TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐งฉ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ ์ดํ helps you explain how parts connect inside a larger system: causes, effects, assumptions, evidence, and conclusions.
- ๐ This checkpoint is for ์ฑ์ทจ ํ์ธ: proving you can choose the right advanced term in context, not just recognize it on a flashcard.
- ๐งญ The key is natural pairing: ์ ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค (examine a premise), ํ๋น์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค (verify validity), ๋ชจ์์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ค (reveal a contradiction).
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Open Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a word or sentence aloud. Try terms like ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ, ํ๋น์ฑ, and ์ผ๊ด์ฑ until the formal rhythm feels familiar. ๐ง
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๐ The Big Picture
Advanced Korean argumentation needs words that show how ideas connect. These are not โfancy nouns for decorationโ; they are the gears inside an explanation. If one gear is wrong, the whole argument starts making bicycle noises in a courtroom. โ๏ธ
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This checkpoint reviews vocabulary for structure, causation, evidence, assumptions, validity, contradiction, and conclusion. You will practice reading sentences where the blank is not just about meaning, but about the natural logic of the sentence.
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Because this is Advanced Vocabulary, there is no romanization. Focus on Korean term choice, collocation, and formal written style.
๐จ The Core Systemic Logic Family
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ = structure; the arrangement of parts in a system, argument, or institution.
- ์ฒด๊ณ = system; an organized set of connected parts.
- ์์ธ = factor; one element that contributes to a result.
- ๋ณ์ = variable; a changing condition that may affect an outcome.
- ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ = causal relationship; cause and effect.
- ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ = correlation; two things move together, but one may not cause the other.
- ์ ์ = premise; the assumption an argument depends on.
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ = evidence/grounds; the basis supporting a claim.
- ํ๋น์ฑ = validity; whether reasoning or evidence is sound.
- ์ผ๊ด์ฑ = consistency; whether parts fit together without contradiction.
- ๋ชจ์ = contradiction; two claims cannot both hold in the same way.
- ํจ์ = implication; the meaning or consequence suggested by an argument.
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์ธ์ ๋ถ์ํด ์ ์ฑ ์คํจ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์์ธ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
(The researcher analyzed several factors and identified the structural cause of policy failure.) ๐งพ
- ๋ ์งํ ์ฌ์ด์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ๊ณง๋ฐ๋ก ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฆฝํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค.
(Just because there is a correlation between two indicators does not mean a causal relationship is immediately established.) ๐
- ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ ์ ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ๊ฒํ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
(To verify the validity of a claim, one must examine both the premise and the evidence.) ๐
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
Use these nouns with precise formal verbs:
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค โ to analyze the structure
- ์์ธ์ ํ์ ํ๋ค โ to identify factors
- ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๋ค โ to identify a causal relationship
- ์ ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค โ to examine a premise
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค โ to present evidence
- ํ๋น์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค โ to verify validity
- ๋ชจ์์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ค โ to reveal a contradiction
- ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋์ถํ๋ค โ to derive a conclusion
๐ Cross-check note
The vocabulary and formal usage patterns were cross-checked against National Institute of Korean Language resources, including korean.go.kr, and are used here in natural academic, policy, and analytical contexts. โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ evidence/grounds; broad and common.
- ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ evidence/proof; often more concrete or legal.
- ์์ธ โ factor; contributes to an outcome.
- ์์ธ โ cause; more direct than factor.
- ํ๋น์ฑ โ validity; whether reasoning is sound.
- ์ ๋น์ฑ โ legitimacy; whether something is justified or accepted as proper.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ = ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ โ โ Correlation does not automatically prove causation. ๐
- โ ์์ธ used as the only direct cause every time โ โ ์์ธ is a contributing factor; ์์ธ is more directly causal. ๐งฉ
- โ ํ๋น์ฑ used for popularity โ โ ํ๋น์ฑ is about sound reasoning or evidence. ๐
- โ ๋ชจ์ used for any small difference โ โ Use it when claims conflict in a way that cannot both be true. โก
- โ ํจ์ translated as only โmeaningโ โ โ It often means implication: what follows from an argument. ๐ง
You now have the logic vocabulary to make an argument stand upright instead of wobbling dramatically in public. Excellent checkpoint energy. ๐ง โจ
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Try this exercise
Choose the best logic term for each sentence. Read the sentence, fill the blank, then check the Answer toggle.
1. ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค.
This report first analyzes the structure of the problem. ๐งฑ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ The sentence asks about the arrangement of parts inside the problem.
2. ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ณํ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋ณตํฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ๋ค.
Several factors act together in economic change. ๐น
Answer
์์ธ โ ์์ธ means contributing factor.
3. ์๋ฃ๋ง์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ ํ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์
์ฆํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
It is difficult to prove the causal relationship between the two phenomena with the data alone. ๐
Answer
์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ โ The sentence uses ์
์ฆํ๋ค (to prove), so causation is the issue.
4. ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค.
There is insufficient evidence to support the validity of the claim. ๐
Answer
ํ๋น์ฑ โ Validity needs supporting grounds.
5. ๋ ์ค๋ช
์ ์๋ก ์ถฉ๋ํ๋ฏ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์๋ค.
The two explanations conflict with each other, so there is a contradiction. โก
Answer
๋ชจ์ โ Conflicting explanations create contradiction.
6. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
Before drawing a conclusion, the basic premise must be examined. ๐งญ
Answer
์ ์ โ A conclusion depends on a premise.
7. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ ์งํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ํ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์ ๋๋ค.
To maintain consistency in research results, the standards must not fluctuate. ๐
Answer
์ผ๊ด์ฑ โ Stable standards support consistency.
8. ์ด ์ฌ๋ก๋ ์ ์ฑ
๋ณํ์ ์ค์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ค๋ค.
This case shows an important implication of policy change. ๐ง
Answer
ํจ์ โ ํจ์ means implication.
9. ๋ ์งํ๊ฐ ํจ๊ป ์์ง์ธ๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ๋ฐ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค.
Just because two indicators move together does not necessarily mean there is causation. ๐
Answer
์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ โ This sentence warns against confusing correlation with causation.
10. ํ์๋ ํต๊ณ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ์ ์ํ๋ค.
The writer presented statistical data as evidence/grounds. ๐
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก ์ ์ํ๋ค means to present as evidence.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ structure
- ์์ธ โ factor
- ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ โ causal relationship
- ํ๋น์ฑ โ validity
- ๋ชจ์ โ contradiction
- ์ ์ โ premise
- ์ผ๊ด์ฑ โ consistency
- ํจ์ โ implication
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ evidence/grounds
Tip ๐ก Ask: Is the sentence about structure, cause, proof, contradiction, or implication?
Want more reps? The Practice Hub below turns these abstract logic words into usable analytical reflexes. ๐ง
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Checkpoint: Systemic Logic Vocabulary
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Welcome to your logic-vocabulary checkpoint. Youโll practice the terms that make advanced Korean analysis sound organized, evidence-based, and persuasive โ like your argument put on glasses and started citing sources. ๐ค
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence aloud.
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๐ Instructions: Fill each blank with the best Korean term or form. Check whether the sentence is asking about structure, causation, evidence, validity, contradiction, or conclusion.
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Exercise 1 โ Structure and Systems ๐งฉ
A. ๋ณต์กํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ดํดํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋จผ์ ์ ์ฒด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To understand a complex problem, one must first grasp the overall structure. ๐งฑ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ ์ ์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ๋ค is a natural pairing.
B. ๊ต์ก ์ ๋๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ ํ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
The education system is one system in which several elements are connected. ๐ซ
Answer
์ฒด๊ณ โ ์ฒด๊ณ means an organized system.
C. ์ ์ฑ
ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ ค๋ฉด ํต์ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๊ตฌ๋ถํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To explain policy effects, key factors must be distinguished. ๐งพ
Answer
์์ธ โ ํต์ฌ ์์ธ means key factor.
D. ์๋, ๋์ด, ์ง์ญ์ ๋ถ์์์ ์ค์ํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ์ฐ์๋ค.
Income, age, and region were used as important variables in the analysis. ๐
Answer
๋ณ์ โ ๋ณ์ means variable.
E. ์ ๋ ๋ณํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
Long-term data is needed to see the pattern of institutional change. ๐
Answer
์์ โ ์์ means pattern/aspect of development.
F. ๋ถ๋ถ๋ง ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ ์ฒด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋์น ์ ์๋ค.
If one looks only at parts, the overall context can be missed. ๐งญ
Answer
๋งฅ๋ฝ โ ์ ์ฒด ๋งฅ๋ฝ means overall context.
G. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ํ์์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ธต์๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The researcher analyzed the phenomenon at several levels. ๐ฌ
Answer
๋ถ์ โ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค means to analyze.
H. ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ฐจ์์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์ ๋ค๋ฃฌ๋ค.
The report treats the problem from a structural perspective, not an individual level. ๐
Answer
๊ด์ โ ๊ด์ ์์ ๋ค๋ฃจ๋ค means to treat from a perspective.
I. ๊ฐ ์์์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ ๋์ ์๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ดํดํ ์ ์๋ค.
By looking at the relationship between elements, one can understand the operating principle of the institution. โ๏ธ
Answer
์๋ฆฌ โ ์๋ ์๋ฆฌ means operating principle.
J. ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ค๋ช
์ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋จ์ํ ๋์ดํ์ง ์๊ณ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ค๋ค.
A systematic explanation does not simply list cases; it shows relationships. ๐
Answer
๊ด๊ณ โ Systemic explanation shows relationships between parts.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ structure
- ์ฒด๊ณ โ system
- ์์ธ โ factor
- ๋ณ์ โ variable
- ์์ โ pattern/aspect
- ๋งฅ๋ฝ โ context
- ๋ถ์ํ๋ค โ to analyze
- ๊ด์ โ perspective
- ์๋ฆฌ โ principle
- ๊ด๊ณ โ relationship
Tip ๐ก Structure words explain how parts are arranged and connected.
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Exercise 2 โ Cause and Evidence ๐
A. ํก์ฐ๊ณผ ์ง๋ณ ์ฌ์ด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์๋ฐํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
Rigorous research is needed to identify the causal relationship between smoking and disease. ๐ฌ
Answer
์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ โ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๋ค means to identify causation.
B. ๋ ์์น๊ฐ ํจ๊ป ์์ง์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ค ๋ฟ์ด๋ค.
Two figures moving together only shows correlation. ๐
Answer
์๊ด๊ด๊ณ โ Correlation is not causation.
C. ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ค๋๋ ฅ ์๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๋ ค๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
Sufficient evidence is needed to make a claim persuasive. ๐
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ supports a claim.
D. ์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ฐ์ค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ์๋ฃ๋ก ์ฐ์๋ค.
The experiment result was used as data supporting the hypothesis. ๐งช
Answer
๋ท๋ฐ์นจ โ ๊ฐ์ค์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค means to support a hypothesis.
E. ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ๋ถ์ ํํ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ํ๋ค๋ฆฐ๋ค.
If the survey method is inaccurate, the reliability of the conclusion is shaken. ๐
Answer
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ means reliability.
F. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ ํต๊ณ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค.
The expert re-verified the accuracy of the statistics. ๐ฏ
Answer
์ ํ์ฑ โ ์ ํ์ฑ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค means to verify accuracy.
G. ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ฉด ์์ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
If data is insufficient, it is difficult to identify the cause. ๐งญ
Answer
๊ท๋ช
โ ์์ธ์ ๊ท๋ช
ํ๋ค means to clarify/identify the cause.
H. ์๋ก์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ค๋ช
์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค.
New evidence made the existing explanation persuasive. ๐งพ
Answer
์ค๋๋ ฅ ์๊ฒ โ ์ค๋๋ ฅ ์๋ค means persuasive.
I. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค ์ธ๋ถ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํต์ ํ๋ค.
The researcher controlled external variables that affected the result. ๐งช
Answer
๋ณ์ โ Variables can affect results.
J. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์์ธ์ ํ๋๋ก๋ง ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ง๋์น ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Explaining the cause of the result with only one thing is excessive simplification. โ๏ธ
Answer
๋จ์ํ โ ์ง๋์น ๋จ์ํ means oversimplification.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ โ causal relationship
- ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ โ correlation
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ evidence/grounds
- ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค โ to support
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ reliability
- ์ ํ์ฑ โ accuracy
- ๊ท๋ช ํ๋ค โ to clarify/identify
- ์ค๋๋ ฅ ์๋ค โ to be persuasive
- ๋ณ์ โ variable
- ๋จ์ํ โ simplification
Tip ๐ก Evidence words ask: what supports the claim, and how strong is that support?
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Exercise 3 โ Premises, Validity, and Consistency ๐งญ
A. ๋
ผ์์ ์ถ๋ฐ์ ์ด ๋๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๋ชป๋์๋ค.
The basic premise that becomes the starting point of the discussion is wrong. ๐ฆ
Answer
์ ์ โ A discussion starts from a premise.
B. ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To check the validity of the logic, one must look at the relationship between evidence and conclusion. ๐
Answer
ํ๋น์ฑ โ Validity concerns whether reasoning is sound.
C. ์๋ค ์ค๋ช
์ด ๋ง์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๊ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ค.
If the earlier and later explanations do not match, the consistency of the writing decreases. ๐
Answer
์ผ๊ด์ฑ โ Matching parts create consistency.
D. ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ๋์์ ์ฐธ์ผ ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์๊ธด๋ค.
If two claims cannot both be true at the same time, a contradiction occurs. โก
Answer
๋ชจ์ โ Mutually conflicting claims create contradiction.
E. ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ง์งํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ฉด ๋
ผ์ฆ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
If the data cannot sufficiently support the conclusion, the argument is weak. ๐ชซ
Answer
์ทจ์ฝ โ ์ทจ์ฝํ๋ค means weak/vulnerable.
F. ํ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
The writer revealed the limits of the existing claim through a counterexample. ๐ช
Answer
๋๋ฌ โ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ค means to reveal.
G. ๊ฐ๋
์ ์๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ช
ํํ๋ฉด ๋
ผ์ ์ ์ฒด๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ง๋ค.
If the concept definition is unclear, the entire discussion becomes ambiguous. ๐ซ๏ธ
Answer
๋ชจํธ โ ๋ชจํธํ๋ค means ambiguous.
H. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ ์๋ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์์ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The conclusion should be naturally derived from the presented evidence. ๐ง
Answer
๋์ถ โ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋์ถํ๋ค means to derive a conclusion.
I. ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ๊ฐํ ๋๋ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ํ์ค์ฑ๋ ๋ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
When evaluating a claim, one must look not only at logical validity but also practicality. ๐งพ
Answer
ํ๋น์ฑ โ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋น์ฑ means logical validity.
J. ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋๊น์ง ์ ์ฉํ๋ฉด ๋ถ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ ์งํ ์ ์๋ค.
If the same standard is applied to the end, consistency of analysis can be maintained. ๐
Answer
์ผ๊ด์ฑ โ Same standards help maintain consistency.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ ์ โ premise
- ํ๋น์ฑ โ validity
- ์ผ๊ด์ฑ โ consistency
- ๋ชจ์ โ contradiction
- ์ทจ์ฝํ๋ค โ to be weak/vulnerable
- ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ค โ to reveal
- ๋ชจํธํ๋ค โ to be ambiguous
- ๋์ถํ๋ค โ to derive
- ํ์ค์ฑ โ practicality
- ๊ธฐ์ค โ standard
Tip ๐ก Valid reasoning needs clear premises, sufficient evidence, and consistent standards.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Implications and Evaluation ๐ง
A. ์ด ๋ณํ์ ์ฌํ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
The social implications of this change must be examined. ๐
Answer
ํจ์ โ ์ฌํ์ ํจ์ means social implications.
B. ์ ์ฑ
์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ๋จํ๋ ค๋ฉด ํ๊ฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ช
ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To judge policy effectiveness, evaluation criteria must be clear. ๐
Answer
๊ธฐ์ค โ ํ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค means evaluation criteria.
C. ์ ์ ๋์ ์ฅ์ ๊ณผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ํจ๊ป ๋ณด์์ผ ํ๋ค.
One must look at both the strengths and limitations of the new system. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ ์ฅ์ ๊ณผ ํ๊ณ is a common pair.
D. ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ํฅํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The analysis result suggests future research directions. ๐งญ
Answer
์์ฌ โ ์์ฌํ๋ค means to suggest/indicate.
E. ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ฌํ์ ๋น์ฉ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
That claim did not sufficiently consider social costs. ๐ธ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค means to consider.
F. ์ ๋์ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ๋จ๊ธฐ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
To see the achievement of the institution, short-term effects and long-term effects must be distinguished. โณ
Answer
๊ตฌ๋ถ โ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ค means to distinguish.
G. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ข
ํฉํด ์ต์ข
๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
The researcher synthesized several sources and derived the final conclusion. ๐งพ
Answer
๋์ถ โ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋์ถํ๋ค means to derive a conclusion.
H. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํด์ํ ๋ ์กฐ์ฌ ๋์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
When interpreting results, one must consider the characteristics of the survey subjects. ๐ฅ
Answer
ํน์ฑ โ ํน์ฑ means characteristics.
I. ์ด ์ค๋ช
์ ์์ธ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
This explanation cannot sufficiently account for exceptional cases. ๐งฉ
Answer
์ค๋ช
โ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค can mean to explain/account for.
J. ๋นํ์ ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ธ์ ์จ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ฐพ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ค.
Critical reading is the process of finding the hidden assumptions of a text. ๐ต๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ โ Hidden assumptions are hidden premises.
Vocabulary Box
- ํจ์ โ implication
- ํ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค โ evaluation criteria
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
- ์์ฌํ๋ค โ to suggest/indicate
- ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค โ to consider
- ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ค โ to distinguish
- ๋์ถํ๋ค โ to derive
- ํน์ฑ โ characteristic
- ์ค๋ช ํ๋ค โ to explain/account for
- ์ ์ โ premise
Tip ๐ก Evaluation words help you move from โwhat happened?โ to โso what does it mean?โ
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ๋ ํ์์ด ํจ๊ป ๋ํ๋๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์
์ฆ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค.
Just because two phenomena appear together does not prove causation. ๐
Answer
์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ โ โ correlation = causation โ โ
causation needs stronger proof.
B. ์ฌ๋ฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ค ํ๋๋ฅผ ๋งํ ๋๋ ์ง์ ์์ธ๋ณด๋ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๋ ํํ์ด ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๋ค.
When naming one among several conditions, โfactorโ is more natural than a direct cause. ๐งฉ
Answer
์์ธ โ โ every factor is the sole cause โ โ
a factor contributes to a result.
C. ์ธ๊ธฐ ์๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํด์ ๋ฐ๋์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค.
A popular claim does not necessarily have logical validity. ๐
Answer
ํ๋น์ฑ โ โ popularity = validity โ โ
validity depends on reasoning and evidence.
D. ์์ ํํ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์๋ก ์ฐธ์ผ ์ ์๋ ์ถฉ๋์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ค.
Not a small wording difference, but a conflict where both cannot be true is contradiction. โก
Answer
๋ชจ์ โ โ any difference = contradiction โ โ
contradiction is a logical conflict.
E. ๊ธ์ ์จ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ฐพ๋ ์ผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ค.
Finding hidden conditions in a text is the process of examining premises. ๐ต๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ โ Premises are assumptions the argument depends on.
F. ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ์ด๊ธ๋๋ฉด ๋
ผ์ฆ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ฝํด์ง๋ค.
If evidence and conclusion do not align, the consistency of the argument weakens. ๐
Answer
์ผ๊ด์ฑ โ Consistency means the parts fit together.
G. ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ฉด ์ค๋๋ ฅ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ค.
If the data cannot sufficiently support the claim, persuasiveness decreases. ๐งพ
Answer
๋ท๋ฐ์นจ โ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค means to support a claim.
H. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
A conclusion should not be chosen by feeling; it should be derived from evidence. ๐ง
Answer
๋์ถ โ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋์ถํ๋ค is natural analytical Korean.
I. ์ ์ฑ
๋ณํ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ธ์ฌ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
The meaning a policy change may bring in the future is called an implication. ๐
Answer
ํจ์ โ ํจ์ means implication, not just dictionary โmeaning.โ
J. ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋ถ์์ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ผ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋๋์ง ์๊ณ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ค.
Systematic analysis does not stop at collecting cases; it reveals relationships. ๐
Answer
๋๋ฌ๋ธ โ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ค means to reveal relationships.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ โ causation
- ์์ธ โ factor
- ํ๋น์ฑ โ validity
- ๋ชจ์ โ contradiction
- ์ ์ โ premise
- ์ผ๊ด์ฑ โ consistency
- ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค โ to support
- ๋์ถํ๋ค โ to derive
- ํจ์ โ implication
- ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ค โ to reveal
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol: do not confuse correlation with causation, popularity with validity, or small difference with contradiction.
ย
๐ Checkpoint cleared โ you can now handle ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์์ธ, ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด๊ณ, ํ๋น์ฑ, ๋ชจ์, and ํจ์ like an argument architect with a very sharp pencil. โ๏ธ๐ง