TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐ -๋ค์ํผ [-da-si-pi] means โas you know / as you can see / as I mentioned.โ It cites a fact the listener can already know, see, hear, feel, or infer.
- ๐ง It most naturally appears with perception or recognition verbs: ์๋ค์ํผ [al-da-si-pi] = as you know, ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ [bo-da-si-pi] = as you see, ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ [deut-da-si-pi] = as you hear.
- ๐งฉ Be careful: -๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค can mean โalmost / practically,โ as in ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์ [sal-da-si-pi hae-sseo-yo] = practically lived there. That is a related but different use.
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Use Korean Helper Widgets to hear ์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi], ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi], and ๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ [mal-sseum-deu-ryeot-da-si-pi]. This pattern should sound like you are gently pointing to shared evidence, not dropping a grammar anvil. ๐ง โจ
ย
๐ The Big Picture
-๋ค์ํผ [-da-si-pi] is a connective ending that means โasโฆโ when you are citing a fact the listener can recognize from knowledge, sight, hearing, feeling, or previous conversation.
ย
It is the Korean equivalent of phrases like:
- โAs you knowโฆโ
- โAs you can seeโฆโ
- โAs you heardโฆโ
- โAs I mentionedโฆโ
- โAs you can guessโฆโ
ย
A very common sentence shape is:
- ์์๋ค์ํผ, ๋ด์ผ ํ์๋ ์จ๋ผ์ธ์ ๋๋ค.
[a-si-da-si-pi, nae-il hoe-ui-neun ol-la-in-im-ni-da]
As you know, tomorrowโs meeting is online. ๐ป
์์๋ค์ํผ = as you know, ๋ด์ผ = tomorrow, ํ์ = meeting, ์จ๋ผ์ธ = online.
ย
This pattern is useful because it lets you anchor your next point in shared evidence. You are not just saying a fact out of nowhere; you are saying, โYou already know / saw / heard this, so here is the point.โ ๐
ย
๐จ The Core -๋ค์ํผ Family
1. ์๋ค์ํผ / ์์๋ค์ํผ โ as you know ๐ง
- ์๋ค์ํผ [al-da-si-pi] = as one knows / as you know.
- ์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi] = as you know, honorific/polite. This comes from ์๋ค + -์- + -๋ค์ํผ; the ใน drops before -์-.
ย
Examples:
- ์์๋ค์ํผ, ์ค๋ ์ผ์ ์ด ๋ฐ๋์์ด์.
[a-si-da-si-pi, o-neul il-jeong-i ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo]
As you know, todayโs schedule changed. ๐๏ธ
์ค๋ = today, ์ผ์ = schedule, ๋ฐ๋๋ค = to change.
- ์๋ค์ํผ, ์ด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์ฝ์ง ์์์.
[al-da-si-pi, i mun-je-neun swip-jji a-na-yo]
As you know, this problem is not easy. ๐งฉ
์ด = this, ๋ฌธ์ = problem, ์ฝ๋ค = to be easy, ์ฝ์ง ์๋ค = to not be easy.
ย
2. ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ / ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ โ as you see ๐
Use this when the evidence is visible: a chart, photo, screen, room, line, ticket status, or situation.
ย
Examples:
- ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ, ํ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งค์ง๋์ด์.
[bo-si-da-si-pi, pyo-ga i-mi mae-jin-dwae-sseo-yo]
As you can see, the tickets are already sold out. ๐๏ธ
ํ = ticket, ์ด๋ฏธ = already, ๋งค์ง๋๋ค = to be sold out.
- ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ, ์ฌ์ง์ด ์์ฃผ ์ ๋ช ํด์.
[bo-da-si-pi, sa-ji-ni a-ju seon-myeong-hae-yo]
As you can see, the photo is very clear. ๐ท
์ฌ์ง = photo, ์์ฃผ = very, ์ ๋ช
ํ๋ค = to be clear.
ย
3. ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ / ๋๋ผ๋ค์ํผ / ์ง์ํ๋ค์ํผ โ as you hear, feel, or guess ๐
These cite information the listener can recognize through sound, feeling, or inference.
ย
Examples:
- ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ, ๋ฐ์ ๋น๊ฐ ๋ง์ด ์์.
[deut-da-si-pi, ba-kke bi-ga ma-ni wa-yo]
As you can hear, it is raining a lot outside. โ
๋ฐ = outside, ๋น๊ฐ ์ค๋ค = to rain, ๋ง์ด = a lot.
- ๋๋ผ๋ค์ํผ, ๋ฐฉ์ด ์กฐ๊ธ ์ถ์์.
[neu-kki-da-si-pi, bang-i jo-geum chu-wo-yo]
As you can feel, the room is a little cold. โ๏ธ
๋ฐฉ = room, ์กฐ๊ธ = a little, ์ถฅ๋ค = to be cold.
- ์ง์ํ๋ค์ํผ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ข์ง ์์์ด์.
[jim-ja-ka-da-si-pi, gyeol-gwa-ga jot-chi a-na-sseo-yo]
As you can guess, the result was not good. ๐
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ = result, ์ข๋ค = to be good, ์ข์ง ์๋ค = to not be good.
ย
4. ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ / ๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ โ as I said / as I mentioned ๐ฃ๏ธ
Use these to refer back to something already said.
ย
Examples:
- ์๊น ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ, ์ฝ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐ๋์์ด์.
[a-kka mal-haet-da-si-pi, yak-ssok si-ga-ni ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo]
As I said earlier, the appointment time changed. โฐ
์๊น = earlier, ๋งํ๋ค = to say, ์ฝ์ ์๊ฐ = appointment time.
- ๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ, ํธํ ์์ฝ์ ๋๋ฌ์ด์.
[mal-sseum-deu-ryeot-da-si-pi, ho-tel ye-ya-geun kkeun-na-sseo-yo]
As I mentioned, the hotel reservation is finished. ๐จ
๋ง์๋๋ฆฌ๋ค = to tell/say politely, ํธํ
= hotel, ์์ฝ = reservation, ๋๋๋ค = to finish.
ย
๐ ๏ธ How It Works in a Sentence
1. Shared knowledge โ next point
- ์์๋ค์ํผ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ํ์ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฒ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฐ๋น ์.
[a-si-da-si-pi, u-ri hoe-sa-neun i-beon ju-e ba-ppa-yo]
As you know, our company is busy this week. ๐ข
์ฐ๋ฆฌ = our, ํ์ฌ = company, ์ด๋ฒ ์ฃผ = this week, ๋ฐ์๋ค = to be busy.
ย
2. Visible evidence โ conclusion
- ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ, ์งํ์ฒ ์ญ ์์ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ง์์.
[bo-si-da-si-pi, ji-ha-cheol-lyeok a-pe sa-ra-mi ma-na-yo]
As you can see, there are many people in front of the subway station. ๐
์งํ์ฒ ์ญ = subway station, ์ = front, ์ฌ๋ = person, ๋ง๋ค = to be many.
ย
3. Previous statement โ reminder
- ์ด์ ์ค๋ช ํ๋ค์ํผ, ์ด ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด๋ฃ์์.
[eo-je seol-myeong-haet-da-si-pi, i ae-beun mu-ryo-ye-yo]
As I explained yesterday, this app is free. ๐ฑ
์ด์ = yesterday, ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค = to explain, ์ฑ = app, ๋ฌด๋ฃ = free.
ย
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
Attach -๋ค์ํผ directly to a verb stem or to a past form when you are referring back to what was said, shown, or explained.
ย
Common practical forms:
- ์๋ค + -๋ค์ํผ โ ์๋ค์ํผ [al-da-si-pi] = as you know.
- ์๋ค + -์- + -๋ค์ํผ โ ์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi] = as you know, polite/honorific.
- ๋ณด๋ค + -์- + -๋ค์ํผ โ ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi] = as you see, polite/honorific.
- ๋ฃ๋ค + -๋ค์ํผ โ ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ [deut-da-si-pi] = as you hear.
- ๋งํ๋ค + -์- + -๋ค์ํผ โ ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ [mal-haet-da-si-pi] = as I said.
- ์ค๋ช ํ๋ค + -์- + -๋ค์ํผ โ ์ค๋ช ํ๋ค์ํผ [seol-myeong-haet-da-si-pi] = as I explained.
ย
๐จ Exception Rule: ์๋ค์ํผ vs ์์๋ค์ํผ
Do not write ์๋ค์ํผ for โas you know.โ The plain form is:
- โ ์๋ค์ํผ [al-da-si-pi]
ย
But when you add the honorific -์-, ์๋ค drops ใน before -์-:
- โ ์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi]
ย
This is the same broad ใน-dropping behavior seen before endings that begin with ใด, ใ
, ใ
, and the honorific -์-. So the special-looking form is not random; it follows a known Korean pattern. ๐ง
ย
๐ Cross-check note
The meaning and examples of -๋ค์ํผ were checked against korean.go.kr / ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์ guidance: -๋ค์ํผ can mean -๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ด (โas / as is the caseโ), especially after perception verbs such as ์๋ค, ๋ณด๋ค, ๋๋ผ๋ค, and ์ง์ํ๋ค. โ
ย
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi] = as you know; polite, common in presentations, emails, explanations, and careful speech. ๐ง
- ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi] = as you can see; points to visible evidence. ๐
- ๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ [mal-sseum-deu-ryeot-da-si-pi] = as I mentioned; polite and formal. ๐ฃ๏ธ
- ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ [mal-haet-da-si-pi] = as I said; less formal than ๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ. ๐ฌ
- ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ [bo-da-si-pi] and ์๋ค์ํผ [al-da-si-pi] are plainer; use the -์- versions when addressing someone politely.
ย
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ์๋ค์ํผ โ โ ์๋ค์ํผ / ์์๋ค์ํผ (plain ์๋ค keeps ใน; honorific ์์๋ค์ํผ drops it before -์-).
- โ Using ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ when there is nothing visible โ โ use ์์๋ค์ํผ for shared knowledge or ๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ for a previous statement.
- โ Treating -๋ค์ํผ as a question ending โ โ it connects to a following statement: ์์๋ค์ํผ, ์ผ์ ์ด ๋ฐ๋์์ด์.
- โ Confusing ์์๋ค์ํผ with -๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค โ โ ์์๋ค์ํผ = as you know; ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์ = practically lived there.
- โ Overusing it in casual chat โ โ it often sounds more polished, explanatory, or presentation-like than a quick casual sentence.
ย
๐ Now you can cite shared facts like a polished Korean presenter: ์์๋ค์ํผ, ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ, ๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ. Tiny phrase, big โletโs all look at the evidenceโ energy. ๐๐
ย
Try this exercise
Instructions
Complete each sentence with the best -๋ค์ํผ expression. Read the Korean sentence aloud, check whether the clue is knowledge, sight, hearing, feeling, guessing, or a previous statement, then open the Answer toggle. ๐ง
1. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ค๋ ์ผ์ ์ด ๋ฐ๋์์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, o-neul il-jeong-i ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo]
As you know, todayโs schedule changed. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi] โ the clue is shared knowledge, and the polite form is natural.
2. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ํ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งค์ง๋์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, pyo-ga i-mi mae-jin-dwae-sseo-yo]
As you can see, the tickets are already sold out. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi] โ the evidence is visible.
3. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๋ฐ์ ๋น๊ฐ ๋ง์ด ์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ba-kke bi-ga ma-ni wa-yo]
As you can hear, it is raining a lot outside. โ
Answer
๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ [deut-da-si-pi] โ the clue is sound.
4. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๋ฐฉ์ด ์กฐ๊ธ ์ถ์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, bang-i jo-geum chu-wo-yo]
As you can feel, the room is a little cold. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋๋ผ๋ค์ํผ [neu-kki-da-si-pi] โ the clue is physical feeling.
5. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ข์ง ์์์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, gyeol-gwa-ga jot-chi a-na-sseo-yo]
As you can guess, the result was not good. ๐
Answer
์ง์ํ๋ค์ํผ [jim-ja-ka-da-si-pi] โ the clue is inference.
6. ์๊น ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ฝ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐ๋์์ด์.
[a-kka ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, yak-ssok si-ga-ni ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo]
As I said earlier, the appointment time changed. โฐ
Answer
๋งํ๋ค์ํผ [mal-haet-da-si-pi] โ it refers back to something said earlier.
7. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์ฝ์ง ์์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, i mun-je-neun swip-jji a-na-yo]
As you know, this problem is not easy. ๐งฉ
Answer
์๋ค์ํผ [al-da-si-pi] โ plain โas you know.โ
8. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ฌ์ง์ด ์์ฃผ ์ ๋ช
ํด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, sa-ji-ni a-ju seon-myeong-hae-yo]
As you can see, the photo is very clear. ๐ท
Answer
๋ณด๋ค์ํผ [bo-da-si-pi] โ visible evidence.
9. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ํธํ
์์ฝ์ ๋๋ฌ์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ho-tel ye-ya-geun kkeun-na-sseo-yo]
As I mentioned, the hotel reservation is finished. ๐จ
Answer
๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ [mal-sseum-deu-ryeot-da-si-pi] โ polite โas I mentioned.โ
10. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์งํ์ฒ ์ญ ์์ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ง์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ji-ha-cheol-lyeok a-pe sa-ra-mi ma-na-yo]
As you can see, there are many people in front of the subway station. ๐
Answer
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi] โ the visible crowd is the clue.
Vocabulary Box
- ์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi] โ as you know
- ์๋ค์ํผ [al-da-si-pi] โ as one knows
- ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi] โ as you can see
- ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ [bo-da-si-pi] โ as one sees
- ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ [deut-da-si-pi] โ as you hear
- ๋๋ผ๋ค์ํผ [neu-kki-da-si-pi] โ as you feel
- ์ง์ํ๋ค์ํผ [jim-ja-ka-da-si-pi] โ as you guess
- ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ [mal-haet-da-si-pi] โ as I said
- ๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ [mal-sseum-deu-ryeot-da-si-pi] โ as I mentioned
- ์ผ์ [il-jeong] โ schedule
- ํ [pyo] โ ticket
- ๋ฐฉ [bang] โ room
- ์ฌ์ง [sa-jin] โ photo
- ํธํ ์์ฝ [ho-tel ye-yak] โ hotel reservation
Tip ๐ก Choose the first phrase by the evidence type: knowledge, sight, hearing, feeling, guessing, or previous speech.
Want more reps? Keep scrolling to the Practice Hub when you're ready!
ย
๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Citing a known fact: -๋ค์ํผ
ย
Welcome to the shared-evidence gym. Youโll practice choosing ์์๋ค์ํผ, ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ, ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ, ๋๋ผ๋ค์ํผ, ์ง์ํ๋ค์ํผ, and โas I said/mentionedโ forms so your Korean can politely point at facts like a tiny laser pointer. ๐๐
ย
๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear the rhythm of a sentence before answering.
ย
๐ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best -๋ค์ํผ expression. Look at the English clue, say the Korean sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle.
ย
Exercise 1 โ Shared Knowledge ๐ง
A. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ค๋ ํ์๋ ์จ๋ผ์ธ์
๋๋ค.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, o-neul hoe-ui-neun ol-la-in-im-ni-da]
As you know, todayโs meeting is online. ๐ป
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi] โ polite โas you know.โ
B. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ํ์ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฒ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฐ๋น ์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, u-ri hoe-sa-neun i-beon ju-e ba-ppa-yo]
As you know, our company is busy this week. ๐ข
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi].
C. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์ฝ์ง ์์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, i mun-je-neun swip-jji a-na-yo]
As you know, this problem is not easy. ๐งฉ
Answer
์๋ค์ํผ [al-da-si-pi] โ plain โas one knows / as you know.โ
D. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๋ด์ผ ์ผ์ ์ด ์ค์ํด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, nae-il il-jeong-i jung-yo-hae-yo]
As you know, tomorrowโs schedule is important. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi].
E. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ด ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด๋ฃ์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, i ae-beun mu-ryo-ye-yo]
As you know, this app is free. ๐ฑ
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi].
F. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ค๋ ์ฝ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐ๋์์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, o-neul yak-ssok si-ga-ni ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo]
As you know, todayโs appointment time changed. โฐ
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi].
G. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ข์ง ์์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, i gyeol-gwa-neun jot-chi a-na-yo]
As you know, this result is not good. ๐
Answer
์๋ค์ํผ [al-da-si-pi].
H. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ํธํ
์์ฝ์ ๋๋ฌ์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ho-tel ye-ya-geun kkeun-na-sseo-yo]
As you know, the hotel reservation is finished. ๐จ
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi].
I. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ ์๋ ์ค๋ช
์ ์์ฃผ ์ค์ํด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, seon-saeng-nim seol-myeong-eun a-ju jung-yo-hae-yo]
As you know, the teacherโs explanation is very important. ๐ฉโ๐ซ
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi].
J. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๊ณตํญ ๊ธธ์ ์กฐ๊ธ ๋ณต์กํด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, gong-hang gi-reun jo-geum bok-jja-pae-yo]
As you know, the road to the airport is a little complicated. โ๏ธ
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi].
Vocabulary Box
- ์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi] โ as you know
- ์๋ค์ํผ [al-da-si-pi] โ as one knows
- ์ค๋ [o-neul] โ today
- ํ์ [hoe-ui] โ meeting
- ์จ๋ผ์ธ [ol-la-in] โ online
- ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ํ์ฌ [u-ri hoe-sa] โ our company
- ์ด๋ฒ ์ฃผ [i-beon ju] โ this week
- ๋ฐ์๋ค [ba-ppeu-da] โ to be busy
- ๋ฌธ์ [mun-je] โ problem
- ์ฝ์ง ์๋ค [swip-jji an-ta] โ to not be easy
- ์ผ์ [il-jeong] โ schedule
- ์ค์ํ๋ค [jung-yo-ha-da] โ to be important
- ์ฑ [aep] โ app
- ๋ฌด๋ฃ [mu-ryo] โ free
- ์ฝ์ ์๊ฐ [yak-ssok si-gan] โ appointment time
- ๋ฐ๋๋ค [ba-kkwi-da] โ to change
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ [gyeol-gwa] โ result
- ํธํ ์์ฝ [ho-tel ye-yak] โ hotel reservation
- ๋๋๋ค [kkeun-na-da] โ to finish
- ์ ์๋ ์ค๋ช [seon-saeng-nim seol-myeong] โ teacherโs explanation
- ๊ณตํญ ๊ธธ [gong-hang gil] โ road to the airport
- ๋ณต์กํ๋ค [bok-jjap-ha-da] โ to be complicated
Tip ๐ก Use ์์๋ค์ํผ when the listener is expected to know the fact.
ย
Exercise 2 โ Visible Evidence ๐
A. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ํ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งค์ง๋์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, pyo-ga i-mi mae-jin-dwae-sseo-yo]
As you can see, the tickets are already sold out. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi] โ visible evidence.
B. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ฌ์ง์ด ์์ฃผ ์ ๋ช
ํด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, sa-ji-ni a-ju seon-myeong-hae-yo]
As you can see, the photo is very clear. ๐ท
Answer
๋ณด๋ค์ํผ [bo-da-si-pi].
C. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์งํ์ฒ ์ญ ์์ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ง์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ji-ha-cheol-lyeok a-pe sa-ra-mi ma-na-yo]
As you can see, there are many people in front of the subway station. ๐
Answer
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi].
D. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์นดํ ์์ด ์กฐ์ฉํด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ka-pe a-ni jo-yong-hae-yo]
As you can see, the inside of the cafรฉ is quiet. โ
Answer
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi].
E. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์๋น ์ ์ค์ด ๊ธธ์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, sik-dang ap ju-ri gi-reo-yo]
As you can see, the line in front of the restaurant is long. ๐
Answer
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi].
F. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๋ฐฉ ์์ด ๊นจ๋ํด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, bang a-ni kkae-kkeu-tae-yo]
As you can see, the inside of the room is clean. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi].
G. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ํ๊ต ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ซํ์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, hak-kkyo mu-ni da-chyeo-sseo-yo]
As you can see, the school gate is closed. ๐ซ
Answer
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi].
H. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๋ณ์ ์์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋ง์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, byeong-won a-pe cha-ga ma-na-yo]
As you can see, there are many cars in front of the hospital. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi].
I. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๋์๊ด ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, do-seo-gwan ja-ri-ga eop-sseo-yo]
As you can see, there are no seats in the library. ๐
Answer
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi].
J. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์๋ฃ ํ๊ฐ ์์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ja-ryo pyo-ga ja-ga-yo]
As you can see, the data table is small. ๐
Answer
๋ณด๋ค์ํผ [bo-da-si-pi].
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi] โ as you can see
- ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ [bo-da-si-pi] โ as one sees
- ํ [pyo] โ ticket
- ์ด๋ฏธ [i-mi] โ already
- ๋งค์ง๋๋ค [mae-jin-doe-da] โ to be sold out
- ์ฌ์ง [sa-jin] โ photo
- ์ ๋ช ํ๋ค [seon-myeong-ha-da] โ to be clear
- ์งํ์ฒ ์ญ ์ [ji-ha-cheol-lyeok ap] โ in front of the subway station
- ์ฌ๋ [sa-ram] โ person
- ๋ง๋ค [man-ta] โ to be many
- ์นดํ ์ [ka-pe an] โ inside the cafรฉ
- ์กฐ์ฉํ๋ค [jo-yong-ha-da] โ to be quiet
- ์๋น ์ ์ค [sik-dang ap jul] โ line in front of the restaurant
- ๊ธธ๋ค [gil-da] โ to be long
- ๋ฐฉ ์ [bang an] โ inside the room
- ๊นจ๋ํ๋ค [kkae-kkeut-ha-da] โ to be clean
- ํ๊ต ๋ฌธ [hak-kkyo mun] โ school gate
- ๋ซํ๋ค [da-chi-da] โ to be closed
- ๋ณ์ ์ [byeong-won ap] โ in front of the hospital
- ์ฐจ [cha] โ car
- ๋์๊ด ์๋ฆฌ [do-seo-gwan ja-ri] โ library seat
- ์๋ค [eop-da] โ to not exist
- ์๋ฃ ํ [ja-ryo pyo] โ data table
- ์๋ค [jak-da] โ to be small
Tip ๐ก If the listener can literally see the evidence, reach for ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ.
ย
Exercise 3 โ Hearing, Feeling, and Guessing ๐
A. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๋ฐ์ ๋น๊ฐ ๋ง์ด ์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ba-kke bi-ga ma-ni wa-yo]
As you can hear, it is raining a lot outside. โ
Answer
๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ [deut-da-si-pi] โ the clue is sound.
B. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๋ฐฉ์ด ์กฐ๊ธ ์ถ์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, bang-i jo-geum chu-wo-yo]
As you can feel, the room is a little cold. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋๋ผ๋ค์ํผ [neu-kki-da-si-pi].
C. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ข์ง ์์์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, gyeol-gwa-ga jot-chi a-na-sseo-yo]
As you can guess, the result was not good. ๐
Answer
์ง์ํ๋ค์ํผ [jim-ja-ka-da-si-pi].
D. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์๋ฐฉ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ปค์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, yeop-ppang so-ri-ga keo-yo]
As you can hear, the next room is loud. ๐
Answer
๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ [deut-da-si-pi].
E. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๋ ์จ๊ฐ ์์ฃผ ๋์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, nal-ssi-ga a-ju deo-wo-yo]
As you can feel, the weather is very hot. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋๋ผ๋ค์ํผ [neu-kki-da-si-pi].
F. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๊ณํ์ด ์ฝ์ง ์์์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, gye-hoe-gi swip-jji a-na-sseo-yo]
As you can guess, the plan was not easy. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ง์ํ๋ค์ํผ [jim-ja-ka-da-si-pi].
G. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๋ฐํ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, bal-pyo mok-sso-ri-ga ja-ga-yo]
As you can hear, the presentation voice is quiet. ๐ค
Answer
๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ [deut-da-si-pi].
H. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ด ๊ธธ์ ์กฐ๊ธ ์ํํด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, i gi-reun jo-geum wi-heom-hae-yo]
As you can feel, this road is a little dangerous. โ ๏ธ
Answer
๋๋ผ๋ค์ํผ [neu-kki-da-si-pi].
I. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๋ด์ค ๋ด์ฉ์ด ์ค์ํ์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, nyu-seu nae-yong-i jung-yo-hae-sseo-yo]
As you can guess, the news content was important. ๐ฐ
Answer
์ง์ํ๋ค์ํผ [jim-ja-ka-da-si-pi].
J. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์งํ์ฒ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ปค์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ji-ha-cheol so-ri-ga keo-yo]
As you can hear, the subway sound is loud. ๐
Answer
๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ [deut-da-si-pi].
Vocabulary Box
- ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ [deut-da-si-pi] โ as you can hear
- ๋๋ผ๋ค์ํผ [neu-kki-da-si-pi] โ as you can feel
- ์ง์ํ๋ค์ํผ [jim-ja-ka-da-si-pi] โ as you can guess
- ๋ฐ [bak] โ outside
- ๋น๊ฐ ์ค๋ค [bi-ga o-da] โ to rain
- ๋ง์ด [ma-ni] โ a lot
- ๋ฐฉ [bang] โ room
- ์กฐ๊ธ [jo-geum] โ a little
- ์ถฅ๋ค [chup-da] โ to be cold
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ [gyeol-gwa] โ result
- ์ข์ง ์๋ค [jot-chi an-ta] โ to not be good
- ์๋ฐฉ ์๋ฆฌ [yeop-ppang so-ri] โ sound from the next room
- ํฌ๋ค [keu-da] โ to be big/loud
- ๋ ์จ [nal-ssi] โ weather
- ๋ฅ๋ค [deop-da] โ to be hot
- ๊ณํ [gye-hoek] โ plan
- ๋ฐํ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ [bal-pyo mok-sso-ri] โ presentation voice
- ๊ธธ [gil] โ road
- ์ํํ๋ค [wi-heom-ha-da] โ to be dangerous
- ๋ด์ค ๋ด์ฉ [nyu-seu nae-yong] โ news content
- ์งํ์ฒ ์๋ฆฌ [ji-ha-cheol so-ri] โ subway sound
Tip ๐ก Match the sense: hear = ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ, feel = ๋๋ผ๋ค์ํผ, infer = ์ง์ํ๋ค์ํผ.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Previous Statements ๐ฃ๏ธ
A. ์๊น ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ฝ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐ๋์์ด์.
[a-kka ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, yak-ssok si-ga-ni ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo]
As I said earlier, the appointment time changed. โฐ
Answer
๋งํ๋ค์ํผ [mal-haet-da-si-pi].
B. ์ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ด ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด๋ฃ์์.
[eo-je ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, i ae-beun mu-ryo-ye-yo]
As I explained yesterday, this app is free. ๐ฑ
Answer
์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค์ํผ [seol-myeong-haet-da-si-pi].
C. ๋ฐฉ๊ธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ํ์๋ ์จ๋ผ์ธ์
๋๋ค.
[bang-geum ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, hoe-ui-neun ol-la-in-im-ni-da]
As I just mentioned, the meeting is online. ๐ป
Answer
๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ [mal-sseum-deu-ryeot-da-si-pi].
D. ์ง๋๋ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ํธํ
์์ฝ์ ๋๋ฌ์ด์.
[ji-nan-beo-ne ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ho-tel ye-ya-geun kkeun-na-sseo-yo]
As I mentioned last time, the hotel reservation is finished. ๐จ
Answer
๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ [mal-sseum-deu-ryeot-da-si-pi].
E. ์ด๋ฏธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ํ๊ฐ ๋งค์ง๋์ด์.
[i-mi ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, pyo-ga mae-jin-dwae-sseo-yo]
As I already said, the tickets are sold out. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋งํ๋ค์ํผ [mal-haet-da-si-pi].
F. ์ค๋ ์์นจ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ผ์ ์ด ์ค์ํด์.
[o-neul a-chim ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, il-jeong-i jung-yo-hae-yo]
As I explained this morning, the schedule is important. ๐
Answer
์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค์ํผ [seol-myeong-haet-da-si-pi].
G. ์ฒ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์ฝ์ง ์์์.
[cheo-eu-me ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, i mun-je-neun swip-jji a-na-yo]
As I said at the beginning, this problem is not easy. ๐งฉ
Answer
๋งํ๋ค์ํผ [mal-haet-da-si-pi].
H. ๋ฉ์ผ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์์
์ ๋ด์ผ ๋๋์.
[me-il-e-seo ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, su-eo-beun nae-il kkeut-na-yo]
As I explained in the email, class ends tomorrow. ๐ง
Answer
์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค์ํผ [seol-myeong-haet-da-si-pi].
I. ์ ํ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๊ณตํญ ๊ธธ์ ๋ณต์กํด์.
[jeon-hwa-ro ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, gong-hang gi-reun bok-jja-pae-yo]
As I mentioned by phone, the road to the airport is complicated. ๐
Answer
๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ [mal-sseum-deu-ryeot-da-si-pi].
J. ์๊น ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ค๋ ๋ ์จ๊ฐ ๋์์.
[a-kka ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, o-neul nal-ssi-ga deo-wo-yo]
As I said earlier, todayโs weather is hot. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋งํ๋ค์ํผ [mal-haet-da-si-pi].
Vocabulary Box
- ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ [mal-haet-da-si-pi] โ as I said
- ์ค๋ช ํ๋ค์ํผ [seol-myeong-haet-da-si-pi] โ as I explained
- ๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ [mal-sseum-deu-ryeot-da-si-pi] โ as I mentioned
- ์๊น [a-kka] โ earlier
- ์ด์ [eo-je] โ yesterday
- ๋ฐฉ๊ธ [bang-geum] โ just now
- ์ง๋๋ฒ [ji-nan-beon] โ last time
- ์ด๋ฏธ [i-mi] โ already
- ์ค๋ ์์นจ [o-neul a-chim] โ this morning
- ์ฒ์ [cheo-eum] โ beginning
- ๋ฉ์ผ [me-il] โ email
- ์ ํ [jeon-hwa] โ phone call
- ์ฝ์ ์๊ฐ [yak-ssok si-gan] โ appointment time
- ๋ฐ๋๋ค [ba-kkwi-da] โ to change
- ์ฑ [aep] โ app
- ๋ฌด๋ฃ [mu-ryo] โ free
- ํ์ [hoe-ui] โ meeting
- ์จ๋ผ์ธ [ol-la-in] โ online
- ํธํ ์์ฝ [ho-tel ye-yak] โ hotel reservation
- ์์ [su-eop] โ class
- ๋๋๋ค [kkeun-na-da] โ to end
- ๋ ์จ [nal-ssi] โ weather
- ๋ฅ๋ค [deop-da] โ to be hot
Tip ๐ก Past speech + -๋ค์ํผ points back to what was already said or explained.
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. โ ์๋ค์ํผ โ โ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
[a-da-si-pi โ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ]
Fix the plain โas you knowโ form. ๐ง
Answer
์๋ค์ํผ [al-da-si-pi] โ plain ์๋ค keeps ใน before -๋ค์ํผ.
B. โ ์์๋ค์ํผ โ โ
๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ
[al-si-da-si-pi โ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ]
Fix the polite โas you knowโ form. โ
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi] โ ์๋ค + -์- drops ใน.
C. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ฌ์ง์ด ์ ๋ช
ํด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, sa-ji-ni seon-myeong-hae-yo]
As you can see, the photo is clear. ๐ท
Answer
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi] โ sight clue.
D. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์๋ฐฉ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ปค์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, yeop-ppang so-ri-ga keo-yo]
As you can hear, the next room is loud. ๐
Answer
๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ [deut-da-si-pi] โ sound clue.
E. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ข์ง ์์์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, gyeol-gwa-ga jot-chi a-na-sseo-yo]
As you can guess, the result was not good. ๐
Answer
์ง์ํ๋ค์ํผ [jim-ja-ka-da-si-pi] โ inference clue.
F. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ๋ฐฉ์ด ์ถ์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, bang-i chu-wo-yo]
As you can feel, the room is cold. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋๋ผ๋ค์ํผ [neu-kki-da-si-pi] โ feeling clue.
G. ์๊น ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ์ผ์ ์ด ๋ฐ๋์์ด์.
[a-kka ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, il-jeong-i ba-kkwi-eo-sseo-yo]
As I said earlier, the schedule changed. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋งํ๋ค์ํผ [mal-haet-da-si-pi].
H. Meaning check: ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์.
[sal-da-si-pi hae-sseo-yo]
Choose the meaning: โas you knowโ or โpractically lived there.โ ๐
Answer
โPractically lived there.โ This is the different -๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค use, meaning โalmost / practically.โ
I. Tone check: ๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ is more polite than ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ. True or false? ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
True. ๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ is the polite โas I mentioned,โ while ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ is plainer โas I said.โ
J. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, ํ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งค์ง๋์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ, pyo-ga i-mi mae-jin-dwae-sseo-yo]
As you can see, the tickets are already sold out. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi] โ visible evidence, not just shared knowledge.
Vocabulary Box
- ์๋ค์ํผ [al-da-si-pi] โ as one knows
- ์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi] โ as you know
- ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi] โ as you can see
- ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ [deut-da-si-pi] โ as you can hear
- ์ง์ํ๋ค์ํผ [jim-ja-ka-da-si-pi] โ as you can guess
- ๋๋ผ๋ค์ํผ [neu-kki-da-si-pi] โ as you can feel
- ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ [mal-haet-da-si-pi] โ as I said
- ๋ง์๋๋ ธ๋ค์ํผ [mal-sseum-deu-ryeot-da-si-pi] โ as I mentioned
- ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค [sal-da-si-pi ha-da] โ to practically live / almost live
- ์ฌ์ง [sa-jin] โ photo
- ์ ๋ช ํ๋ค [seon-myeong-ha-da] โ to be clear
- ์๋ฐฉ ์๋ฆฌ [yeop-ppang so-ri] โ sound from the next room
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ [gyeol-gwa] โ result
- ๋ฐฉ [bang] โ room
- ์ถฅ๋ค [chup-da] โ to be cold
- ์ผ์ [il-jeong] โ schedule
- ํ [pyo] โ ticket
- ๋งค์ง๋๋ค [mae-jin-doe-da] โ to be sold out
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol: ์์๋ค์ํผ drops ใน because of -์-; ์๋ค์ํผ does not.
ย
๐ You finished the -๋ค์ํผ circuit! You can now cite what people know, see, hear, feel, guess, or already heard from you โ very polished, very evidence-based, very โKorean presentation mode unlocked.โ ๐๐