📊

Consequently / Therefore: -(으)ㄴ 결과

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Advanced Grammar
📊
TL;DR 🦄
  • 📊 -(으)ㄴ 결과 means as a result of doing / after examining, doing, or carrying out something.
  • 🧾 It sounds objective, report-like, and evidence-based — perfect for surveys, investigations, analysis, experiments, reviews, and official summaries.
  • 🧭 Advanced use = distinguish it from -(으)ㄴ 끝에 (hard-won endpoint), 결과적으로 (consequently), and 따라서 (therefore).
🔊
🎧 Iru Helper Note — Open
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets and type 자료를 분석한 결과 새로운 경향이 확인되었습니다. This pattern often sounds polished, formal, and wonderfully “report desk with coffee” serious. ☕
 

🌈 The Big Picture

결과 means result/outcome. With a completed action before it, -(으)ㄴ 결과 introduces what was found, confirmed, revealed, calculated, or concluded after that action.
 
This pattern is not usually emotional storytelling. It is the grammar of evidence → finding:
  • analysis → finding 📈
  • survey → response pattern 📋
  • investigation → confirmed fact 🔍
  • experiment → observed outcome 🧪
  • review → final judgment 🧾
 
Compare:
  • 오랫동안 조사한 끝에 원인을 밝혀냈다. = After long investigation, they finally uncovered the cause. 🏁
  • 조사한 결과 원인이 밝혀졌다. = As a result of the investigation, the cause was revealed. 🔍
 
The first highlights effort and endpoint. The second highlights objective result.
 

🎨 The Core 결과 Family

1. V-(으)ㄴ 결과 = as a result of doing

Use it after an action that produces a finding or conclusion.
 
  • 분석하다 = to analyze → 분석한 결과 = as a result of analysis
  • 조사하다 = to investigate/survey → 조사한 결과 = as a result of investigation/survey
  • 검토하다 = to review → 검토한 결과 = as a result of review
  • 비교하다 = to compare → 비교한 결과 = as a result of comparison
 

2. N 결과 = result of a noun event/process

Use with formal nouns like 조사, 분석, 실험, 검사, and 논의.
 
  • 설문 조사 결과 = survey results
  • 검사 결과 = test/examination results
  • 분석 결과 = analysis results
  • 실험 결과 = experiment results
 

3. Common result predicates

-(으)ㄴ 결과 often pairs with formal finding verbs:
  • 확인되다 = to be confirmed
  • 나타나다 = to appear / be shown
  • 드러나다 = to be revealed
  • 밝혀지다 = to be found/revealed
  • 판명되다 = to turn out / be proven
  • 결론이 나오다 = for a conclusion to emerge
 

🛠️ How They Work in a Sentence

1. Survey → finding

  • 응답 자료를 분석한 결과 청년층의 참여율이 높게 나타났다.
      • As a result of analyzing the response data, the participation rate among young adults appeared high. 📋
      응답 자료 = response data, 청년층 = young adult group, 참여율 = participation rate.
 

2. Investigation → confirmation

  • 사고 원인을 조사한 결과 안전 장치의 결함이 확인되었다.
      • As a result of investigating the cause of the accident, a defect in the safety device was confirmed. 🚧
      사고 원인 = accident cause, 안전 장치 = safety device, 결함 = defect.
 

3. Review → conclusion

  • 여러 대안을 검토한 결과 기존 방식을 유지하는 것이 적절하다는 결론이 나왔다.
      • As a result of reviewing several alternatives, the conclusion emerged that maintaining the existing method is appropriate. 🧾
      대안 = alternative, 기존 방식 = existing method, 적절하다 = to be appropriate.
 

🧩 General Formation Rule

Use the completed modifier before 결과.
 
  • Verb stem ending in a vowel + ㄴ 결과
      • 조사하다 → 조사한 결과 = as a result of investigating
  • Verb stem ending in a consonant + 은 결과
      • 찾다 → 찾은 결과 = as a result of searching/finding
  • ㄹ-stem drops ㄹ + ㄴ 결과
      • 살피다 is regular: 살핀 결과 = as a result of examining; 만들다 → 만든 결과 = as a result of making
 
For noun phrases, use N 결과:
  • 검사 결과 = test result
  • 논의 결과 = result of discussion
  • 실험 결과 = experimental result
 

📚 Cross-check note

The meaning of 결과 as an outcome/result and the use of completed modifiers such as 분석한 결과 were checked against 국립국어원 / korean.go.kr and Korean grammar references. ✅
 

🪞 Synonym Alert

  • -(으)ㄴ 결과 — as a result of doing; objective finding.
  • N 결과 — result of a noun event/process; concise report style.
  • 결과적으로 — consequently / in the end as a consequence; sentence adverb.
  • 따라서 — therefore; logical conclusion marker.
  • 그러므로 — therefore; formal logical connector.
  • -(으)ㄴ 끝에 — after a meaningful process; emphasizes effort/time before result.
  • -고 보니 — after doing and realizing; speaker discovery.
 

⚠️ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • ❌ 분석하는 결과 → ✅ 분석한 결과 (Use the completed modifier.)
  • ❌ 밥을 먹은 결과 잠을 잤다 → ✅ 밥을 먹고 나서 잠을 잤다 (Simple sequence needs -고 나서.)
  • ❌ 오랜 노력한 결과 when highlighting hardship → ✅ 오랜 노력 끝에 (Use 끝에 for the felt endpoint of effort.)
  • ❌ Using 결과적으로 as if it attaches to a verb → ✅ 분석한 결과 / 결과적으로 as a sentence adverb.
  • ❌ Overusing it in casual small talk → ✅ Save it for findings, analysis, tests, reviews, and formal summaries.
 
📊 -(으)ㄴ 결과 is your clean lab coat grammar: calm, evidence-based, and ready to present findings without waving a tiny drama flag. 🧪✨
 
Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each sentence with -(으)ㄴ 결과 or N 결과. Look for the action that produced the finding, then open the Answer toggle. 📊
1. 자료를 분석＿＿＿＿ 새로운 경향이 확인되었다.
As a result of analyzing the data, a new trend was confirmed. 📈
Answer
분석한 결과 — 분석하다 → 분석한 결과.
2. 현장을 조사＿＿＿＿ 안전 문제가 드러났다.
As a result of investigating the site, a safety issue was revealed. 🚧
Answer
조사한 결과 — 조사하다 → 조사한 결과.
3. 두 자료를 비교＿＿＿＿ 수치가 서로 달랐다.
As a result of comparing the two materials, the figures differed. 📊
Answer
비교한 결과 — 비교하다 → 비교한 결과.
4. 신청서를 검토＿＿＿＿ 일부 항목이 누락되었다.
As a result of reviewing the application, some items were missing. 📄
Answer
검토한 결과 — Review produced a finding.
5. 검사 ＿＿＿＿ 이상 징후는 발견되지 않았다.
As a result of the test, no abnormal signs were found. 🩺
Answer
결과 — 검사 결과 is a noun phrase.
6. 여론을 조사＿＿＿＿ 찬성 의견이 더 많았다.
As a result of surveying public opinion, there were more opinions in favor. 🗳️
Answer
조사한 결과 — Formal survey reporting fits this pattern.
7. 원인을 살핀 ＿＿＿＿ 관리 절차에 문제가 있었다.
As a result of examining the cause, there was a problem in the management procedure. 🔍
Answer
결과 — 살피다 → 살핀 결과.
8. 실험 ＿＿＿＿ 예상과 다른 반응이 나타났다.
As a result of the experiment, a reaction different from expectations appeared. 🧪
Answer
결과 — 실험 결과 is concise and report-like.
9. 여러 대안을 검토＿＿＿＿ 기존 방식을 유지하기로 했다.
As a result of reviewing several alternatives, they decided to maintain the existing method. 🧾
Answer
검토한 결과 — Review leads to a decision/conclusion.
10. 응답을 분류＿＿＿＿ 세 가지 유형으로 나뉘었다.
As a result of classifying the responses, they were divided into three types. 🗂️
Answer
분류한 결과 — 분류하다 → 분류한 결과.
📚
Vocabulary Box
  • 자료 → data/materials
  • 분석하다 → to analyze
  • 경향 → trend
  • 확인되다 → to be confirmed
  • 현장 → site/scene
  • 조사하다 → to investigate/survey
  • 비교하다 → to compare
  • 수치 → figure/numerical value
  • 검토하다 → to review
  • 누락되다 → to be omitted/missing
  • 검사 → test/examination
  • 여론 → public opinion
  • 살피다 → to examine
  • 실험 → experiment
  • 대안 → alternative
  • 분류하다 → to classify
Tip 💡 If the sentence reports a finding, -(으)ㄴ 결과 is probably waiting politely with a clipboard.
🚀
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns result reporting into advanced grammar muscle. 📊
 
📦
🎯 Practice Hub — Consequently / Therefore: -(으)ㄴ 결과
 
Welcome to the evidence-to-finding workshop. 📊 This Practice Hub helps you use -(으)ㄴ 결과 in polished reports, research summaries, formal explanations, and TOPIK-style writing. You’ll practice form-building, noun-result phrases, connector choice, and the difference between objective findings and hard-won outcomes.
 
🔊 Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a completed sentence aloud.
 
📝 Instructions: Complete each prompt, identify whether it reports a finding or a logical consequence, then check the Answer toggle. Keep your completed Korean sentence formal and evidence-based.
 

Exercise 1 — Build the Result Form 🧱

A. 분석하다 → 데이터를 ＿＿＿＿ 원인이 밝혀졌다.
As a result of analyzing the data, the cause was revealed. 📊
Answer
분석한 결과 — Use the completed modifier before 결과.
B. 조사하다 → 피해 규모를 ＿＿＿＿ 예상보다 컸다.
As a result of investigating the scale of damage, it was larger than expected. 🌧️
Answer
조사한 결과 — 조사하다 → 조사한 결과.
C. 확인하다 → 명단을 ＿＿＿＿ 두 명이 빠져 있었다.
As a result of checking the list, two people were missing. 📋
Answer
확인한 결과 — Checking produced a specific finding.
D. 비교하다 → 두 제도를 ＿＿＿＿ 비용 차이가 컸다.
As a result of comparing the two systems, the cost difference was large. 💰
Answer
비교한 결과 — Comparison leads to the reported difference.
E. 듣다 → 관계자의 설명을 ＿＿＿＿ 오해가 있었다는 점이 드러났다.
As a result of hearing the official’s explanation, it was revealed that there had been a misunderstanding. 👂
Answer
들은 결과 — 듣다 → 들은 before 결과.
F. 살피다 → 시장 반응을 ＿＿＿＿ 수요가 충분하다고 판단되었다.
As a result of examining market response, demand was judged sufficient. 🛒
Answer
살핀 결과 — 살피다 → 살핀 결과.
G. 만들다 → 시제품을 ＿＿＿＿ 내구성이 부족했다.
As a result of making a prototype, durability was insufficient. 🧪
Answer
만든 결과 — 만들다 drops ㄹ: 만든.
H. 묻다 → 주민들에게 의견을 ＿＿＿＿ 반대가 많았다.
As a result of asking residents for opinions, there was much opposition. 🏘️
Answer
물은 결과 — 묻다 “to ask” becomes 물은.
I. 측정하다 → 온도를 ＿＿＿＿ 기준치를 초과했다.
As a result of measuring the temperature, it exceeded the standard value. 🌡️
Answer
측정한 결과 — A measured value is a classic 결과 context.
J. 검증하다 → 가설을 ＿＿＿＿ 일부만 타당했다.
As a result of verifying the hypothesis, only part of it was valid. 🔬
Answer
검증한 결과 — 가설을 검증하다 = to verify a hypothesis.
🧱
Vocabulary Box
  • 데이터 → data
  • 원인 → cause
  • 밝혀지다 → to be revealed
  • 피해 규모 → scale of damage
  • 명단 → list of names
  • 빠지다 → to be missing
  • 제도 → system/institution
  • 비용 차이 → cost difference
  • 관계자 → person concerned/official
  • 오해 → misunderstanding
  • 시장 반응 → market response
  • 수요 → demand
  • 시제품 → prototype
  • 내구성 → durability
  • 측정하다 → to measure
  • 검증하다 → to verify
Tip 💡 Completed modifier + 결과: 분석한, 들은, 만든, 물은.
 

Exercise 2 — Noun Results in Reports 🧾

A. 설문 조사 ＿＿＿＿ 응답자의 62%가 찬성했다.
According to the survey results, 62% of respondents agreed. 📋
Answer
결과 — 설문 조사 결과 is a formal noun phrase.
B. 검사 ＿＿＿＿ 이상 징후가 발견되었다.
As a result of the examination, abnormal signs were found. 🩺
Answer
결과 — 검사 결과.
C. 분석 ＿＿＿＿ 세 가지 요인이 확인되었다.
As a result of analysis, three factors were confirmed. 📊
Answer
결과 — 분석 결과.
D. 논의 ＿＿＿＿ 시행 시기를 늦추기로 했다.
As a result of discussion, they decided to delay the implementation timing. 🗓️
Answer
결과 — 논의 결과.
E. 실험 ＿＿＿＿ 예상보다 빠른 반응이 나타났다.
As a result of the experiment, a faster-than-expected reaction appeared. 🧪
Answer
결과 — 실험 결과.
F. 심사 ＿＿＿＿ 세 작품이 최종 후보로 선정되었다.
As a result of the evaluation, three works were selected as finalists. 🎨
Answer
결과 — 심사 결과.
G. 감사 ＿＿＿＿ 회계 오류가 드러났다.
As a result of the audit, an accounting error was revealed. 💼
Answer
결과 — 감사 결과.
H. 회의 ＿＿＿＿ 예산을 재배정하기로 했다.
As a result of the meeting, they decided to reallocate the budget. 🧾
Answer
결과 — 회의 결과.
I. 면담 ＿＿＿＿ 추가 지원이 필요하다고 판단되었다.
As a result of the interview/consultation, additional support was judged necessary. 🤝
Answer
결과 — 면담 결과.
J. 평가 ＿＿＿＿ 기존 기준을 보완해야 한다는 결론이 나왔다.
As a result of the evaluation, the conclusion emerged that the existing standards should be supplemented. 🧩
Answer
결과 — 평가 결과.
🧾
Vocabulary Box
  • 설문 조사 → survey
  • 응답자 → respondent
  • 찬성하다 → to agree/support
  • 이상 징후 → abnormal sign
  • 요인 → factor
  • 시행 시기 → implementation timing
  • 반응 → reaction/response
  • 심사 → evaluation/judging
  • 최종 후보 → finalist
  • 선정되다 → to be selected
  • 감사 → audit
  • 회계 오류 → accounting error
  • 재배정하다 → to reallocate
  • 면담 → interview/consultation
  • 추가 지원 → additional support
  • 평가 → evaluation
  • 보완하다 → to supplement
Tip 💡 N 결과 is concise, formal, and common in reports and announcements.
 

Exercise 3 — Result vs Endpoint 🏁

A. 몇 달간 협상한 ＿＿＿＿ 양측이 합의했다.
After months of negotiation, both sides reached agreement. 🤝
Answer
끝에 — Long negotiation as a hard-won endpoint fits 끝에 better.
B. 계약 조건을 검토한 ＿＿＿＿ 일부 조항이 불리하다는 사실이 확인되었다.
As a result of reviewing the contract terms, it was confirmed that some clauses were unfavorable. 📑
Answer
결과 — Objective finding after review.
C. 오랜 노력 ＿＿＿＿ 독자적인 기술을 개발했다.
After long effort, they developed their own technology. 🧪
Answer
끝에 — Effort leading to achievement = 노력 끝에.
D. 기술 수준을 평가한 ＿＿＿＿ 보완이 필요하다는 결론이 나왔다.
As a result of evaluating the technology level, the conclusion emerged that improvement was needed. 🧾
Answer
결과 — Evaluation produced a conclusion.
E. 수년간 연구한 ＿＿＿＿ 치료법을 개발했다.
After researching for years, they developed a treatment method. 🔬
Answer
끝에 — Years of effort are foregrounded.
F. 환자 기록을 분석한 ＿＿＿＿ 특정 증상이 반복되었다.
As a result of analyzing patient records, a specific symptom repeated. 🩺
Answer
결과 — Analysis finding.
G. 우여곡절 ＿＿＿＿ 전시회가 열렸다.
After many twists and turns, the exhibition opened. 🖼️
Answer
끝에 — 우여곡절 끝에 is idiomatic.
H. 응답 내용을 분류한 ＿＿＿＿ 네 가지 유형이 도출되었다.
As a result of classifying the responses, four types were derived. 🗂️
Answer
결과 — Classification result.
I. 심사숙고 ＿＿＿＿ 제안을 거절했다.
After careful consideration, they rejected the proposal. 🧠
Answer
끝에 — Deliberative endpoint.
J. 통계를 살펴본 ＿＿＿＿ 지역별 차이가 뚜렷했다.
As a result of examining the statistics, regional differences were clear. 📈
Answer
결과 — Evidence-based observation.
🏁
Vocabulary Box
  • 협상하다 → to negotiate
  • 양측 → both sides
  • 계약 조건 → contract terms
  • 조항 → clause
  • 불리하다 → to be unfavorable
  • 독자적 → independent/original
  • 기술 수준 → technology level
  • 평가하다 → to evaluate
  • 치료법 → treatment method
  • 환자 기록 → patient records
  • 특정 증상 → specific symptom
  • 우여곡절 → twists and turns
  • 전시회 → exhibition
  • 유형 → type
  • 도출되다 → to be derived
  • 심사숙고 → careful consideration
  • 통계 → statistics
  • 지역별 차이 → regional difference
Tip 💡 결과 reports findings; 끝에 highlights the road to the endpoint.
 

Exercise 4 — Connectors: 결과, 결과적으로, 따라서 🔗

A. 자료를 분석한 ＿＿＿＿ 오류의 원인이 확인되었다.
As a result of analyzing the data, the cause of the error was confirmed. 🧩
Answer
결과 — Attach directly after the completed action.
B. 비용이 크게 증가했다. ＿＿＿＿ 계획을 축소해야 한다.
Costs increased greatly. Therefore, the plan must be reduced. 💸
Answer
따라서 — Logical therefore between sentences.
C. 초기 대응이 늦었다. ＿＿＿＿ 피해가 커졌다.
The initial response was late. Consequently, the damage grew. 🚨
Answer
결과적으로 — Sentence adverb showing eventual consequence.
D. 현장을 조사한 ＿＿＿＿ 안전 기준이 지켜지지 않았음이 밝혀졌다.
As a result of inspecting the site, it was revealed that safety standards had not been followed. 🦺
Answer
결과 — Inspection produced a formal finding.
E. 수요가 줄었다. ＿＿＿＿ 생산량을 조정할 필요가 있다.
Demand decreased. Therefore, production volume needs to be adjusted. 🏭
Answer
따라서 — Logical recommendation from a fact.
F. 여러 차례 경고를 무시했다. ＿＿＿＿ 더 큰 문제가 발생했다.
They ignored several warnings. Consequently, a bigger problem occurred. ⚠️
Answer
결과적으로 — Shows final consequence of earlier actions.
G. 응답을 분류한 ＿＿＿＿ 세 집단으로 나눌 수 있었다.
As a result of classifying the responses, they could be divided into three groups. 🗂️
Answer
결과 — Classification produced a reportable result.
H. 증거가 부족하다. ＿＿＿＿ 단정적인 결론은 피해야 한다.
Evidence is insufficient. Therefore, a definitive conclusion should be avoided. ⚖️
Answer
따라서 — Logical conclusion/recommendation.
I. 무리한 확장을 계속했다. ＿＿＿＿ 재정 부담이 커졌다.
They continued excessive expansion. Consequently, the financial burden grew. 🏢
Answer
결과적으로 — Eventual outcome of a course of action.
J. 시제품을 테스트한 ＿＿＿＿ 내구성이 기준에 미치지 못했다.
As a result of testing the prototype, durability did not meet the standard. 🧪
Answer
결과 — Test result.
🔗
Vocabulary Box
  • 오류 → error
  • 비용 → cost
  • 증가하다 → to increase
  • 축소하다 → to reduce/scale down
  • 초기 대응 → initial response
  • 피해 → damage
  • 안전 기준 → safety standard
  • 지켜지다 → to be followed/kept
  • 수요 → demand
  • 생산량 → production volume
  • 경고 → warning
  • 발생하다 → to occur
  • 집단 → group
  • 단정적 → definitive/assertive
  • 재정 부담 → financial burden
  • 기준에 미치다 → to meet a standard
Tip 💡 -(으)ㄴ 결과 attaches to an action; 따라서 and 결과적으로 connect sentence-level logic.
 

Exercise 5 — Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol 🛡️

A. ❌ 분석하는 결과 → ✅ ＿＿＿＿
As a result of analysis. 📊
Answer
분석한 결과 — Use the completed modifier.
B. ❌ 커피를 마신 결과 회의실에 갔다 → ✅ simple sequence: 커피를 ＿＿＿＿ 회의실에 갔다.
After drinking coffee, they went to the meeting room. ☕
Answer
마시고 나서 — This is sequence, not a report finding.
C. 설문을 실시한 ＿＿＿＿ 만족도가 낮게 나타났다.
As a result of conducting the survey, satisfaction appeared low. 📋
Answer
결과 — Survey result.
D. ❌ 오랜 고생한 결과 성공했다 → ✅ endpoint: 오랜 고생 ＿＿＿＿ 성공했다.
After long hardship, they succeeded. 🏁
Answer
끝에 — Hardship endpoint calls for 끝에.
E. 검사 ＿＿＿＿ 수치가 정상 범위 안에 있었다.
As a result of the test, the figure was within the normal range. 🩺
Answer
결과 — 검사 결과.
F. 자료가 부족하다. ＿＿＿＿ 추가 조사가 필요하다.
Data is insufficient. Therefore, additional investigation is necessary. 🔍
Answer
따라서 — Logical conclusion.
G. 장비를 점검한 ＿＿＿＿ 전원 장치에 문제가 있었다.
As a result of checking the equipment, there was a problem with the power device. 🔌
Answer
결과 — Equipment check produced a finding.
H. 몇 차례 선택을 미뤘다. ＿＿＿＿ 기회를 놓쳤다.
They delayed the choice several times. Consequently, they missed the opportunity. ⏳
Answer
결과적으로 — Consequence of earlier behavior.
I. ❌ 회의를 결과 결정했다 → ✅ 회의 ＿＿＿＿ 일정을 바꾸기로 했다.
As a result of the meeting, they decided to change the schedule. 🗓️
Answer
결과 — 회의 결과, not 회의를 결과.
J. 표본을 확대해 조사한 ＿＿＿＿ 이전과 다른 결론이 나왔다.
As a result of expanding the sample and investigating, a different conclusion emerged from before. 🧪
Answer
결과 — 조사한 결과 reports the finding after the method changed.
🛡️
Vocabulary Box
  • 커피 → coffee
  • 회의실 → meeting room
  • 설문을 실시하다 → to conduct a survey
  • 만족도 → satisfaction level
  • 고생 → hardship
  • 성공하다 → to succeed
  • 수치 → figure/value
  • 정상 범위 → normal range
  • 추가 조사 → additional investigation
  • 장비 → equipment
  • 점검하다 → to inspect/check
  • 전원 장치 → power device
  • 선택을 미루다 → to delay a choice
  • 기회를 놓치다 → to miss an opportunity
  • 표본 → sample
  • 확대하다 → to expand
Tip 💡 Pitfall patrol: 결과 loves evidence and findings, not ordinary “and then” sequences.
 
🎉 You’ve mastered the clean result-reporting lane. Use -(으)ㄴ 결과 when your Korean needs to sound like it has data, evidence, and a very organized spreadsheet. 📊✨