TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐งญ Epistemology asks what counts as ์ง์ (knowledge), where it begins, and how we can justify it.
- ๐ The core vocabulary cluster is ์ธ์๋ก (epistemology), ๊ทผ์ (source/origin), ๊ฒ์ฆ (verification), ์ง๋ฆฌ (truth), and ์ ๋นํ (justification).
- โ๏ธ In advanced Korean reading, track the writerโs viewpoint, evidence standard, and truth standard before trusting any strong conclusion.
๐ง Iru Helper Note
Type any Korean word or sentence from this lesson into Korean Helper Widgets to hear it read aloud. Abstract phrase chunks like ์ง์์ ๊ทผ์ (the source of knowledge), ๊ฒฝํ์ ๊ฒ์ฆ (empirical verification), and ๋ณดํธ์ ์ง๋ฆฌ (universal truth) are especially useful to hear smoothly. ๐
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๐ The Big Picture
์ง์์ ๋ํ ์ธ์๋ก ์ ๊ด์ means epistemological perspectives on knowledge. The key word ์ธ์๋ก (epistemology) belongs to philosophy and asks deceptively simple questions: โWhat is knowledge?โ, โWhere does knowledge come from?โ, and โWhen is a belief justified?โ Tiny questions, giant brain gym. ๐๏ธ
Advanced Korean passages may connect this topic to science, education, public debate, media literacy, ethics, or social theory. A writer might say knowledge comes from ๊ฒฝํ (experience), ์ด์ฑ (reason), ์ฌํ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ (social context), or ๊ฒ์ฆ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ (verifiable evidence). Your reading task is to identify the standard being used. ๐ต๏ธ
This lesson helps you read dense noun phrases such as ์ง์์ ์ฑ๋ฆฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด (conditions for knowledge), ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ๋น์ฑ (validity of a claim), ์ธ์์ ํ๊ณ (limits of cognition), and ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ค (criteria for truth). Heavy nouns, neatly labeled shelves. ๐๏ธ
๐จ The Core Knowledge Vocabulary Family
1. ์ธ์๋ก โ epistemology ๐ง
์ธ์๋ก is the study of knowledge and cognition. The related word ์ธ์ means cognition, perception, or awareness, while ์ธ์ means recognition or acknowledgment. They look similar, but they are not interchangeable.
- ์ธ์๋ก ์ ๊ด์ = epistemological perspective
- ์ธ์์ ํ๊ณ = limits of cognition/perception
- ์ธ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด = knowing or perceiving subject
2. ๊ทผ์ โ source/origin ๐ฑ
๊ทผ์ points to where something comes from at a deeper level. In this topic, ์ง์์ ๊ทผ์ means the source of knowledge.
- ๊ฒฝํ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋๋ค = to originate from experience
- ์ด์ฑ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ๋ค = to be grounded in reason
- ์ฌํ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์ ํ์ฑ๋๋ค = to be formed within a social context
3. ๊ฒ์ฆ โ verification ๐
๊ฒ์ฆ means checking whether a claim is valid, reliable, or supported. It often appears with ์ฆ๊ฑฐ (evidence), ํ๋น์ฑ (validity), ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ (objectivity), and ์ฌํ์ฑ (reproducibility).
- ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค = to verify a claim
- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ ์ฆํ๋ค = to prove or demonstrate through evidence
- ๋ฐ์ฆ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ = falsifiability, possibility of disproof
4. ์ง๋ฆฌ โ truth โ๏ธ
์ง๋ฆฌ means truth, but in epistemological passages it often means more than one isolated fact. Writers may ask what makes something true, who sets the standard, and whether truth is universal or context-dependent.
- ๋ณดํธ์ ์ง๋ฆฌ = universal truth
- ์ ๋์ ์ง๋ฆฌ = absolute truth
- ์๋์ ์ง๋ฆฌ = relative truth
- ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์์กด์ ์ง๋ฆฌ = context-dependent truth
5. ์ ๋นํ โ justification โ
In philosophy, knowledge is often discussed through the idea of ์ ๋นํ๋ ์ฐธ๋ ๋ฏฟ์ (justified true belief). A belief needs a reason, evidence, or rational ground before it can be treated as knowledge.
- ๋ฏฟ์์ ์ ๋นํํ๋ค = to justify a belief
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถํ๋ค = the grounds are sufficient
- ์ฐ์ฐํ ๋งํ ํ๋จ = a judgment guessed correctly by chance
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ๊ฒฝํ์ฃผ์๋ ์ง์์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ค.
( Empiricism views knowledge as originating from sensory experience. ๐๏ธ )
๊ฒฝํ์ฃผ์ = empiricism; ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ = sensory experience; ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋๋ค = to originate from.
- ์ด๋ค ๋ฏฟ์์ด ์ง์์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ ๋๋ ค๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ ์ํด ์ ๋นํ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
( For a belief to be recognized as knowledge, it must be justified by sufficient grounds. ๐งพ )
๋ฏฟ์ = belief; ์ธ์ ๋๋ค = to be recognized; ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ = grounds/evidence; ์ ๋นํ๋๋ค = to be justified.
- ๊ฒ์ฆ๋์ง ์์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ณดํธ์ ์ง๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
( It is difficult to regard an unverified claim as a universal truth. ๐ )
๊ฒ์ฆ๋์ง ์์ = unverified; ์ฃผ์ฅ = claim; ๋ณดํธ์ ์ง๋ฆฌ = universal truth; -๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ ์ด๋ ต๋ค = it is difficult to regard as.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
Advanced Korean often compresses philosophical meaning into noun phrases. Read them from the center outward:
- ์ง์์ ๊ทผ์ = source of knowledge
- ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ๋น์ฑ = validity of a claim
- ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ค = criteria for truth
- ์ธ์์ ํ๊ณ = limits of cognition
- ๊ฒ์ฆ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ง์ = verifiable knowledge
Useful sentence frames:
- A๋ B์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋๋ค = A originates from B.
- A๋ B์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ๋ค = A is based on B.
- A๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ ์ด๋ ต๋ค = It is difficult to regard something as A.
- A๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค B์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค = It is closer to B than A.
- A๋ฅผ ์ ์ ๋ก ํ๋ค = to presuppose A.
๐ Cross-check note
Core vocabulary meanings and Korean usage patterns in this lesson were cross-checked against Korean dictionary resources from the National Institute of Korean Language / korean.go.kr, especially for terms such as ์ธ์, ๊ทผ์, ๊ฒ์ฆ, ์ง๋ฆฌ, and ์ ๋นํ. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์ธ์ (perception/cognition) vs. ์ธ์ง (cognition/recognition): ์ธ์ง often sounds more academic or psychological.
- ๊ทผ์ (source/origin) vs. ์ถ์ฒ (source/reference): ์ถ์ฒ is common for citations; ๊ทผ์ is deeper and more conceptual.
- ๊ฒ์ฆ (verification) vs. ์ ์ฆ (proof/demonstration): ๊ฒ์ฆ emphasizes checking validity; ์ ์ฆ emphasizes demonstrating truth.
- ์ง๋ฆฌ (truth) vs. ์ฌ์ค (fact): ์ฌ์ค is a concrete fact; ์ง๋ฆฌ is a broader truth or principle.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ์ธ์ = acknowledgment โ โ ์ธ์ = perception/cognition; ์ธ์ = acknowledgment. Tiny spelling, big meaning wobble. ๐ช
- โ ๊ฒ์ฆ and ์ ์ฆ are always identical โ โ ๊ฒ์ฆ checks validity; ์ ์ฆ proves or demonstrates. ๐ฌ
- โ ์ง๋ฆฌ just means โone random factโ โ โ In philosophical reading, it often means a principle or standard of truth. โ๏ธ
- โ ์๋์ means โno standard at allโ โ โ It means truth or judgment depends on context, criteria, or relation. ๐งญ
- โ ์ฃผ๊ด์ always means โwrongโ โ โ It means tied to a subjectโs viewpoint or experience; it may still be meaningful. ๐ค
You now have the vocabulary toolkit to read knowledge-theory passages without letting abstract nouns bully you. Tiny victory parade for the brain: ๐ง ๐
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Try this exercise
Read each sentence and fill the blank with the best Korean term or phrase from this lesson. Say the completed sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the meaning and nuance.
1. ์ง์์ด ์ด๋์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋๋๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ์ง์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ดํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ค.
( The question of where knowledge originates is a question about the source of knowledge. ๐ฑ )
Answer
๊ทผ์ โ ์ง์์ ๊ทผ์ means โthe source/origin of knowledge.โ
2. ์ด๋ค ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ํ๋นํ์ง ํ์ธํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
( The process of checking whether a claim is valid is called verification. ๐ )
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ Use this when the focus is checking validity or reliability.
3. ๋ณดํธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ์ค๋ช
๋ ์ ์๋ค.
( A principle regarded as universally true can be explained as truth. โ๏ธ )
Answer
์ง๋ฆฌ โ ์ง๋ฆฌ is broader and more philosophical than a single fact.
4. ๋ฏฟ์์ด ์ง์์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ ๋๋ ค๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ ์ํด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
( For a belief to be recognized as knowledge, it must be justified by sufficient grounds. ๐งพ )
Answer
์ ๋นํ โ In this sentence, ์ ๋นํ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค means โmust be justified.โ
5. ๊ฒฝํ์ฃผ์๋ ์ง์์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ค.
( Empiricism views knowledge as originating from sensory experience. ๐๏ธ )
Answer
๋น๋กฏ๋๋ค โ ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋๋ค means โto originate from.โ
6. ๊ฒ์ฆ๋์ง ์์ ๋ฏฟ์์ ์ง์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
( It is difficult to regard an unverified belief as knowledge. ๐ง )
Answer
๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ โ A๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ ์ด๋ ต๋ค softens a negative judgment.
7. ๋ฌธํ์ ์๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ ํ๋จ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋๋ค.
( Judgments that change by culture and era are related to relative truth. ๐งญ )
Answer
์๋์ โ ์๋์ ์ง๋ฆฌ means truth understood in relation to context or standard.
8. ๊ด์ฐฐ์์ ์์น์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค ์ ์๋ค.
( The observerโs position and conditions can influence human cognition/perception. ๐ค )
Answer
์ธ์ โ Do not confuse this with ์ธ์ (acknowledgment).
9. ํ ์ด๋ก ์ด ํน์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํ ๋, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋ค.
( When a theory is based on a certain assumption, it presupposes that assumption. ๐งฑ )
Answer
์ ์ ๋ก โ A๋ฅผ ์ ์ ๋ก ํ๋ค means โto presuppose A.โ
10. ์ง์์ ๊ณ ์ ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ์์ ๋๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
( Knowledge is closer to a revisable process than a fixed product. ๐ )
Answer
๊ณผ์ โ A๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค B์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค refines a concept by contrast.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ทผ์ โ source, origin
- ๊ฒ์ฆ โ verification
- ์ง๋ฆฌ โ truth
- ์ ๋นํ โ justification
- ๋น๋กฏ๋๋ค โ to originate from
- ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ ์ด๋ ต๋ค โ it is difficult to regard as
- ์๋์ โ relative
- ์ธ์ โ cognition, perception
- ์ ์ ๋ก ํ๋ค โ to presuppose
- ๊ณผ์ โ process
Tip ๐ก Watch the noun phrases: ์ง์์ ๊ทผ์, ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ค, and ์ธ์์ ํ๊ณ carry the argumentโs core.
Want more reps? Head into the Practice Hub below when you're ready to make these abstract nouns behave. ๐ง โจ
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Epistemological Perspectives on Knowledge
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Welcome to your advanced vocabulary workout for ์ง์์ ๋ํ ์ธ์๋ก ์ ๊ด์ (epistemological perspectives on knowledge). Youโll practice reading dense noun phrases, identifying philosophical viewpoints, and choosing precise Korean terms without letting ์ถ์ ๋ช
์ฌ (abstract nouns) make a tiny academic fog machine. ๐ซ๏ธ
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence or phrase from this Practice Hub.
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๐ Instructions: Complete each Korean sentence with the best term or phrase. Focus on meaning, nuance, and the argument role of each word, then open the Answer toggle to check your reasoning.
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Exercise 1 โ Core Terms in Context ๐ง
A. ์ฒ ํ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ง์์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ํ๊ตฌํ๋ค.
( In philosophy, epistemology investigates the nature and conditions of knowledge. ๐ง )
Answer
์ธ์๋ก โ It names the field that studies knowledge.
์ธ์๋ก โ It names the field that studies knowledge.
B. ์ง์์ด ๊ฒฝํ์์ ๋์ค๋์ง ์ด์ฑ์์ ๋์ค๋์ง๋ ์ง์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ค.
( Whether knowledge comes from experience or reason is a question of knowledgeโs source. ๐ฑ )
Answer
๊ทผ์ โ ๊ทผ์ asks where something originates.
๊ทผ์ โ ๊ทผ์ asks where something originates.
C. ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ ํ์ธํ๋ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค.
( The procedure for checking the validity of a claim is called verification. ๐ )
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ It emphasizes checking whether a claim holds up.
๊ฒ์ฆ โ It emphasizes checking whether a claim holds up.
D. ๋ณํ์ง ์๋ ์ฐธ์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
( A principle of unchanging truth may be explained as truth. โ๏ธ )
Answer
์ง๋ฆฌ โ Here the focus is broad philosophical truth, not one small fact.
์ง๋ฆฌ โ Here the focus is broad philosophical truth, not one small fact.
E. ๋ฏฟ์์ด ์ง์์ด ๋๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ์ํด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
( For a belief to become knowledge, it must be justified by evidence. ๐งพ )
Answer
์ ๋นํ โ The sentence needs ์ ๋นํ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ ๋นํ โ The sentence needs ์ ๋นํ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
F. ์ฌ๋์ ๊ฒฝํ๊ณผ ๊ด์ ์ด ์์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค๋ค๋ ๋ง์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ญํ ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค.
( Saying that experience and viewpoint affect knowing emphasizes the role of cognition/perception. ๐ค )
Answer
์ธ์ โ ์ธ์ relates to perceiving or cognizing.
์ธ์ โ ์ธ์ relates to perceiving or cognizing.
G. ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋์ง ๋ฐ์ง ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค.
( When judging whether something is logically sound, we examine a claimโs validity. ๐งฎ )
Answer
ํ๋น์ฑ โ This means validity or soundness.
ํ๋น์ฑ โ This means validity or soundness.
H. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ฏฟ์์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ง์์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
( A personal belief is difficult to recognize as knowledge without sufficient grounds. ๐ชช )
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ means grounds, basis, or evidence.
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ means grounds, basis, or evidence.
I. ํน์ ์๋์ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ ์ฐธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ง๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
( Truth that changes by era and culture can be viewed as relative truth. ๐งญ )
Answer
์๋์ โ This marks truth as dependent on relation or context.
์๋์ โ This marks truth as dependent on relation or context.
J. ๊ด์ฐฐ์์ ์์น๊ฐ ํ๋จ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค๋ค๋ฉด ์์ ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
( If an observerโs position affects judgment, it is difficult to claim complete objectivity. ๐๏ธ )
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ means objectivity.
๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ means objectivity.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฒ ํ โ philosophy
- ์ธ์๋ก โ epistemology
- ์ง์ โ knowledge
- ์ฑ๊ฒฉ โ nature, character
- ์กฐ๊ฑด โ condition
- ํ๊ตฌํ๋ค โ to investigate
- ๊ฒฝํ โ experience
- ์ด์ฑ โ reason
- ๊ทผ์ โ source, origin
- ์ฃผ์ฅ โ claim
- ํ๋น์ฑ โ validity
- ๊ฒ์ฆ โ verification
- ์ง๋ฆฌ โ truth
- ๋ฏฟ์ โ belief
- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ evidence
- ์ ๋นํ โ justification
- ์ธ์ โ cognition, perception
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ grounds, basis
- ์๋์ โ relative
- ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ objectivity
Tip ๐ก Identify whether the sentence asks about a field, source, test, truth standard, or justification.
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Exercise 2 โ Viewpoints and Sources of Knowledge ๐ฑ
A. ๊ฒฝํ์ฃผ์๋ ์ง์์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ค.
( Empiricism views knowledge as originating from sensory experience. ๐๏ธ )
Answer
๋น๋กฏ๋๋ค โ ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋๋ค means โto originate from.โ
๋น๋กฏ๋๋ค โ ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋๋ค means โto originate from.โ
B. ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์๋ ์ง์์ด ์ด์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํตํด ์ป์ด์ง๋ค๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค.
( Rationalism explains that knowledge is obtained through rational inference. ๐งฎ )
Answer
์ถ๋ก โ ์ด์ฑ์ ์ถ๋ก means rational inference.
์ถ๋ก โ ์ด์ฑ์ ์ถ๋ก means rational inference.
C. ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ฃผ์๋ ์ง์์ด ๊ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฌํ์ ํด์ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ค.
( Constructivism views knowledge as being constructed in the interpretive process of individuals and society. ๐๏ธ )
Answer
๊ตฌ์ฑ โ The sentence uses ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ค๊ณ , โis constructed.โ
๊ตฌ์ฑ โ The sentence uses ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ค๊ณ , โis constructed.โ
D. ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ์ ์ง์์ ์ถ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ ๊ด์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋๋ค.
( A viewpoint that takes sensory experience as the starting point of knowledge is related to empiricism. ๐๏ธ )
Answer
๊ฒฝํ์ฃผ์ โ It prioritizes experience as the source of knowledge.
๊ฒฝํ์ฃผ์ โ It prioritizes experience as the source of knowledge.
E. ์ด์ฑ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ณดํธ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋ฌํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ ๊ด์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
( A viewpoint that says one can reach universal principles through reason is close to rationalism. ๐ง )
Answer
ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์ โ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์ centers reason and inference.
ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์ โ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์ centers reason and inference.
F. ์ง์์ ๊ณ ์ ๋ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ๊ณ์ ์์ ๋๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
( Knowledge is closer to a continually revised process than a fixed object. ๐ )
Answer
๊ณผ์ โ This matches the frame A๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค B์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
๊ณผ์ โ This matches the frame A๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค B์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
G. ์ฌํ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ง์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค๋ค๋ ์ค๋ช
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
( An explanation that social conditions affect knowledge formation values social context. ๐งโ๐คโ๐ง )
Answer
์ฌํ์ โ ์ฌํ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ means social context.
์ฌํ์ โ ์ฌํ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ means social context.
H. ๊ฒฝํ, ์ด์ฑ, ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์ค ๋ฌด์์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋์ง๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ๋ค.
( Which standard is usedโexperience, reason, or contextโcreates a difference in viewpoint. ๐งญ )
Answer
๊ด์ โ ๊ด์ ์ฐจ์ด means difference in perspective.
๊ด์ โ ๊ด์ ์ฐจ์ด means difference in perspective.
I. ํ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด ์ด์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๊ทผํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋ค.
( A theory presupposes that humans can approach truth through reason. ๐ช )
Answer
์ ์ ๋ก โ A๋ฅผ ์ ์ ๋ก ํ๋ค means โto presuppose A.โ
์ ์ ๋ก โ A๋ฅผ ์ ์ ๋ก ํ๋ค means โto presuppose A.โ
J. ์ง์์ ๊ทผ์์ ์ค๋ช
ํ ๋ ๊ธ์ด์ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋จผ์ ํ์
ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
( When explaining the source of knowledge, you should first identify the writerโs viewpoint. โ๏ธ )
Answer
๊ด์ โ The writerโs perspective controls the argument.
๊ด์ โ The writerโs perspective controls the argument.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ฒฝํ์ฃผ์ โ empiricism
- ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ โ sensory experience
- ๋น๋กฏ๋๋ค โ to originate from
- ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์ โ rationalism
- ์ด์ฑ์ โ rational
- ์ถ๋ก โ inference
- ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ฃผ์ โ constructivism
- ๊ฐ์ธ โ individual
- ์ฌํ โ society
- ํด์ โ interpretation
- ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ค โ to be constructed
- ์ถ๋ฐ์ โ starting point
- ๋ณดํธ์ ์๋ฆฌ โ universal principle
- ๊ณผ์ โ process
- ์ฌํ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ โ social context
- ๊ด์ โ viewpoint
- ์ ์ ๋ก ํ๋ค โ to presuppose
- ๊ธ์ด์ด โ writer
Tip ๐ก For source-of-knowledge passages, ask: experience, reason, or context?
ย
Exercise 3 โ Verification, Evidence, and Validity ๐
A. ๊ณผํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ด์ฐฐ์ ํตํด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๋ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์ป๋๋ค.
( A scientific claim gains trust when verified through repeatable observation. ๐ฌ )
Answer
๊ฒ์ฆ โ The sentence needs ๊ฒ์ฆ๋ ๋.
๊ฒ์ฆ โ The sentence needs ๊ฒ์ฆ๋ ๋.
B. ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ๋จํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
( Without sufficient data, it is difficult to judge a claimโs validity. ๐ )
Answer
ํ๋น์ฑ โ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ๋น์ฑ = validity of a claim.
ํ๋น์ฑ โ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ๋น์ฑ = validity of a claim.
C. ์ด๋ค ์ด๋ก ์ด ํ๋ฆด ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ํํ ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
( If a theory can be tested for the possibility of being wrong, it is said to have falsifiability. ๐งช )
Answer
๋ฐ์ฆ โ ๋ฐ์ฆ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means falsifiability.
๋ฐ์ฆ โ ๋ฐ์ฆ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means falsifiability.
D. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฐธ์์ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ฃผ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
( The process of showing something is true through evidence is closer to proof/demonstration. ๐งพ )
Answer
์
์ฆ โ ์
์ฆ is stronger than merely checking.
์
์ฆ โ ์
์ฆ is stronger than merely checking.
E. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํ์ ๋ง์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ณดํธ์ ์ง์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
( It is difficult to justify universal knowledge with personal conviction alone. ๐ชช )
Answer
์ ๋นํ โ A claim needs grounds, not just confidence.
์ ๋นํ โ A claim needs grounds, not just confidence.
F. ๊ด์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๊ฒ๋ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋์์ง๋ค.
( If observation results are repeated by other researchers, reproducibility increases. ๐ )
Answer
์ฌํ์ฑ โ ์ฌํ์ฑ is key in scientific verification.
์ฌํ์ฑ โ ์ฌํ์ฑ is key in scientific verification.
G. ๊ฒ์ฆ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์น์ง ์์ ์ ๋ณด๋ ์ง์์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
( Information that has not gone through verification is closer to an opinion than knowledge. ๐ฌ )
Answer
์๊ฒฌ โ The contrast is knowledge vs. opinion.
์๊ฒฌ โ The contrast is knowledge vs. opinion.
H. ๊ฐ๊ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์ด ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๊ธ์ ์ค๋๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํด์ง๋ค.
( If one makes a strong conclusion without objective evidence, the persuasiveness of the writing weakens. ๐ )
Answer
์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ means objective evidence.
์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ means objective evidence.
I. ํ ํ๋จ์ด ์ฐ์ฐํ ๋ง์๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ๊ณง๋ฐ๋ก ์ง์์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ง๋ ์๋๋ค.
( A judgment is not immediately recognized as knowledge just because it happened to be correct. ๐ฒ )
Answer
์ธ์ โ Here the meaning is โrecognized/acknowledged,โ not โperceived.โ
์ธ์ โ Here the meaning is โrecognized/acknowledged,โ not โperceived.โ
J. ๊ฒ์ฆ๊ณผ ์
์ฆ์ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๋ฉด ๊ธ์ด์ด์ ๋
ผ์ฆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ ์ ํํ ์ฝ์ ์ ์๋ค.
( If you distinguish verification and proof, you can read the writerโs argumentative structure more accurately. ๐งฑ )
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ ๋
ผ์ฆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means argumentative structure.
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ ๋
ผ์ฆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means argumentative structure.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ณผํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ โ scientific claim
- ๋ฐ๋ณต ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ด์ฐฐ โ repeatable observation
- ๊ฒ์ฆ๋๋ค โ to be verified
- ์ ๋ขฐ โ trust, reliability
- ์๋ฃ โ data, materials
- ํ๋น์ฑ โ validity
- ์ด๋ก โ theory
- ๋ฐ์ฆ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ falsifiability
- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ evidence
- ์ ์ฆ โ proof, demonstration
- ์ ๋นํ โ justification
- ์ฌํ์ฑ โ reproducibility
- ์๊ฒฌ โ opinion
- ๊ฐ๊ด์ โ objective
- ์ธ์ ๋๋ค โ to be recognized
- ๋ ผ์ฆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ argumentative structure
Tip ๐ก ๊ฒ์ฆ checks; ์
์ฆ demonstrates; ์ ๋นํ gives a belief enough grounds.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Truth, Objectivity, and Context โ๏ธ
A. ๋ชจ๋ ์ํฉ์ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ ์ฐธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ง๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
( A truth considered applicable in all situations can be called universal truth. ๐ )
Answer
๋ณดํธ์ โ ๋ณดํธ์ ์ง๋ฆฌ = universal truth.
๋ณดํธ์ โ ๋ณดํธ์ ์ง๋ฆฌ = universal truth.
B. ์ด๋ค ์ฐธ์ด ๋ฌธํ์ ์๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋๋ค.
( If a truth changes by culture and era, it relates to relative truth. ๐งญ )
Answer
์๋์ โ Relative does not mean โno standardโ; it means context matters.
์๋์ โ Relative does not mean โno standardโ; it means context matters.
C. ํ๋จ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ํน์ ์ํฉ์ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ง๋ฆฌ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์กด์ ์ด๋ค.
( If the standard of judgment depends on a particular situation, that truth is context-dependent. ๐บ๏ธ )
Answer
๋งฅ๋ฝ โ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์์กด์ means context-dependent.
๋งฅ๋ฝ โ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์์กด์ means context-dependent.
D. ๊ด์ฐฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ์ด ํ๋จ์ ๊ฐ์
ํ๋ฉด ์์ ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํ๋ณดํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
( If the observerโs feelings and experiences intervene in judgment, it is hard to secure complete objectivity. ๐๏ธ )
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ Objectivity is weakened when observer conditions shape judgment.
๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ Objectivity is weakened when observer conditions shape judgment.
E. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ด์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ ์ดํด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ธ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ค.
( Understanding based on an individualโs viewpoint can be called subjective cognition. ๐ค )
Answer
์ฃผ๊ด์ โ It means subject-related, not automatically wrong.
์ฃผ๊ด์ โ It means subject-related, not automatically wrong.
F. ์ํ์ ๋ช
์ ๋ ํํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ก ์ ์๋๋ค.
( Mathematical propositions are often presented as examples of universal truth. โ )
Answer
๋ณดํธ์ โ This repeats the important truth category intentionally.
๋ณดํธ์ โ This repeats the important truth category intentionally.
G. ์ญ์ฌ ํด์์ ์๋ฃ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ํด์์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋ค.
( Historical interpretation may be influenced not only by sources but also by the interpreterโs perspective. ๐ )
Answer
๊ด์ โ The sentence points to viewpoint shaping interpretation.
๊ด์ โ The sentence points to viewpoint shaping interpretation.
H. ๋จ์ํ ์ฌ์ค๊ณผ ์ฒ ํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถํด์ผ ์ถ์ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ์ ํํ ์ฝ์ ์ ์๋ค.
( You must distinguish simple facts from philosophical truth to read abstract passages accurately. ๐ง )
Answer
์ง๋ฆฌ โ ์ง๋ฆฌ is broader than ์ฌ์ค.
์ง๋ฆฌ โ ์ง๋ฆฌ is broader than ์ฌ์ค.
I. ์๋์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ์๋ค๋ ๋ป์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค๋ ๋ป์ด๋ค.
( โRelativeโ does not mean there is no standard; it means the standard changes depending on context. ๐งญ )
Answer
๋งฅ๋ฝ โ This directly targets a common pitfall.
๋งฅ๋ฝ โ This directly targets a common pitfall.
J. ์ด๋ค ๊ธ์ด ์ ๋์ ์ง๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋นํํ๋ค๋ฉด ๊ฐํ ๋จ์ ํํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
( If a text criticizes absolute truth, you should be cautious of strong categorical expressions. โ ๏ธ )
Answer
๊ฒฝ๊ณ โ ๊ฒฝ๊ณํ๋ค means to be wary of.
๊ฒฝ๊ณ โ ๊ฒฝ๊ณํ๋ค means to be wary of.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ชจ๋ ์ํฉ โ all situations
- ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค โ to be applied
- ๋ณดํธ์ ์ง๋ฆฌ โ universal truth
- ๋ฌธํ โ culture
- ์๋ โ era
- ์๋์ ์ง๋ฆฌ โ relative truth
- ํ๋จ์ ๊ธฐ์ค โ standard of judgment
- ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์์กด์ โ context-dependent
- ๊ด์ฐฐ์ โ observer
- ๊ฐ์ โ emotion
- ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ objectivity
- ์ฃผ๊ด์ ์ธ์ โ subjective cognition
- ์ํ์ ๋ช ์ โ mathematical proposition
- ๊ด์ โ viewpoint
- ์ฌ์ค โ fact
- ์ง๋ฆฌ โ truth
- ์ ๋์ ์ง๋ฆฌ โ absolute truth
- ๊ฒฝ๊ณํ๋ค โ to be wary of
Tip ๐ก Truth words often signal the authorโs stance: universal, absolute, relative, or context-dependent.
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. โ ์ธ์์ ์ธ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ด๋ค. โ
์ธ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋๋ค.
( โ Cognition is the same as acknowledgment. โ
Cognition relates to awareness or perception. ๐ง )
Answer
์ธ์ง โ ์ธ์ relates to cognition/perception; ์ธ์ means acknowledgment.
์ธ์ง โ ์ธ์ relates to cognition/perception; ์ธ์ means acknowledgment.
B. โ ๊ฒ์ฆ์ ์ธ์ ๋ ์
์ฆ๊ณผ ์์ ํ ๊ฐ๋ค. โ
๊ฒ์ฆ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ค.
( โ Verification is always exactly the same as proof. โ
Verification is the process of checking a claimโs validity. ๐ )
Answer
ํ์ธ โ ๊ฒ์ฆ focuses on checking; ์
์ฆ focuses on demonstrating truth.
ํ์ธ โ ๊ฒ์ฆ focuses on checking; ์
์ฆ focuses on demonstrating truth.
C. โ ์ง๋ฆฌ๋ ๋จ์ํ ์ฌ์ค ํ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ค. โ
์ง๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฐธ์ ํ๋จํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
( โ Truth is the same as one simple fact. โ
Truth can relate to criteria for judging what is true. โ๏ธ )
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค โ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ค is central in epistemological passages.
๊ธฐ์ค โ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ค is central in epistemological passages.
D. โ ์๋์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ์ ํ ์๋ค๋ ๋ป์ด๋ค. โ
์๋์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง ์ ์๋ค๋ ๋ป์ด๋ค.
( โ Relative means there is no standard at all. โ
Relative means the standard can change depending on context. ๐งญ )
Answer
๋งฅ๋ฝ โ Context changes the standard; it does not erase every standard.
๋งฅ๋ฝ โ Context changes the standard; it does not erase every standard.
E. โ ์ฃผ๊ด์ ์ธ์์ ํญ์ ํ๋ฆฐ ์ธ์์ด๋ค. โ
์ฃผ๊ด์ ์ธ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฒฝํ๊ณผ ๊ด์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ๋ค.
( โ Subjective cognition is always wrong cognition. โ
Subjective cognition is based on the subjectโs experience and viewpoint. ๐ค )
Answer
์ฃผ์ฒด โ ์ฃผ์ฒด is the subject/agent of cognition.
์ฃผ์ฒด โ ์ฃผ์ฒด is the subject/agent of cognition.
F. ๊ฒ์ฆ๋์ง ์์ ์ ๋ณด๋ ์ง์์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ธ ์ ์๋ค.
( Unverified information may be closer to a personal conviction than knowledge. ๐ฌ )
Answer
ํ์ โ Confidence alone is not knowledge.
ํ์ โ Confidence alone is not knowledge.
G. ์ฐ์ฐํ ๋งํ ํ๋จ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ๋ฏฟ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
( A judgment guessed correctly by chance is difficult to regard as a sufficiently justified belief. ๐ฒ )
Answer
์ ๋นํ โ Correct by luck is not the same as justified.
์ ๋นํ โ Correct by luck is not the same as justified.
H. ๊ธ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๋ค๋ง์ด ๋์ค๋ฉด ๊ด์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์์ผ ํ๋ค.
( When however, on the other hand, or nevertheless appears in a text, you should look for contrast or limits in perspective. ๐ )
Answer
๋์กฐ โ Contrast markers often reveal the authorโs real point.
๋์กฐ โ Contrast markers often reveal the authorโs real point.
I. ์ค์ง, ํญ์, ์์ ํ ๊ฐ์ ํํ์ ์ง๋ฌธ๋ณด๋ค ๊ฐํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
( Expressions like only, always, and completely may be claims stronger than the passage. ๐จ )
Answer
์ฃผ์ฅ โ Extreme answer choices often overstate the passage.
์ฃผ์ฅ โ Extreme answer choices often overstate the passage.
J. ์ธ์๋ก ์ ๊ธ์ ์ฝ์ ๋๋ ์ง์์ ๊ทผ์, ๊ฒ์ฆ ๋ฐฉ์, ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ค, ์ ๋นํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํจ๊ป ๋ณด์์ผ ํ๋ค.
( When reading an epistemological text, you should look together at the source of knowledge, method of verification, criteria for truth, and conditions of justification. ๐งฉ )
Answer
์กฐ๊ฑด โ The phrase ์ ๋นํ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด means conditions of justification.
์กฐ๊ฑด โ The phrase ์ ๋นํ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด means conditions of justification.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ธ์ โ cognition, perception
- ์ธ์ โ acknowledgment, recognition
- ์ธ์ง โ cognition
- ์ง๊ฐ โ perception
- ๊ฒ์ฆ โ verification
- ์ ์ฆ โ proof, demonstration
- ํ์ธํ๋ค โ to check
- ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ค โ criteria for truth
- ๋งฅ๋ฝ โ context
- ์ฃผ์ฒด โ subject, agent
- ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํ์ โ personal conviction
- ์ ๋นํ๋ ๋ฏฟ์ โ justified belief
- ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ โ however
- ๋ฐ๋ฉด โ on the other hand
- ๋ค๋ง โ nevertheless, but
- ๋์กฐ โ contrast
- ์ฃผ์ฅ โ claim
- ์กฐ๊ฑด โ condition
- ๊ทผ์ โ source, origin
- ๊ฒ์ฆ ๋ฐฉ์ โ method of verification
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol: similar-looking words and extreme answer choices are where advanced reading gets sneaky.
ย
๐ Excellent work! You can now read ์ธ์๋ก passages by tracking where knowledge comes from, how claims are tested, what counts as truth, and why justification matters. Your abstract-noun radar is officially upgraded. ๐ก๐ง