๐Ÿง 

Checkpoint: Systemic Logic Vocabulary

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Keywords
์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ์–ดํœ˜ / ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ๋ณต์Šต / ์„ฑ์ทจ ํ™•์ธ
Lesson #
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Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿง 
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿงฉ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ์–ดํœ˜ helps you explain how parts connect inside a larger system: causes, effects, assumptions, evidence, and conclusions.
  • ๐Ÿ” This checkpoint is for ์„ฑ์ทจ ํ™•์ธ: proving you can choose the right advanced term in context, not just recognize it on a flashcard.
  • ๐Ÿงญ The key is natural pairing: ์ „์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค (examine a premise), ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค (verify validity), ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋‹ค (reveal a contradiction).
๐Ÿ”Š
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Open
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a word or sentence aloud. Try terms like ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„, ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ, and ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ until the formal rhythm feels familiar. ๐ŸŽง
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๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

Advanced Korean argumentation needs words that show how ideas connect. These are not โ€œfancy nouns for decorationโ€; they are the gears inside an explanation. If one gear is wrong, the whole argument starts making bicycle noises in a courtroom. โš™๏ธ
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This checkpoint reviews vocabulary for structure, causation, evidence, assumptions, validity, contradiction, and conclusion. You will practice reading sentences where the blank is not just about meaning, but about the natural logic of the sentence.
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Because this is Advanced Vocabulary, there is no romanization. Focus on Korean term choice, collocation, and formal written style.

๐ŸŽจ The Core Systemic Logic Family

  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ = structure; the arrangement of parts in a system, argument, or institution.
  • ์ฒด๊ณ„ = system; an organized set of connected parts.
  • ์š”์ธ = factor; one element that contributes to a result.
  • ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ = variable; a changing condition that may affect an outcome.
  • ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ = causal relationship; cause and effect.
  • ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ = correlation; two things move together, but one may not cause the other.
  • ์ „์ œ = premise; the assumption an argument depends on.
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ = evidence/grounds; the basis supporting a claim.
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ = validity; whether reasoning or evidence is sound.
  • ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ = consistency; whether parts fit together without contradiction.
  • ๋ชจ์ˆœ = contradiction; two claims cannot both hold in the same way.
  • ํ•จ์˜ = implication; the meaning or consequence suggested by an argument.

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ์ •์ฑ… ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์›์ธ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค.
    • (The researcher analyzed several factors and identified the structural cause of policy failure.) ๐Ÿงพ
  • ๋‘ ์ง€ํ‘œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    • (Just because there is a correlation between two indicators does not mean a causal relationship is immediately established.) ๐Ÿ“Š
  • ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ „์ œ์™€ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
    • (To verify the validity of a claim, one must examine both the premise and the evidence.) ๐Ÿ”

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

Use these nouns with precise formal verbs:
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to analyze the structure
  • ์š”์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to identify factors
  • ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋‹ค โ†’ to identify a causal relationship
  • ์ „์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to examine a premise
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to present evidence
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to verify validity
  • ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋‹ค โ†’ to reveal a contradiction
  • ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to derive a conclusion

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

The vocabulary and formal usage patterns were cross-checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources, including korean.go.kr, and are used here in natural academic, policy, and analytical contexts. โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence/grounds; broad and common.
  • ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence/proof; often more concrete or legal.
  • ์š”์ธ โ†’ factor; contributes to an outcome.
  • ์›์ธ โ†’ cause; more direct than factor.
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ validity; whether reasoning is sound.
  • ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ legitimacy; whether something is justified or accepted as proper.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ = ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ โ†’ โœ… Correlation does not automatically prove causation. ๐Ÿ“Š
  • โŒ ์š”์ธ used as the only direct cause every time โ†’ โœ… ์š”์ธ is a contributing factor; ์›์ธ is more directly causal. ๐Ÿงฉ
  • โŒ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ used for popularity โ†’ โœ… ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ is about sound reasoning or evidence. ๐Ÿ”
  • โŒ ๋ชจ์ˆœ used for any small difference โ†’ โœ… Use it when claims conflict in a way that cannot both be true. โšก
  • โŒ ํ•จ์˜ translated as only โ€œmeaningโ€ โ†’ โœ… It often means implication: what follows from an argument. ๐Ÿง 

You now have the logic vocabulary to make an argument stand upright instead of wobbling dramatically in public. Excellent checkpoint energy. ๐Ÿง โœจ
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Try this exercise

Choose the best logic term for each sentence. Read the sentence, fill the blank, then check the Answer toggle.
1. ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
This report first analyzes the structure of the problem. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ€” The sentence asks about the arrangement of parts inside the problem.
2. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
Several factors act together in economic change. ๐Ÿ’น
Answer
์š”์ธ โ€” ์š”์ธ means contributing factor.
3. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‘ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
It is difficult to prove the causal relationship between the two phenomena with the data alone. ๐Ÿ”—
Answer
์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ โ€” The sentence uses ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค (to prove), so causation is the issue.
4. ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค.
There is insufficient evidence to support the validity of the claim. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” Validity needs supporting grounds.
5. ๋‘ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The two explanations conflict with each other, so there is a contradiction. โšก
Answer
๋ชจ์ˆœ โ€” Conflicting explanations create contradiction.
6. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Before drawing a conclusion, the basic premise must be examined. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
์ „์ œ โ€” A conclusion depends on a premise.
7. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.
To maintain consistency in research results, the standards must not fluctuate. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” Stable standards support consistency.
8. ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€๋‹ค.
This case shows an important implication of policy change. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
ํ•จ์˜ โ€” ํ•จ์˜ means implication.
9. ๋‘ ์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์›€์ง์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Just because two indicators move together does not necessarily mean there is causation. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ โ€” This sentence warns against confusing correlation with causation.
10. ํ•„์ž๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The writer presented statistical data as evidence/grounds. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค means to present as evidence.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ structure
  • ์š”์ธ โ†’ factor
  • ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ โ†’ causal relationship
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ validity
  • ๋ชจ์ˆœ โ†’ contradiction
  • ์ „์ œ โ†’ premise
  • ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ โ†’ consistency
  • ํ•จ์˜ โ†’ implication
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence/grounds
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Ask: Is the sentence about structure, cause, proof, contradiction, or implication?

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns these abstract logic words into usable analytical reflexes. ๐Ÿง 
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Checkpoint: Systemic Logic Vocabulary
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Welcome to your logic-vocabulary checkpoint. Youโ€™ll practice the terms that make advanced Korean analysis sound organized, evidence-based, and persuasive โ€” like your argument put on glasses and started citing sources. ๐Ÿค“
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a sentence aloud.
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๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Fill each blank with the best Korean term or form. Check whether the sentence is asking about structure, causation, evidence, validity, contradiction, or conclusion.
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Exercise 1 โ€” Structure and Systems ๐Ÿงฉ

A. ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋จผ์ € ์ „์ฒด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To understand a complex problem, one must first grasp the overall structure. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ€” ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋‹ค is a natural pairing.
B. ๊ต์œก ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
The education system is one system in which several elements are connected. ๐Ÿซ
Answer
์ฒด๊ณ„ โ€” ์ฒด๊ณ„ means an organized system.
C. ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To explain policy effects, key factors must be distinguished. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์š”์ธ โ€” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์ธ means key factor.
D. ์†Œ๋“, ๋‚˜์ด, ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค.
Income, age, and region were used as important variables in the analysis. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
๋ณ€์ˆ˜ โ€” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ means variable.
E. ์ œ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Long-term data is needed to see the pattern of institutional change. ๐Ÿ“ˆ
Answer
์–‘์ƒ โ€” ์–‘์ƒ means pattern/aspect of development.
F. ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ „์ฒด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋†“์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If one looks only at parts, the overall context can be missed. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๋งฅ๋ฝ โ€” ์ „์ฒด ๋งฅ๋ฝ means overall context.
G. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธต์œ„๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The researcher analyzed the phenomenon at several levels. ๐Ÿ”ฌ
Answer
๋ถ„์„ โ€” ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋‹ค means to analyze.
H. ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค.
The report treats the problem from a structural perspective, not an individual level. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๊ด€์  โ€” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋‹ค means to treat from a perspective.
I. ๊ฐ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
By looking at the relationship between elements, one can understand the operating principle of the institution. โš™๏ธ
Answer
์›๋ฆฌ โ€” ์ž‘๋™ ์›๋ฆฌ means operating principle.
J. ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ์„ค๋ช…์€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€๋‹ค.
A systematic explanation does not simply list cases; it shows relationships. ๐Ÿ”—
Answer
๊ด€๊ณ„ โ€” Systemic explanation shows relationships between parts.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ structure
  • ์ฒด๊ณ„ โ†’ system
  • ์š”์ธ โ†’ factor
  • ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ โ†’ variable
  • ์–‘์ƒ โ†’ pattern/aspect
  • ๋งฅ๋ฝ โ†’ context
  • ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to analyze
  • ๊ด€์  โ†’ perspective
  • ์›๋ฆฌ โ†’ principle
  • ๊ด€๊ณ„ โ†’ relationship
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Structure words explain how parts are arranged and connected.
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Exercise 2 โ€” Cause and Evidence ๐Ÿ”

A. ํก์—ฐ๊ณผ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋ ค๋ฉด ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Rigorous research is needed to identify the causal relationship between smoking and disease. ๐Ÿšฌ
Answer
์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ โ€” ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋‹ค means to identify causation.
B. ๋‘ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Two figures moving together only shows correlation. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ โ€” Correlation is not causation.
C. ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Sufficient evidence is needed to make a claim persuasive. ๐Ÿ“„
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ supports a claim.
D. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค.
The experiment result was used as data supporting the hypothesis. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ โ€” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋‹ค means to support a hypothesis.
E. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
If the survey method is inaccurate, the reliability of the conclusion is shaken. ๐Ÿ“‹
Answer
์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ€” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ means reliability.
F. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The expert re-verified the accuracy of the statistics. ๐ŸŽฏ
Answer
์ •ํ™•์„ฑ โ€” ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค means to verify accuracy.
G. ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์›์ธ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
If data is insufficient, it is difficult to identify the cause. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๊ทœ๋ช… โ€” ์›์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค means to clarify/identify the cause.
H. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
New evidence made the existing explanation persuasive. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ โ€” ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋‹ค means persuasive.
I. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The researcher controlled external variables that affected the result. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
๋ณ€์ˆ˜ โ€” Variables can affect results.
J. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ๋งŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Explaining the cause of the result with only one thing is excessive simplification. โœ‚๏ธ
Answer
๋‹จ์ˆœํ™” โ€” ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™” means oversimplification.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ โ†’ causal relationship
  • ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ โ†’ correlation
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence/grounds
  • ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to support
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ†’ reliability
  • ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ โ†’ accuracy
  • ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to clarify/identify
  • ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋‹ค โ†’ to be persuasive
  • ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ โ†’ variable
  • ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™” โ†’ simplification
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Evidence words ask: what supports the claim, and how strong is that support?
ย 

Exercise 3 โ€” Premises, Validity, and Consistency ๐Ÿงญ

A. ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The basic premise that becomes the starting point of the discussion is wrong. ๐Ÿšฆ
Answer
์ „์ œ โ€” A discussion starts from a premise.
B. ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To check the validity of the logic, one must look at the relationship between evidence and conclusion. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” Validity concerns whether reasoning is sound.
C. ์•ž๋’ค ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ธ€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
If the earlier and later explanations do not match, the consistency of the writing decreases. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” Matching parts create consistency.
D. ๋‘ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฐธ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค.
If two claims cannot both be true at the same time, a contradiction occurs. โšก
Answer
๋ชจ์ˆœ โ€” Mutually conflicting claims create contradiction.
E. ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…ผ์ฆ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋‹ค.
If the data cannot sufficiently support the conclusion, the argument is weak. ๐Ÿชซ
Answer
์ทจ์•ฝ โ€” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค means weak/vulnerable.
F. ํ•„์ž๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
The writer revealed the limits of the existing claim through a counterexample. ๐Ÿชž
Answer
๋“œ๋Ÿฌ โ€” ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋‹ค means to reveal.
G. ๊ฐœ๋… ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…ผ์˜ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
If the concept definition is unclear, the entire discussion becomes ambiguous. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
๋ชจํ˜ธ โ€” ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค means ambiguous.
H. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The conclusion should be naturally derived from the presented evidence. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
๋„์ถœ โ€” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค means to derive a conclusion.
I. ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ๋„ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When evaluating a claim, one must look not only at logical validity but also practicality. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ means logical validity.
J. ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the same standard is applied to the end, consistency of analysis can be maintained. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” Same standards help maintain consistency.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ „์ œ โ†’ premise
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ validity
  • ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ โ†’ consistency
  • ๋ชจ์ˆœ โ†’ contradiction
  • ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be weak/vulnerable
  • ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋‹ค โ†’ to reveal
  • ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be ambiguous
  • ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to derive
  • ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ โ†’ practicality
  • ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ standard
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Valid reasoning needs clear premises, sufficient evidence, and consistent standards.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Implications and Evaluation ๐Ÿง 

A. ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The social implications of this change must be examined. ๐ŸŒ
Answer
ํ•จ์˜ โ€” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•จ์˜ means social implications.
B. ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To judge policy effectiveness, evaluation criteria must be clear. ๐Ÿ“‹
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค€ โ€” ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ means evaluation criteria.
C. ์ƒˆ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์žฅ์ ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
One must look at both the strengths and limitations of the new system. โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ€” ์žฅ์ ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ณ„ is a common pair.
D. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
The analysis result suggests future research directions. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
์‹œ์‚ฌ โ€” ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค means to suggest/indicate.
E. ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
That claim did not sufficiently consider social costs. ๐Ÿ’ธ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ€” ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค means to consider.
F. ์ œ๋„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
To see the achievement of the institution, short-term effects and long-term effects must be distinguished. โณ
Answer
๊ตฌ๋ถ„ โ€” ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค means to distinguish.
G. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The researcher synthesized several sources and derived the final conclusion. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
๋„์ถœ โ€” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค means to derive a conclusion.
H. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ๋•Œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When interpreting results, one must consider the characteristics of the survey subjects. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
ํŠน์„ฑ โ€” ํŠน์„ฑ means characteristics.
I. ์ด ์„ค๋ช…์€ ์˜ˆ์™ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค.
This explanation cannot sufficiently account for exceptional cases. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์„ค๋ช… โ€” ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค can mean to explain/account for.
J. ๋น„ํŒ์  ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธ€์˜ ์ˆจ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค.
Critical reading is the process of finding the hidden assumptions of a text. ๐Ÿ•ต๏ธ
Answer
์ „์ œ โ€” Hidden assumptions are hidden premises.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํ•จ์˜ โ†’ implication
  • ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ evaluation criteria
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limitation
  • ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to suggest/indicate
  • ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to consider
  • ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to distinguish
  • ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to derive
  • ํŠน์„ฑ โ†’ characteristic
  • ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to explain/account for
  • ์ „์ œ โ†’ premise
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Evaluation words help you move from โ€œwhat happened?โ€ to โ€œso what does it mean?โ€
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ๋‘ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ž…์ฆ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Just because two phenomena appear together does not prove causation. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ โ€” โŒ correlation = causation โ†’ โœ… causation needs stronger proof.
B. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ์›์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค.
When naming one among several conditions, โ€œfactorโ€ is more natural than a direct cause. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
์š”์ธ โ€” โŒ every factor is the sole cause โ†’ โœ… a factor contributes to a result.
C. ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A popular claim does not necessarily have logical validity. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” โŒ popularity = validity โ†’ โœ… validity depends on reasoning and evidence.
D. ์ž‘์€ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„œ๋กœ ์ฐธ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ถฉ๋Œ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋‹ค.
Not a small wording difference, but a conflict where both cannot be true is contradiction. โšก
Answer
๋ชจ์ˆœ โ€” โŒ any difference = contradiction โ†’ โœ… contradiction is a logical conflict.
E. ๊ธ€์˜ ์ˆจ์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค.
Finding hidden conditions in a text is the process of examining premises. ๐Ÿ•ต๏ธ
Answer
์ „์ œ โ€” Premises are assumptions the argument depends on.
F. ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋…ผ์ฆ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
If evidence and conclusion do not align, the consistency of the argument weakens. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” Consistency means the parts fit together.
G. ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
If the data cannot sufficiently support the claim, persuasiveness decreases. ๐Ÿงพ
Answer
๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ โ€” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋‹ค means to support a claim.
H. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A conclusion should not be chosen by feeling; it should be derived from evidence. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
๋„์ถœ โ€” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค is natural analytical Korean.
I. ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The meaning a policy change may bring in the future is called an implication. ๐ŸŒ
Answer
ํ•จ์˜ โ€” ํ•จ์˜ means implication, not just dictionary โ€œmeaning.โ€
J. ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„์€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ๋ฐ์„œ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
Systematic analysis does not stop at collecting cases; it reveals relationships. ๐Ÿ”—
Answer
๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ โ€” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋‹ค means to reveal relationships.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ โ†’ causation
  • ์š”์ธ โ†’ factor
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ validity
  • ๋ชจ์ˆœ โ†’ contradiction
  • ์ „์ œ โ†’ premise
  • ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ โ†’ consistency
  • ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to support
  • ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to derive
  • ํ•จ์˜ โ†’ implication
  • ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋‹ค โ†’ to reveal
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol: do not confuse correlation with causation, popularity with validity, or small difference with contradiction.
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Checkpoint cleared โ€” you can now handle ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์š”์ธ, ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„, ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ, ๋ชจ์ˆœ, and ํ•จ์˜ like an argument architect with a very sharp pencil. โœ๏ธ๐Ÿง