๐Ÿ“‰

Demographic Cliff

Agent Progress
Built
Keywords
์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ / ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ / ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ
Lesson #
S
Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿ“‰
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿ“‰ Demographic cliff = ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ (a sharp population drop), often discussed with low births and aging.
  • ๐Ÿผ ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ (low birth rate) is a key cause, while ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ (decline in the working-age population) is one of the biggest economic shocks.
  • ๐Ÿง“ These words appear in Korean news, policy reports, and essays about labor shortages, pensions, schools, regional decline, housing, and welfare.
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” When you want to hear these policy-heavy phrases out loud, open
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
and type any Korean word or sentence into the widget for audio playback.
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

A demographic cliff is not just โ€œfewer babies.โ€ It describes a steep structural drop where a society suddenly has fewer young people, fewer future workers, and more pressure on welfare, pensions, schools, and local economies. In Korean, the vivid headline phrase is ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ (โ€œdemographic cliffโ€). ๐Ÿ“‰
ย 
This lesson centers on three advanced vocabulary anchors: ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ (demographic cliff), ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ (low birth rate), and ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ (decline in the working-age population). They often appear with ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” (aging), ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ (labor shortage), ์ง€์—ญ ์†Œ๋ฉธ (regional disappearance/decline), ์„ธ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ (decline in tax revenue), and ๋ณต์ง€ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ (increase in welfare burden).
ย 
The most important reading skill is seeing the chain: ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ can cause ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ, which can worsen ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ์„ธ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ, and ๋ณต์ง€ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€. Tiny babies, giant policy consequences. ๐Ÿผโžก๏ธ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

๐ŸŽจ The Core Demographic Cliff Family

  • ์ธ๊ตฌ = population. It appears in ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ (population structure), ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ (population decline), and ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ (population issue).
  • ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ = cliff. In ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ, it is metaphorical: a trend drops sharply like a cliff edge. ๐Ÿง—
  • ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ = low birth rate. ์ € means low, and ์ถœ์‚ฐ means childbirth/birth.
  • ์ €์ถœ์ƒ = low births. It is close to ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ, but policy discussions may use it to emphasize the social phenomenon of few births.
  • ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ = working-age population, literally โ€œpopulation capable of production.โ€ It is a demographic category, not a comment on someoneโ€™s worth.
  • ๊ฐ์†Œ = decrease/decline. ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค means to decrease, and ๊ฐ์†Œ์„ธ means a downward trend.
  • ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” = aging. It often appears with ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ as ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” (low birth rates and aging).
  • ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ = labor shortage. ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ means labor force, and ๋ถ€์กฑ means shortage.
  • ๋ถ€์–‘ ๋ถ€๋‹ด = support burden, especially the burden of supporting older dependents.
  • ๋Œ€์ฑ… = countermeasure/response plan. ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค means to prepare measures.
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A natural advanced-level sentence frame:
๐Ÿง 
์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Because of low birth rates and aging, concerns about a demographic cliff are growing as the working-age population declines.

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  1. ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์ด ํ˜„์‹คํ™”๋˜๋‹ค = for the demographic cliff to become reality.
      • ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์ด ํ˜„์‹คํ™”๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
      The government warned that if the demographic cliff becomes reality, labor shortages could become severe. โš ๏ธ
      ํ˜„์‹คํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means โ€œto become reality,โ€ and ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง€๋‹ค means โ€œto become serious.โ€
  1. ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‹ค = to solve/address the low-birth-rate issue.
      • ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์œก์•„ ์ง€์›๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ •์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
      Experts said that to address the low-birth-rate issue, childcare support and housing stability are both necessary. ๐Ÿผ๐Ÿ 
      ์œก์•„ ์ง€์› means childcare support, and ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ • means housing stability.
  1. ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋‹ค = for the working-age population to shrink.
      • ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด ์„ธ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๋ณต์ง€ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
      If the working-age population shrinks, a decline in tax revenue and an increase in welfare burden may appear at the same time. ๐Ÿ’ฐ๐Ÿง“
      ์„ธ์ˆ˜ means tax revenue, and ๋™์‹œ์— means at the same time.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

These expressions are usually built as noun clusters:
  • ์ธ๊ตฌ + ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ โ†’ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ (demographic cliff)
  • ์ € + ์ถœ์‚ฐ โ†’ ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ (low birth rate)
  • ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ + ์ธ๊ตฌ โ†’ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ (working-age population)
  • ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ + ๊ฐ์†Œ โ†’ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ (decline in the working-age population)
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For formal verbs, policy writing often turns nouns into action with ํ•˜๋‹ค (to do), ๋˜๋‹ค (to become), ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค (to lead to/continue), and ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค (to cause):
  • ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค = to decrease
  • ํ˜„์‹คํ™”๋˜๋‹ค = to become reality
  • ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค = to lead to a problem
  • ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค = to cause a burden
  • ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค = to mitigate a shock

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

The core vocabulary forms and public-language usage patterns were cross-checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources and Korean public-language examples at korean.go.kr. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ = demographic cliff; vivid, journalistic, and metaphorical.
  • ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ = population decline; neutral and broad.
  • ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” = change in population structure; formal and analytical.
  • ์ €์ถœ์ƒ = low births; increasingly common in policy discussions.
  • ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ = low birth rate; very common in news, textbooks, and policy reports.
  • ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ = labor shortage; more labor-market focused than ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ = โ€œpopulation cliffโ€ in polished English โ†’ โœ… translate it as demographic cliff when discussing society, economics, or policy.
  • โŒ Treating ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ and ์ €์ถœ์ƒ as always identical โ†’ โœ… both relate to low births, but ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ is the common term for the low-birth-rate problem, while ์ €์ถœ์ƒ can emphasize low births as a social phenomenon.
  • โŒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ = โ€œproductive peopleโ€ โ†’ โœ… use working-age population; it is a demographic category, not a compliment or insult.
  • โŒ Saying ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‹ค for every context โ†’ โœ… often more natural: ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋‹ค (respond to the demographic cliff) or ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‹ค (solve/address the low-birth-rate issue).
  • โŒ Forgetting the cause-and-effect chain โ†’ โœ… ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ can lead to ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ, which can worsen ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ์„ธ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ, and ๋ณต์ง€ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€.
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๐Ÿ“‰ Big-picture win: once you can connect ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ, ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”, and ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ, Korean demographic news becomes much less scary โ€” still serious, but now readable. ๐Ÿ“ฐ
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Try this exercise

Read each sentence, fill the blank with the best demographic vocabulary phrase, then check the Answer toggle. Focus on choosing the expression that matches the policy context, not just a word that โ€œkind of fits.โ€ ๐Ÿงญ
1. ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 20๋…„ ๋’ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ˜„์‹คํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „๋ง์ด ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค.
A forecast said that if low birth rates continue, the demographic cliff may become reality in twenty years. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ โ€” ํ˜„์‹คํ™”๋˜๋‹ค (โ€œbecome realityโ€) pairs naturally with a large social risk.
2. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œก์•„ ์ง€์›์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค.
The government said it would expand childcare support to ease the low-birth-rate problem. ๐Ÿผ
Answer
์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ โ€” Childcare support is a direct policy response to low birth rates.
3. ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Companies said it became difficult to find skilled workers due to the decline in the working-age population. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ โ€” Difficulty finding workers points to a shrinking working-age population.
4. ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค์€ ํ•™๋ น์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ คํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Regional universities worried that the decline in the school-age population and regional decline are happening at the same time. ๐ŸŽ“
Answer
์ง€์—ญ ์†Œ๋ฉธ โ€” Regional universities signal the regional decline/disappearance frame.
5. ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€์ถœ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If aging progresses quickly, pension spending and welfare burden may increase together. ๐Ÿง“
Answer
๋ณต์ง€ ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ€” Aging often raises welfare and pension pressure.
6. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต ์œ ์ถœ์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Experts analyzed that youth outflow may intensify labor shortages in the long term. ๐Ÿš†
Answer
๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ โ€” Youth outflow reduces available workers.
7. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ถœ์‚ฐ ์žฅ๋ ค๊ธˆ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government admitted that birth incentives alone make it difficult to solve the low-birth-rate issue. ๐Ÿ’ธ
Answer
์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ โ€” ์ถœ์‚ฐ ์žฅ๋ ค๊ธˆ is a birth incentive, so the target issue is ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ.
8. ์„ธ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์žฌ์ • ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžŒ๋‹ค.
A decline in tax revenue is considered a major fiscal problem caused by the demographic cliff. ๐Ÿ’ฐ
Answer
์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ โ€” Broad fiscal consequences fit the larger demographic-cliff frame.
9. ๋ฒ ์ด๋น„๋ถ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์€ํ‡ดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋” ๋นจ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
As the baby-boom generation retires, the decline in the working-age population may accelerate. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ โ€” Retirement directly reduces the working-age labor pool.
10. ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ • ์—†์ด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
A civic group pointed out that without housing stability, low-birth-rate measures will have limited effect. ๐Ÿ 
Answer
์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ โ€” Housing stability is often discussed as part of low-birth-rate policy.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ โ†’ demographic cliff
  • ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ โ†’ low birth rate
  • ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ โ†’ decline in the working-age population
  • ์ง€์—ญ ์†Œ๋ฉธ โ†’ regional decline/disappearance
  • ๋ณต์ง€ ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ welfare burden
  • ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ โ†’ labor shortage
  • ์„ธ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ โ†’ decline in tax revenue
  • ํ˜„์‹คํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to become reality
  • ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to ease/mitigate
  • ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค โ†’ to intensify
  • ๋Œ€์ฑ… โ†’ countermeasure/response plan
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Childcare โ†’ ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ; workers โ†’ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ; broad national risk โ†’ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Visit the Practice Hub when you're ready to turn demographic doom-vocab into confident reading power. ๐Ÿ“Š
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Demographic Cliff
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Welcome to the Demographic Cliff Practice Hub. Here you will sharpen the vocabulary you need for Korean news, policy essays, and economic commentary about ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ, ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”, and ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ. The topic is heavy, but your vocabulary footing is about to get much steadier. ๐Ÿง—
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a sentence read aloud.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Complete each Korean sentence with the most natural vocabulary item or phrase. Read the whole sentence for context first, say your answer aloud, then open the Answer toggle to check the meaning and nuance.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Core Terms in Context ๐Ÿ“‰

A. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Korean society has faced a demographic cliff due to low birth rates and aging. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ โ€” This is the broad metaphor for a sharp demographic drop.
B. ์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์€ ๋†’์€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ํ•œ ์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Young people said high housing costs are one cause of the low birth rate. ๐Ÿ 
Answer
์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ โ€” Housing cost is a common factor in low-birth-rate discussions.
C. ์€ํ‡ด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค.
When retirees increase, the working-age population naturally decreases. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ โ€” Retirees leaving the labor market reduce the working-age population.
D. ์ถœ์ƒ์•„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
A decline in births leads in the long term to a decline in the working-age population. ๐Ÿผ
Answer
์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ โ€” Fewer births now means fewer future workers.
E. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์œ ์ถœ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Small regional cities are worried about population outflow and regional disappearance at the same time. ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
์ง€์—ญ ์†Œ๋ฉธ โ€” This phrase is used when local areas shrink so severely that their survival is threatened.
F. ๊ณ ๋ น ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์ˆ˜๋ก ์ Š์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
As the elderly population grows, the support burden on younger generations may increase. ๐Ÿง“
Answer
๋ถ€์–‘ ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ€” This refers to the burden of supporting dependents, often older people.
G. ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ๊ตฌ์ธ๋‚œ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.
Companies saw hiring difficulties as a direct result of labor shortage. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ โ€” Hiring difficulty points to a shortage of labor.
H. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ฏผ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government reviewed immigration policy to respond to the demographic cliff. ๐Ÿงณ
Answer
์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ โ€” ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋‹ค pairs naturally with a large social challenge.
I. ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ง‘ ํ์›์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ง€์—ญ ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€๋‹ค.
Daycare closures show the impact low birth rates have on local life. ๐Ÿงธ
Answer
์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ โ€” Fewer children can lead to daycare and school closures.
J. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Experts explained that changes in population structure affect industrial structure as well. โš™๏ธ
Answer
์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ€” This is the neutral analytical phrase for how a population is composed.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ โ†’ demographic cliff
  • ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ โ†’ low birth rate
  • ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” โ†’ aging
  • ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ โ†’ working-age population
  • ์ง€์—ญ ์†Œ๋ฉธ โ†’ regional decline/disappearance
  • ๋ถ€์–‘ ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ support burden
  • ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ โ†’ labor shortage
  • ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ population structure
  • ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to respond
  • ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋‹ค โ†’ to shrink/decrease
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Broad crisis = ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ, births = ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ, labor pool = ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ.
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Exercise 2 โ€” Causes and Consequences ๐Ÿ”—

A. ํ˜ผ์ธ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ๋‹ค.
Declining marriage and housing insecurity are mentioned as factors that intensify low birth rates. ๐Ÿ’
Answer
์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ โ€” The causes listed are commonly linked to the low-birth-rate issue.
B. ์ถœ์ƒ์•„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ค„๋ฉด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™๊ต ํ†ตํํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the number of births falls, school consolidation and regional decline may appear in the long term. ๐Ÿซ
Answer
์ง€์—ญ ์†Œ๋ฉธ โ€” Fewer children can weaken local communities and schools.
C. ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
If the working-age population declines, companiesโ€™ labor shortage problem becomes more serious. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ โ€” A smaller working-age population creates labor shortages.
D. ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์—ฐ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋น„ ๊ด€๋ จ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.
As aging progresses, the welfare burden related to pensions and medical costs increases. ๐Ÿฅ
Answer
๋ณต์ง€ ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ€” Pensions and healthcare are welfare-cost clues.
E. ๋…ธ๋™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the number of workers decreases, the governmentโ€™s tax revenue may also decline. ๐Ÿ’ฐ
Answer
์„ธ์ˆ˜ โ€” Workers pay taxes, so fewer workers can reduce tax revenue.
F. ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ถœ์‚ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‹ค.
The demographic cliff is not simply a childbirth issue but a problem of the overall social structure. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ€” The sentence contrasts a narrow birth issue with society-wide structure.
G. ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ ์ง‘์ค‘์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The concentration of young people in the capital area may accelerate regional decline. ๐Ÿš†
Answer
์ง€์—ญ ์†Œ๋ฉธ โ€” Youth outflow from local areas is a classic regional-decline clue.
H. ์ถœ์‚ฐ์œจ ํšŒ๋ณต ์—†์ด๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
Without recovery in the birth rate, it is difficult to slow the decline in the working-age population. ๐Ÿผ
Answer
์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ โ€” Births today shape the future working-age population.
I. ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค.
Changes in population structure also affect the contraction of the consumer market. ๐Ÿ›’
Answer
์œ„์ถ• โ€” ์‹œ์žฅ ์œ„์ถ• means market contraction.
J. ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์•ฝํ™”๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Long-term population decline may lead to weakening national competitiveness. ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Answer
์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ โ€” This neutral phrase fits a long-term population drop.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํ˜ผ์ธ ๊ฐ์†Œ โ†’ decline in marriage
  • ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ โ†’ housing insecurity
  • ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ โ†’ low birth rate
  • ํ•™๊ต ํ†ตํํ•ฉ โ†’ school consolidation/closure
  • ์ง€์—ญ ์†Œ๋ฉธ โ†’ regional decline/disappearance
  • ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ โ†’ working-age population
  • ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ โ†’ labor shortage
  • ๋ณต์ง€ ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ welfare burden
  • ์„ธ์ˆ˜ โ†’ tax revenue
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ social structure
  • ์œ„์ถ• โ†’ contraction
  • ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ โ†’ population decline
  • ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค โ†’ to intensify
  • ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to accelerate
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Cause-and-effect sentences often use ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‹ค, ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค, ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค, and ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
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Exercise 3 โ€” Policy Response Vocabulary ๐Ÿ›๏ธ

A. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ง€์›์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government expanded childcare support to respond to the low-birth-rate issue. ๐Ÿงธ
Answer
์œก์•„ โ€” ์œก์•„ ์ง€์› means childcare support.
B. ์‹ ํ˜ผ๋ถ€๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์•ˆ์ • ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Housing stability policy is needed to reduce the burden on newlywed couples. ๐Ÿ 
Answer
์ฃผ๊ฑฐ โ€” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ • means housing stability.
C. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Experts said preparing long-term countermeasures is more important than short-term subsidies. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๋Œ€์ฑ… โ€” ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค is a natural policy phrase meaning to prepare measures.
D. ์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋•๋Š” ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์ถœ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
A system that helps balance work and family may affect the decision to have children. โš–๏ธ
Answer
์–‘๋ฆฝ โ€” ์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์–‘๋ฆฝ means balancing work and family.
E. ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„ ์œ ์ž…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฐฝ์ถœ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The local government promoted job creation policy to attract young people. ๐Ÿ’ผ
Answer
์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ โ€” ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ฐฝ์ถœ means job creation.
F. ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ต์œก, ๋…ธ๋™, ๋ณต์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
To respond to the demographic cliff, an integrated approach to education, labor, and welfare policy is needed. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  โ€” ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ means an integrated approach.
G. ์™ธ๊ตญ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์œ ์ž…์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜๋œ๋‹ค.
The inflow of foreign workers is discussed as a way to ease labor shortages. ๐Ÿงณ
Answer
๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ โ€” ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ is the labor-shortage phrase.
H. ์ถœ์‚ฐ ์žฅ๋ ค ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Birth encouragement policy should be designed in a way that respects individual choice. ๐Ÿผ
Answer
์„ค๊ณ„ โ€” ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜๋‹ค means policy is designed.
I. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The government needs to reform the pension system according to changes in population structure. ๐Ÿง“
Answer
๊ฐœํŽธ โ€” ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค means to reform or reorganize a system.
J. ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ˜„๊ธˆ ์ง€์›์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์ƒํ™œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To see policy effects, living conditions must be improved beyond simple cash support. ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
๊ฐœ์„  โ€” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค means to improve conditions.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์œก์•„ ์ง€์› โ†’ childcare support
  • ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์•ˆ์ • โ†’ housing stability
  • ๋Œ€์ฑ… โ†’ countermeasure/response plan
  • ์–‘๋ฆฝ โ†’ compatibility/balance
  • ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ฐฝ์ถœ โ†’ job creation
  • ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ โ†’ integrated approach
  • ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ โ†’ labor shortage
  • ์„ค๊ณ„ โ†’ design
  • ๊ฐœํŽธ โ†’ reform/reorganization
  • ๊ฐœ์„  โ†’ improvement
  • ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to prepare
  • ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to promote/push forward
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Policy Korean loves noun + verb pairs: ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค, ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค, ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Formal News and Essay Collocations ๐Ÿ“ฐ

A. ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒญ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
According to Statistics Korea data, the working-age population has already entered a downward trend. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
๊ฐ์†Œ์„ธ โ€” ๊ฐ์†Œ์„ธ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๋‹ค means to enter a decreasing trend.
B. ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ  ๋‘”ํ™”๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The demographic cliff can cause a slowdown in the economic growth rate. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
์ดˆ๋ž˜ โ€” ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค means to cause, often for negative outcomes.
C. ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์„ธ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
The low-birth-rate issue cannot be reduced to the responsibility of only one generation. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
ํ™˜์› โ€” ํ™˜์›๋˜๋‹ค means to be reduced to something in an analytical argument.
D. ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค.
In an aging society, medical demand is highly likely to expand quickly. ๐Ÿฅ
Answer
ํ™•๋Œ€ โ€” ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋‹ค means demand expands.
E. ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
Changes in population structure require adjustment of the labor market. โš™๏ธ
Answer
์กฐ์ • โ€” ์กฐ์ • means adjustment or coordination.
F. ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์†Œ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต ์œ ์ถœ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Small regional cities are having their growth base weakened by youth outflow. ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
์•ฝํ™” โ€” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means a base/foundation is weakened.
G. ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government report analyzed the causes of low birth rates in a multifaceted way. ๐Ÿ“„
Answer
๋ถ„์„ โ€” ์›์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋‹ค means to analyze causes.
H. ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ๋‚œ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค.
The decline in the working-age population intensified labor shortages at industrial sites. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
์‹ฌํ™” โ€” ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋‹ค means to intensify or worsen.
I. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Experts proposed a policy mix to mitigate the shock of the demographic cliff. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ
Answer
์™„ํ™” โ€” ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค means to mitigate a shock.
J. ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ „๋ง์€ ๋…ธ๋™ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The long-term outlook warned of the possibility of contraction in labor supply. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
์ถ•์†Œ โ€” ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ means contraction/reduction of supply.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฐ์†Œ์„ธ โ†’ downward trend
  • ์ดˆ๋ž˜ โ†’ causing/bringing about
  • ํ™˜์› โ†’ reduction to one factor
  • ํ™•๋Œ€ โ†’ expansion
  • ์กฐ์ • โ†’ adjustment
  • ์•ฝํ™” โ†’ weakening
  • ๋ถ„์„ โ†’ analysis
  • ์‹ฌํ™” โ†’ intensification
  • ์™„ํ™” โ†’ mitigation/easing
  • ์ถ•์†Œ โ†’ contraction/reduction
  • ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๋‹ค โ†’ to enter a phase
  • ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to require
  • ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to propose
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก In formal writing, many noun roots become verbs with ํ•˜๋‹ค or ๋˜๋‹ค: ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค, ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋‹ค, ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ์‹ ๋ฌธ ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ โ€œpopulation cliffโ€๋ณด๋‹ค โ€œdemographic cliffโ€๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค.
In a newspaper headline, this is more naturally translated as โ€œdemographic cliffโ€ than literal โ€œpopulation cliff.โ€ ๐Ÿ“ฐ
Answer
์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ โ€” โŒ literal โ€œpopulation cliffโ€ in polished English โ†’ โœ… โ€œdemographic cliff.โ€
B. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฐ๋ น ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์šฉ์–ด๋‹ค.
This is not a phrase evaluating peopleโ€™s ability; it is a statistical term referring to age structure. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ โ€” โŒ โ€œproductive peopleโ€ โ†’ โœ… โ€œworking-age population.โ€
C. ์ถœ์‚ฐ ์žฅ๋ ค๊ธˆ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Thinking that birth incentives alone can solve low birth rates oversimplifies the issue. ๐Ÿ’ธ
Answer
์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ โ€” โŒ simple money issue โ†’ โœ… connect it with housing, work, childcare, and social structure.
D. ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์—๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต โ€œํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‹คโ€๋ณด๋‹ค โ€œ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟโ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋„“์€ ์ •์ฑ… ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค.
For the demographic cliff, this is often used as a broader policy expression than โ€œsolve.โ€ ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋‹ค โ€” โŒ always saying ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ โœ… ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋‹ค for responding to a broad social challenge.
E. ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์—์„œ ์ถœ์ƒ ํ˜„์ƒ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•  ๋•Œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง๋„ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค.
Similar to low birth rate, this term is also used in policy contexts when emphasizing the phenomenon of low births itself. ๐Ÿผ
Answer
์ €์ถœ์ƒ โ€” โŒ assuming it is never different from ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ โ†’ โœ… notice the policy nuance.
F. ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Low birth rates may lead in the long term to a decline in the working-age population and labor shortage. ๐Ÿญ
Answer
๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ โ€” This checks the cause chain: births โ†’ workers โ†’ labor force.
G. ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€์ถœ์ด ๋Š˜๋ฉด ์ Š์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If pension spending increases due to aging, the support burden on younger generations may grow. ๐Ÿง“
Answer
๋ถ€์–‘ ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ€” The clue is younger generations supporting older dependents.
H. ์ฒญ๋…„ ์œ ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ถœ์ƒ์•„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒน์น˜๋ฉด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค.
If youth outflow and a drop in births overlap, the risk of regional disappearance grows. ๐Ÿ˜๏ธ
Answer
์ง€์—ญ ์†Œ๋ฉธ โ€” The local-area clue points to regional decline/disappearance.
I. ์„ธ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๋ณต์ง€ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ์ • ์••๋ฐ•์ด๋‹ค.
A decline in tax revenue and an increase in welfare burden are fiscal pressures the demographic cliff may cause. ๐Ÿ’ฐ
Answer
์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ โ€” Broad fiscal consequences fit the broad demographic-cliff frame.
J. ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋…ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ, ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”, ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
For accurate reading, you must look at the causal relationship among low birth rates, aging, and decline in the working-age population. ๐Ÿ”—
Answer
์ธ๊ณผ โ€” This final check asks you to connect causes and effects, not memorize isolated words.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ โ†’ demographic cliff
  • ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ โ†’ working-age population
  • ์ €์ถœ์‚ฐ โ†’ low birth rate
  • ์ €์ถœ์ƒ โ†’ low births
  • ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to respond
  • ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ โ†’ labor shortage
  • ๋ถ€์–‘ ๋ถ€๋‹ด โ†’ support burden
  • ์ง€์—ญ ์†Œ๋ฉธ โ†’ regional decline/disappearance
  • ์„ธ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ โ†’ decline in tax revenue
  • ๋ณต์ง€ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ โ†’ increase in welfare burden
  • ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„ โ†’ causal relationship
  • ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to cause
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol rule: translate concepts, not syllables. ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ is a demographic concept, and ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ is a statistical age group.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Excellent work. You can now read ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ articles with the key vocabulary chain intact: births, aging, workers, taxes, welfare, regions, and policy responses. That is advanced reading armor. ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ