถœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ (spending management), and ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด (national debt obligations) with clear policy nuance.
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever a long policy sentence needs an audio check.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best fiscal-policy word or phrase. Focus on the difference between revenue, expenditure, debt, deficit, and fiscal space, then open the Answer toggle to confirm the nuance.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Budget Basics ๐Ÿงพ

A. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ•œ ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ณผ ์ง€์ถœ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The governmentโ€™s yearly plan for revenue and spending is called a budget. ๐Ÿ“…
Answer
์˜ˆ์‚ฐ โ€” A budget covers both planned income and planned expenditure.
B. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ๋‚ธ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์€ ์ •๋ถ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค.
Taxes paid by citizens are an important part of government revenue. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์„ธ์ž… โ€” ์„ธ์ž… means revenue entering the public budget.
C. ๋„๋กœ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ๋ณต์ง€ ์‚ฌ์—…์—๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํˆฌ์ž…๋œ๋‹ค.
Government expenditure is put into road construction and welfare projects. ๐Ÿ›ฃ๏ธ
Answer
์„ธ์ถœ โ€” ์„ธ์ถœ means public money spent by the government.
D. ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
In the budget formulation process, policy priorities are important. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
ํŽธ์„ฑ โ€” ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ํŽธ์„ฑ means formulating or compiling a budget.
E. ๊ตญํšŒ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์•ˆ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
The National Assembly reviews the budget bill submitted by the government. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์‹ฌ์˜ โ€” ์‹ฌ์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค means to review or deliberate formally.
F. ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†’์ด๋ฉด ๋‚ญ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the efficiency of budget execution is improved, waste can be reduced. โš™๏ธ
Answer
ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ โ€” ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ means efficiency; it pairs well with ๋†’์ด๋‹ค.
G. ์ •์ฑ… ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์— ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Policy goals should be properly reflected in the budget. ๐ŸŽฏ
Answer
๋ฐ˜์˜ โ€” ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋‹ค means to be reflected in a plan, system, or decision.
H. ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์ถœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค.
Reducing unnecessary projects is one method of spending management. โœ‚๏ธ
Answer
๊ด€๋ฆฌ โ€” ์ง€์ถœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ means managing expenditure.
I. ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
If the budget is insufficient, the scale of the project must be adjusted. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
๊ทœ๋ชจ โ€” ์‚ฌ์—… ๊ทœ๋ชจ means the scale of a project.
J. ์žฌ์ • ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Fiscal policy should be designed by considering economic conditions. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ€” ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค means to consider; common in formal policy writing.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ โ†’ budget
  • ์„ธ์ž… โ†’ public revenue
  • ์„ธ์ถœ โ†’ public expenditure
  • ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ํŽธ์„ฑ โ†’ budget formulation
  • ์‹ฌ์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to review; deliberate
  • ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ โ†’ efficiency
  • ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be reflected
  • ์ง€์ถœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ โ†’ spending management
  • ์‚ฌ์—… ๊ทœ๋ชจ โ†’ project scale
  • ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to consider
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Budget language is about planning, reviewing, executing, and adjusting public money.

Exercise 2 โ€” Debt and Deficit ๐Ÿ“‰

A. ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐš์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋นš์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
The direct debt that the government must repay is national debt. ๐Ÿงฎ
Answer
๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด โ€” ์ฑ„๋ฌด emphasizes repayment obligations.
B. ์ง€์ถœ์ด ์„ธ์ž…๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค.
If spending is greater than revenue, the fiscal deficit grows. โš ๏ธ
Answer
์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž โ€” A fiscal deficit means expenditure exceeds revenue.
C. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The government must manage the growth rate of national debt. ๐Ÿข
Answer
๊ด€๋ฆฌ โ€” ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค means to manage debt.
D. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
National-liability statistics may vary in scope depending on the standard. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
๋ฒ”์œ„ โ€” Debt/liability figures depend on what range is included.
E. ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋Š˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If fiscal deficits continue, the burden on future generations may increase. ๐Ÿ‘ถ
Answer
๋ถ€๋‹ด โ€” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด is a common phrase in debt discussions.
F. ์ฑ„๋ฌด ๋น„์œจ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ด์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The debt ratio is sometimes expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
๋น„์œจ โ€” ๋น„์œจ means ratio; policy texts often compare debt to GDP.
G. ์„ธ์ž… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ์žฌ์ • ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์•…ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the revenue base is weak, fiscal soundness may worsen. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ โ€” ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ is the condition being weakened.
H. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ ์ž ํญ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์ถœ์„ ์ ๊ฒ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government reviewed spending to reduce the size of the deficit. ๐Ÿ”Ž
Answer
์ถ•์†Œ โ€” ์ ์ž ํญ์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค means to reduce the deficit gap.
I. ๋ถ€์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜๋ฉด ์‹ ์šฉ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If debt increases quickly, it can affect credit rating. ๐Ÿฆ
Answer
๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ โ€” ์‹ ์šฉ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ means credit rating.
J. ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์–‘์ฑ…์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์žฌ์ • ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Short-term stimulus measures should be reviewed together with long-term fiscal sustainability. โณ
Answer
์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ€” ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ means sustainability.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด โ†’ national debt obligations
  • ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž โ†’ fiscal deficit
  • ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to manage debt
  • ๋ฒ”์œ„ โ†’ scope
  • ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ burden
  • ๋น„์œจ โ†’ ratio
  • ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ โ†’ fiscal soundness
  • ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reduce; shrink
  • ์‹ ์šฉ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ โ†’ credit rating
  • ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ sustainability
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Use ์ฑ„๋ฌด when the focus is repayment obligations; use ๋ถ€์ฑ„ carefully when the scope may be broader.

Exercise 3 โ€” Fiscal Space and Crisis Response ๐Ÿš‘

A. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์œ„๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
In an economic crisis, the governmentโ€™s fiscal space becomes important. ๐Ÿšจ
Answer
์žฌ์ • ์—ฌ๋ ฅ โ€” This is the capacity to respond while maintaining fiscal stability.
B. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์นจ์ฒด๊ธฐ์— ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ง€์ถœ์„ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
During a recession, the government may temporarily expand spending. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
ํ™•๋Œ€ โ€” ์ง€์ถœ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค means to expand spending.
C. ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‘ ์ง€์ถœ์€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Crisis-response spending should have a clear purpose. ๐ŸŽฏ
Answer
๋ชฉ์  โ€” Responsible spending needs a clear objective.
D. ํ•œ์‹œ์  ์ง€์›์€ ์žฌ์ • ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Temporary support can be a device to reduce fiscal burden. โฑ๏ธ
Answer
์žฅ์น˜ โ€” ์žฅ์น˜ here means a mechanism or device.
E. ์žฌ์ • ์—ฌ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •์ฑ… ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ข์•„์ง„๋‹ค.
If fiscal space is insufficient, the range of policy choices narrows. ๐Ÿšช
Answer
๋ฒ”์œ„ โ€” ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ means the range of choices.
F. ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ์ง€์›์€ ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Emergency support may be used to protect vulnerable groups. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
๋ณดํ˜ธ โ€” ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค means to protect vulnerable groups.
G. ์žฌ์ • ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Fiscal policy sometimes plays a role in easing economic fluctuations. ๐ŸŒŠ
Answer
์™„ํ™” โ€” ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to ease or mitigate.
H. ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์ง€์ถœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
After a crisis, there is a need to readjust the spending structure. ๐Ÿ”ง
Answer
์กฐ์ • โ€” ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค means to adjust, especially after conditions change.
I. ์ง€์› ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The effect of support policies should be verified through data. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
๊ฒ€์ฆ โ€” ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜๋‹ค means to be verified.
J. ์žฌ์ • ์—ฌ๋ ฅ์€ ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋•Œ ์ •์ฑ… ๋Œ€์‘์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžŒ๋‹ค.
Fiscal space broadens the options for policy response during a crisis. ๐Ÿงฐ
Answer
์„ ํƒ์ง€ โ€” ์„ ํƒ์ง€ means options.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์žฌ์ • ์—ฌ๋ ฅ โ†’ fiscal space
  • ์ง€์ถœ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to expand spending
  • ๋ชฉ์  โ†’ purpose
  • ์žฅ์น˜ โ†’ mechanism; device
  • ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ โ†’ range of choices
  • ์ทจ์•ฝ ๊ณ„์ธต โ†’ vulnerable groups
  • ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to ease; mitigate
  • ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to adjust
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be verified
  • ์„ ํƒ์ง€ โ†’ options
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Fiscal responsibility allows crisis response, but asks whether the response is targeted, temporary, and sustainable.

Exercise 4 โ€” Policy Collocations โš–๏ธ

A. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ค‘์žฅ๊ธฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government announced a mid- to long-term fiscal management plan. ๐Ÿ“˜
Answer
์žฌ์ • ๊ด€๋ฆฌ โ€” ์žฌ์ • ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„ํš is a natural policy phrase.
B. ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋‚ญ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์—… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Project evaluation was strengthened to prevent budget waste. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ€” ์‚ฌ์—… ํ‰๊ฐ€ means project evaluation.
C. ์žฌ์ • ์ค€์น™์€ ์ง€์ถœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Fiscal rules can be a standard for controlling spending growth. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
ํ†ต์ œ โ€” ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋‹ค means to control.
D. ์„ธ์ถœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •์€ ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
Expenditure restructuring helps improve fiscal soundness. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ๊ฐœ์„  means improvement in soundness.
E. ์žฌ์ • ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค.
Fiscal transparency increases public trust. ๐Ÿค
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ โ€” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ means public trust.
F. ์ •๋ถ€ ์ง€์ถœ์€ ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Government spending should compare policy effects and costs together. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๋น„๊ต โ€” ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋‹ค means to compare.
G. ๋ณต์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์€ ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
The welfare budget requires balance between equity and sustainability. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ท ํ˜• โ€” ๊ท ํ˜• means balance.
H. ์žฌ์ • ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค.
Disclosure of fiscal information increases accountability in budget execution. ๐Ÿ—ƒ๏ธ
Answer
์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ โ€” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ means accountability or responsibility.
I. ์„ธ์ž… ํ™•์ถฉ์€ ์žฌ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค.
Expanding revenue is a way to strengthen the fiscal base. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๊ฐ•ํ™” โ€” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to strengthen a foundation.
J. ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
In uncertain economic conditions, conservative fiscal operation may be necessary. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
์žฌ์ • ์šด์šฉ โ€” ์žฌ์ • ์šด์šฉ means fiscal operation or management.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์žฌ์ • ๊ด€๋ฆฌ โ†’ fiscal management
  • ์‚ฌ์—… ํ‰๊ฐ€ โ†’ project evaluation
  • ์žฌ์ • ์ค€์น™ โ†’ fiscal rules
  • ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to control
  • ์„ธ์ถœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ • โ†’ expenditure restructuring
  • ๊ฐœ์„  โ†’ improvement
  • ์žฌ์ • ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ โ†’ fiscal transparency
  • ๊ท ํ˜• โ†’ balance
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ โ†’ accountability
  • ์žฌ์ • ์šด์šฉ โ†’ fiscal operation
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Fiscal responsibility sounds strongest when paired with transparency, accountability, evaluation, and sustainability.

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์ง€์ถœ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Fiscal soundness does not mean reducing spending unconditionally. โœ‹
Answer
์ถ•์†Œ โ€” โŒ Fiscal soundness = always cut spending โ†’ โœ… It means sustainable, prioritized finance.
B. ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์€ ์ง€์ถœ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ณ„ํš๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค.
A budget includes not only spending but also revenue plans. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์„ธ์ž… โ€” โŒ Budget = only spending โ†’ โœ… Budget includes revenue and expenditure.
C. ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฐš์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค.
When referring to obligations the government must directly repay, national debt obligation is precise. ๐ŸŽฏ
Answer
์ฑ„๋ฌด โ€” โœ… ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด stresses direct repayment obligations.
D. ๋„“์€ ํšŒ๊ณ„ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๋นš์„ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
When referring to debt in a broader accounting scope, national liabilities/debt may be used. ๐Ÿ“š
Answer
๋ถ€์ฑ„ โ€” โœ… ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„ can be broader depending on the accounting frame.
E. ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ž…๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง€์ถœ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.
A fiscal deficit occurs when spending is greater than revenue. โš ๏ธ
Answer
๋งŽ์„ โ€” This tests the basic concept: expenditure exceeds revenue.
F. ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋•Œ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
The policy room available in a crisis is called fiscal space. ๐Ÿš‘
Answer
์žฌ์ • ์—ฌ๋ ฅ โ€” โŒ Free money โ†’ โœ… fiscal capacity that must still remain sustainable.
G. ๊ธด์ถ• ์žฌ์ •์€ ์žฌ์ • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
Fiscal austerity is not always identical to fiscal responsibility. ๐ŸงŠ
Answer
์ผ์น˜ โ€” โŒ Austerity = fiscal responsibility โ†’ โœ… sometimes responsible policy requires targeted spending.
H. ์žฌ์ • ์ •์ฑ…์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•„์š”์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Fiscal policy should consider the balance between present needs and future burdens. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ท ํ˜• โ€” Fiscal responsibility balances todayโ€™s support with tomorrowโ€™s repayment capacity.
I. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค.
Data disclosure and oversight raise accountability in budget execution. ๐Ÿ”Ž
Answer
์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ โ€” Transparency and oversight make budget execution accountable.
J. ์ข‹์€ ์žฌ์ • ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ์ง€์ถœ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ •์ฑ… ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋„ ๋”ฐ์ง„๋‹ค.
A good fiscal discussion considers not only the size of spending but also policy effectiveness. โœ…
Answer
ํšจ๊ณผ โ€” Precision matters: spending amount alone does not show whether policy works.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to reduce
  • ์„ธ์ž… โ†’ revenue
  • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๋ฌด โ†’ national debt obligations
  • ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„ โ†’ national liabilities/debt
  • ์žฌ์ • ์ ์ž โ†’ fiscal deficit
  • ์žฌ์ • ์—ฌ๋ ฅ โ†’ fiscal space
  • ๊ธด์ถ• ์žฌ์ • โ†’ fiscal austerity
  • ๊ท ํ˜• โ†’ balance
  • ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ โ†’ accountability
  • ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ policy effect
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก The final check is nuance: fiscal responsibility is not just โ€œspend less,โ€ but โ€œspend, borrow, and plan sustainably.โ€
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Nicely done โ€” you can now discuss fiscal responsibility with sharper Korean: ์„ธ์ž… comes in, ์„ธ์ถœ goes out, ์žฌ์ • ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ keeps the roof from leaking, and ์žฌ์ • ์—ฌ๋ ฅ is the emergency umbrella. โ˜‚๏ธ๐Ÿ’ฐ