TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐ ๋นํ์ ๋ถ์ means critical analysis: not โcomplaining,โ but checking how convincing, logical, relevant, and well-supported an idea is.
- ๐งฑ Core checkpoint words include ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ (evidence/basis), ํ๋น์ฑ (validity), ์ ์ ์ฑ (appropriateness), ์ผ๊ด์ฑ (consistency), ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ์ฑ (logicality), and ํ๊ณ (limitation).
- ๐งช Strong analysis pairs a claim with evidence, tests hidden assumptions, notices counterarguments, and explains limitations without sounding like a grumpy dictionary wearing glasses. ๐
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Use Korean Helper Widgets to hear any sentence from this checkpoint. Advanced analysis vocabulary can look stiff on paper, but it becomes much easier when your ear recognizes phrases like ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค (the evidence is insufficient) and ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋น์ฝ์ด ์๋ค (there is a logical leap). ๐
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๐ The Big Picture
A ์ฒดํฌํฌ์ธํธ is a checkpoint: a place to pause, review, and prove that the vocabulary can actually move under pressure. This lesson reviews ๋นํ์ ๋ถ์ ์ดํ (critical analysis vocabulary) and pushes it into ์ฌํ ์ ์ฉ (deeper application). ๐ง
In Korean, ๋นํ์ does not automatically mean rude or negative. It means evaluative, questioning, and analytical. A good ๋นํ์ ์๊ฐ (critical perspective) examines ์ฃผ์ฅ (claim), ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ (evidence/basis), ์ ์ (premise), ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ (logic), ํ๋น์ฑ (validity), and ํ๊ณ (limitation). ๐งฉ
This vocabulary is especially useful for advanced reading, essays, debate, media analysis, policy discussion, and any moment when someone says โThis is obvious,โ and your brain politely replies, โIs it, though?โ ๐ง
๐จ The Core Critical Analysis Family
- ์ฃผ์ฅ = claim / argument. Usually evaluated by asking whether it is clear, relevant, and supported.
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ = evidence / basis / grounds. Natural phrases: ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค (to present evidence), ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค (evidence is insufficient).
- ์ ์ = premise / assumption. A hidden assumption can weaken an argument even when the sentence sounds fancy. ๐ฉ
- ํ๋น์ฑ = validity / reasonableness. Use it for whether a claim, conclusion, or interpretation makes sense based on evidence.
- ์ ์ ์ฑ = appropriateness / suitability. Use it for whether a method, example, tone, or response fits the situation.
- ์ผ๊ด์ฑ = consistency. Use it when checking whether claims, standards, or explanations stay aligned.
- ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ์ฑ = logicality. Natural phrase: ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ์ฑ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ค (to lack logicality).
- ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ = objectivity. Opposite danger: ํธํฅ์ฑ (bias).
- ํ๊ณ = limitation. A strong analysis names what the claim explains well and what it cannot fully explain.
- ๋ฐ๋ก = counterargument. Use it to test whether the main claim survives pressure.
๐ ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence
- ๐ ์ด ๊ธ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถํ์ง ์๋ค. (The claim of this text is interesting, but the evidence supporting it is not sufficient.)
Note: ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค means to support, often used with evidence and claims.
- โ๏ธ ์๋ฃ์ ํด์์ด ํ์ชฝ ๊ด์ ์ ์น์ฐ์ณ ์์ด ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ค. (The interpretation of the data leans toward one perspective, so its objectivity is weak.)
Note: ์น์ฐ์น๋ค means to lean / be biased toward, and ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ค means to lack objectivity.
- ๐งฑ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ ์ค๋๋ ฅ ์๊ฒ ์
์ฆํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. (If counterarguments are not considered, it is difficult to persuasively prove the validity of the conclusion.)
Note: ์ ์ฆํ๋ค means to prove / demonstrate, and ์ค๋๋ ฅ ์๊ฒ means persuasively.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
Most critical-analysis Korean is built with evaluation noun + support verb/adjective:
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค = to present evidence
- ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค = to support a claim
- ์ ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค = to examine a premise
- ํ๋น์ฑ์ ์ ์ฆํ๋ค = to prove validity
- ์ ์ ์ฑ์ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค = to evaluate appropriateness
- ์ผ๊ด์ฑ์ ์ ์งํ๋ค = to maintain consistency
- ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋น์ฝ์ด ์๋ค = there is a logical leap
- ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ค = objectivity is weak
- ํธํฅ์ฑ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ค = to reveal bias
- ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ํ๋ค = to point out limitations
A strong analysis sentence often follows this pattern: A๋ B๋ผ๋ ์ ์์ ์ค๋๋ ฅ์ด ์์ง๋ง, C๋ผ๋ ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ค. (A is persuasive in that B, but has the limitation that C.) ๐ง
๐ Cross-check note
The core vocabulary and usage patterns were checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ด์ / Korean.go.kr resources. Korean.go.kr materials on language assessment also group critical reading skills around ์ดํด (understanding), ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ (logic), ์ถ๋ก (inference), and ๋นํ (critique), with evaluation points such as ํต์ผ์ฑ (unity), ์ ์ ์ฑ (appropriateness), and ํ๋น์ฑ (validity). โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
- ๋นํ (critique/criticism) vs. ๋น๋ (blame/condemnation): ๋นํ can be analytical and constructive; ๋น๋ is more accusatory.
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ (basis/evidence) vs. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ (evidence/proof): ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ is broad and argumentative; ์ฆ๊ฑฐ often feels more concrete or legal.
- ํ๋น์ฑ (validity) vs. ์ค๋๋ ฅ (persuasiveness): a claim may sound persuasive but still lack validity if the reasoning is weak.
- ํ๊ณ (limitation) vs. ๋ฌธ์ ์ (problem): ํ๊ณ is often more balanced and academic; ๋ฌธ์ ์ is more directly negative.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ๋นํ์ = rude or hostile โ โ ๋นํ์ can mean analytical, evaluative, and evidence-focused.
- โ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ and ์๊ฒฌ are the same โ โ ์๊ฒฌ is an opinion; ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ supports the opinion.
- โ ํ๋น์ฑ = popularity โ โ ํ๋น์ฑ concerns reasonableness based on logic and evidence.
- โ ํ๊ณ means the whole argument is worthless โ โ Naming a limitation often makes analysis more balanced and credible.
- โ Any complex phrase is โdeep analysisโ โ โ ์ฌํ ๋ถ์ requires clear criteria, relevant evidence, and careful explanation.
๐ You now have the checkpoint toolkit: identify the ์ฃผ์ฅ, inspect the ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ, test the ์ ์ , weigh the ํ๋น์ฑ, and point out the ํ๊ณ with elegance. Tiny academic gavel: activated. โ๏ธ
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Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best critical-analysis word. Read the Korean sentence, decide which concept is being tested, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance.
1. ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ค๋๋ ฅ ์๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๋ ค๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
(To make a claim persuasive, sufficient evidence is necessary.) ๐งฑ
(To make a claim persuasive, sufficient evidence is necessary.) ๐งฑ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ Evidence or grounds support a claim.
2. ์จ๊ฒจ์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๋ถ์์ด ์์์ง ์ ์๋ค.
(If hidden assumptions are not examined, the analysis may become shallow.) ๐ต๏ธ
(If hidden assumptions are not examined, the analysis may become shallow.) ๐ต๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ โ A premise or assumption often sits underneath the main argument.
3. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ์๋ฃ์ ๋ง์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ค.
(If the conclusion does not match the data, its validity weakens.) ๐
(If the conclusion does not match the data, its validity weakens.) ๐
Answer
ํ๋น์ฑ โ Validity depends on logic and evidence.
4. ์ํฉ์ ๋ง๋ ์์์ธ์ง ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ฐ์ ธ์ผ ํ๋ค.
(To see whether an example fits the situation, its appropriateness must be examined.) ๐ฏ
(To see whether an example fits the situation, its appropriateness must be examined.) ๐ฏ
Answer
์ ์ ์ฑ โ Appropriateness asks whether something fits the context.
5. ์๋ค ์ค๋ช
์ด ์๋ก ๋ง์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๊ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ฝํด์ง๋ค.
(If the earlier and later explanations do not match, the textโs consistency weakens.) ๐งต
(If the earlier and later explanations do not match, the textโs consistency weakens.) ๐งต
Answer
์ผ๊ด์ฑ โ Consistency means the parts stay aligned.
6. ์๋ฃ ํด์์ด ํ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์น์ฐ์น๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๊ธด๋ค.
(If data interpretation leans to one side, a bias problem arises.) โ๏ธ
(If data interpretation leans to one side, a bias problem arises.) โ๏ธ
Answer
ํธํฅ์ฑ โ Bias appears when analysis unfairly leans toward one side.
7. ๋ฐ๋ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ค๋ฃจ๋ ์ข์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด๋ค.
(Considering opposing opinions is a good way to address counterarguments.) ๐ฅ
(Considering opposing opinions is a good way to address counterarguments.) ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ก โ A counterargument tests whether the claim can survive pressure.
8. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ค๋ช
ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ถ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
(What a study cannot explain can be seen as a limitation of the analysis.) ๐งฑ
(What a study cannot explain can be seen as a limitation of the analysis.) ๐งฑ
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ A limitation is not always a fatal flaw; it defines scope.
9. ์์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์ฝํ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋น์ฝ์ด ์๋ค๋ ์ง์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋ค.
(If the link between cause and result is weak, it may be criticized as a logical leap.) ๐
(If the link between cause and result is weak, it may be criticized as a logical leap.) ๐
Answer
๋
ผ๋ฆฌ โ The phrase is ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋น์ฝ, meaning a logical leap.
10. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ณด๋ค ํ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
(If verifiable data is valued over personal emotion, objectivity can be raised.) ๐ฌ
(If verifiable data is valued over personal emotion, objectivity can be raised.) ๐ฌ
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ Objectivity improves when analysis relies on verifiable information.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ฃผ์ฅ โ claim / argument
- ์ค๋๋ ฅ ์๊ฒ โ persuasively
- ์ถฉ๋ถํ โ sufficient
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ evidence / grounds
- ์จ๊ฒจ์ง โ hidden
- ์ ์ โ premise / assumption
- ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค โ to examine
- ๋ถ์ โ analysis
- ์์์ง๋ค โ to become shallow
- ๊ฒฐ๋ก โ conclusion
- ์๋ฃ โ data / material
- ํ๋น์ฑ โ validity
- ์ํฉ โ situation
- ์์ โ example
- ์ ์ ์ฑ โ appropriateness
- ์๋ค ์ค๋ช โ earlier/later explanation
- ์ผ๊ด์ฑ โ consistency
- ์๋ฃ ํด์ โ data interpretation
- ์น์ฐ์น๋ค โ to lean / be biased
- ํธํฅ์ฑ โ bias
- ๋ฐ๋ ์๊ฒฌ โ opposing opinion
- ๋ฐ๋ก โ counterargument
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ โ study / research
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
- ์์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ cause and result
- ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋น์ฝ โ logical leap
- ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ objectivity
Tip ๐ก Ask what the sentence is evaluating: support, fit, logic, bias, or scope.
Want more reps? Continue into the Practice Hub and let your analysis vocabulary do a victory lap with a clipboard. ๐
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ Checkpoint: Critical Analysis Vocabulary
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Welcome to the checkpoint for ๋นํ์ ๋ถ์ ์ดํ (critical analysis vocabulary). This is where claims meet evidence, assumptions get politely interrogated, and weak logic tries to sneak out the back door wearing sunglasses. ๐ถ๏ธ
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets whenever you want to hear a sentence.
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๐ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best word or phrase. After choosing, read the full sentence aloud and open the Answer toggle to check the analytical nuance.
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๐ Quick Reference Hub
- ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค โ to support a claim
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค โ to present evidence
- ์ ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค โ to examine a premise
- ํ๋น์ฑ์ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค โ to evaluate validity
- ์ ์ ์ฑ์ ๋ฐ์ง๋ค โ to examine appropriateness
- ์ผ๊ด์ฑ์ ์ ์งํ๋ค โ to maintain consistency
- ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ํ๋ค โ to point out limitations
- ๋ฐ๋ก ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค โ to consider counterarguments
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Exercise 1 โ Claims and Evidence ๐งฑ
A. ํ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ช
ํํ์ง๋ง ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค.
The writerโs claim is clear, but concrete examples are lacking. โ๏ธ
The writerโs claim is clear, but concrete examples are lacking. โ๏ธ
Answer
์ฃผ์ฅ โ A claim can be clear yet still weak if evidence is missing.
B. ํต๊ณ ์๋ฃ๋ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ ํต์ฌ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก ์ ์๋์๋ค.
The statistical data was presented as key evidence supporting that claim. ๐
The statistical data was presented as key evidence supporting that claim. ๐
Answer
๋ท๋ฐ์นจ โ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค means to support a claim.
C. ๋
ผ์ค๋ฌธ์์๋ ์๊ฒฌ๋ง ๋์ดํ์ง ๋ง๊ณ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ์ ์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
In an argumentative essay, one should not only list opinions but also present evidence. ๐
In an argumentative essay, one should not only list opinions but also present evidence. ๐
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ Evidence separates analysis from unsupported opinion.
D. ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋๋ฌด ์ ํ์ ์ด๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ฐํํ๊ธฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ค.
If the examples are too limited, it is difficult to generalize the conclusion. ๐งช
If the examples are too limited, it is difficult to generalize the conclusion. ๐งช
Answer
์ด๋ ต โ The dictionary form is ์ด๋ ต๋ค; the sentence uses ์ด๋ ต๋ค after -๊ธฐ.
E. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ฌ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค.
The researcher carefully drew a conclusion based on the survey results. ๐
The researcher carefully drew a conclusion based on the survey results. ๐
Answer
๊ฒฐ๋ก โ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๋ค means to draw a conclusion.
F. ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ ํํ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ์ฌ์ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํด ์ค๋๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํ๋ค.
There are many emotional expressions, but factual evidence is lacking, so persuasiveness is weak. ๐
There are many emotional expressions, but factual evidence is lacking, so persuasiveness is weak. ๐
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ ์ฌ์ค ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ means factual grounds or evidence.
G. ๊ธ์ ํต์ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ ๋ค ์ธ๋ถ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๋ถ์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
After identifying the textโs main claim, one should analyze the details. ๐ฏ
After identifying the textโs main claim, one should analyze the details. ๐ฏ
Answer
์ฃผ์ฅ โ Identify the main claim before evaluating support.
H. ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๊ณผ ์ง์ ๊ด๋ จ๋์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ค.
If the data is not directly related to the conclusion, relevance weakens. ๐
If the data is not directly related to the conclusion, relevance weakens. ๐
Answer
๊ด๋ จ โ ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ means relevance.
I. ๊ทธ ์ค๋ช
์ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ง๋ง ๊ฒ์ฆ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ ์๋ค.
That explanation is interesting, but there is almost no verifiable evidence. ๐ฌ
That explanation is interesting, but there is almost no verifiable evidence. ๐ฌ
Answer
์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ often feels more concrete than ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ.
J. ์ฃผ์ฅ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ง๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ถ๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ค.
The process of examining the link between claim and evidence is the starting point of analysis. ๐งญ
The process of examining the link between claim and evidence is the starting point of analysis. ๐งญ
Answer
๋ถ์ โ Analysis begins by checking how parts connect.
Vocabulary Box
- ํ์ โ writer
- ์ฃผ์ฅ โ claim
- ๋ช ํํ๋ค โ to be clear
- ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ฌ๋ก โ concrete example
- ํต๊ณ ์๋ฃ โ statistical data
- ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค โ to support
- ํต์ฌ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ key evidence
- ๋ ผ์ค๋ฌธ โ argumentative essay
- ์๊ฒฌ โ opinion
- ๋์ดํ๋ค โ to list
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค โ to present evidence
- ์ ํ์ โ limited
- ์ผ๋ฐํํ๋ค โ to generalize
- ์ด๋ ต๋ค โ to be difficult
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ โ researcher
- ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ survey result
- ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๋ค โ to draw a conclusion
- ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ ํํ โ emotional expression
- ์ฌ์ค ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ factual evidence
- ์ค๋๋ ฅ โ persuasiveness
- ํต์ฌ ์ฃผ์ฅ โ main claim
- ์ธ๋ถ ๋ด์ฉ โ details
- ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ โ relevance
- ๊ฒ์ฆ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ verifiable evidence
- ์ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ด๊ณ โ connection
- ๋ถ์ โ analysis
Tip ๐ก A claim without evidence is just a sentence wearing a confident hat. ๐ฉ
ย
Exercise 2 โ Validity, Logic, and Structure โ๏ธ
A. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์์ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ๋์ถ๋๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ค.
When a conclusion naturally follows from the evidence, validity is high. ๐ฑ
When a conclusion naturally follows from the evidence, validity is high. ๐ฑ
Answer
ํ๋น โ ํ๋น์ฑ means validity or reasonableness.
B. ์์ธ ์ค๋ช
์์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ง ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ์ฝํด์ง๋ค.
If only the result is emphasized without explaining the cause, logicality weakens. ๐ง
If only the result is emphasized without explaining the cause, logicality weakens. ๐ง
Answer
๋
ผ๋ฆฌ โ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ฑ means logicality.
C. ๋ฌธ๋จ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ช
ํ๋ฉด ๊ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์ข์์ง๋ค.
When relationships between paragraphs are clear, the structure of the text improves. ๐งฑ
When relationships between paragraphs are clear, the structure of the text improves. ๐งฑ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ ๊ธ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means the structure of a text.
D. ์ ๋ฌธ์ฅ๊ณผ ๋ค ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ด ์ถฉ๋ํ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํด ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
If the earlier and later sentences conflict, consistency appears insufficient. ๐งต
If the earlier and later sentences conflict, consistency appears insufficient. ๐งต
Answer
์ผ๊ด โ ์ผ๊ด์ฑ means consistency.
E. ์์ ์ฌ๋ก ํ๋๋ก ์ฌํ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ฉด ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์๊ธธ ์ ์๋ค.
If one small example is used to explain all of society, a logical leap may occur. ๐
If one small example is used to explain all of society, a logical leap may occur. ๐
Answer
๋น์ฝ โ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋น์ฝ means a logical leap.
F. ํต์ฌ์ด์ ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๊ณ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ฉด ๋
ผ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ํ๋ค๋ฆฐ๋ค.
If the meaning of a keyword keeps changing, the coherence of the discussion is shaken. ๐งฉ
If the meaning of a keyword keeps changing, the coherence of the discussion is shaken. ๐งฉ
Answer
ํต์ผ โ ํต์ผ์ฑ means unity or coherence.
G. ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ๊ฐํ ๋๋ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋ณด๋ค ๋จผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
When evaluating a claim, one should check the premise before the conclusion. ๐ต๏ธ
When evaluating a claim, one should check the premise before the conclusion. ๐ต๏ธ
Answer
์ ์ โ A premise shapes whether the conclusion can stand.
H. ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ฝํ๋ฉด ์ค๋๋ ฅ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ง๋ค.
If the relationship between evidence and conclusion is weak, persuasiveness becomes weaker. ๐
If the relationship between evidence and conclusion is weak, persuasiveness becomes weaker. ๐
Answer
์ฝํด โ The dictionary form is ์ฝํด์ง๋ค, meaning to become weak.
I. ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋ฆ์ด ๋ถ๋ช
ํ ๊ธ์ ๋
์๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ค.
A text with a clear logical flow is easy for the reader to follow. ๐ค๏ธ
A text with a clear logical flow is easy for the reader to follow. ๐ค๏ธ
Answer
์ฝ โ The dictionary form is ์ฝ๋ค; the sentence uses ์ฝ๋ค after -๊ธฐ.
J. ์ ์๊ฐ ๋ชจํธํ๋ฉด ์ ์ฒด ๋
ผ์ฆ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ์์ง๋ค.
If the definition is vague, the validity of the whole argument decreases. ๐ซ๏ธ
If the definition is vague, the validity of the whole argument decreases. ๐ซ๏ธ
Answer
ํ๋น โ Vague definitions weaken validity.
Vocabulary Box
- ๊ฒฐ๋ก โ conclusion
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ evidence / grounds
- ๋์ถ๋๋ค โ to be derived
- ํ๋น์ฑ โ validity
- ์์ธ โ cause
- ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ result
- ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค โ to emphasize
- ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ์ฑ โ logicality
- ๋ฌธ๋จ โ paragraph
- ๊ด๊ณ โ relationship
- ๊ธ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ text structure
- ์ ๋ฌธ์ฅ โ previous sentence
- ๋ค ๋ฌธ์ฅ โ following sentence
- ์ถฉ๋ํ๋ค โ to conflict
- ์ผ๊ด์ฑ โ consistency
- ์์ ์ฌ๋ก โ small example
- ์ฌํ ์ ์ฒด โ society as a whole
- ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋น์ฝ โ logical leap
- ํต์ฌ์ด โ keyword
- ์๋ฏธ โ meaning
- ๋ ผ์ โ discussion
- ํต์ผ์ฑ โ unity / coherence
- ์ ์ โ premise
- ์ค๋๋ ฅ โ persuasiveness
- ์ฝํด์ง๋ค โ to become weak
- ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋ฆ โ logical flow
- ๋ ์ โ reader
- ์ฝ๋ค โ to be easy
- ์ ์ โ definition
- ๋ชจํธํ๋ค โ to be vague
- ๋ ผ์ฆ โ argumentation
Tip ๐ก Logic words help you diagnose whether an argumentโs skeleton is sturdy or made of wet noodles. ๐
ย
Exercise 3 โ Bias, Objectivity, and Perspective ๐ฌ
A. ํ์ชฝ ์
์ฅ๋ง ๋ฐ๋ณตํ๋ฉด ๋ถ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค.
If only one position is repeated, the bias of the analysis is revealed. โ๏ธ
If only one position is repeated, the bias of the analysis is revealed. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํธํฅ โ ํธํฅ์ฑ means bias.
B. ํ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด ๊ธ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ๋์์ง๋ค.
Using verifiable data raises the objectivity of the text. ๐ฌ
Using verifiable data raises the objectivity of the text. ๐ฌ
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด โ ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ means objectivity.
C. ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ด์ ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ฉด ๋ถ์์ด ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์กํ๋ค.
When other perspectives are considered, the analysis becomes more balanced. โ๏ธ
When other perspectives are considered, the analysis becomes more balanced. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ท ํ โ ๊ท ํ ์กํ๋ค means to be balanced.
D. ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๊ฐ์
๋ ์ ์๋ค.
When selecting data, the researcherโs subjective judgment may intervene. ๐ง
When selecting data, the researcherโs subjective judgment may intervene. ๐ง
Answer
์ฃผ๊ด โ ์ฃผ๊ด means subjectivity or personal judgment.
E. ์ฌํ ํ์์ ๋ถ์ํ ๋ ๋จ์ผํ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ง์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค.
When analyzing social phenomena, a single perspective is insufficient. ๐๏ธ
When analyzing social phenomena, a single perspective is insufficient. ๐๏ธ
Answer
๊ด์ โ ๊ด์ means perspective.
F. ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ๋จ์ ์ค์ด๊ณ ์๋ฃ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ทผํ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ ์ ์๋ค.
If emotional judgment is reduced and the approach centers on data, objectivity can be secured. ๐
If emotional judgment is reduced and the approach centers on data, objectivity can be secured. ๐
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด โ ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค means to secure objectivity.
G. ํน์ ์ง๋จ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ง ๋ฌ์ฌํ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ์๊ธด๋ค.
If a specific group is described only negatively, a biased view emerges. ๐ฆ
If a specific group is described only negatively, a biased view emerges. ๐ฆ
Answer
ํธํฅ โ The dictionary form is ํธํฅ๋๋ค, to be biased.
H. ๋ฐ๋ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ๋ฌ ์ ์ธํ๋ฉด ๋ถ์์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ง๋ค.
If opposing data is deliberately excluded, the reliability of the analysis decreases. ๐
If opposing data is deliberately excluded, the reliability of the analysis decreases. ๐
Answer
๋ฎ์ โ The dictionary form is ๋ฎ์์ง๋ค, meaning to become lower.
I. ๋ณต์กํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์์ ๊ฒํ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
A complex problem should be examined from multiple perspectives. ๐ญ
A complex problem should be examined from multiple perspectives. ๐ญ
Answer
๊ด์ โ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ด์ ์์ means from multiple perspectives.
J. ๊ณต์ ํ ๋ถ์์ ์ฐฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ๋ค.
A fair analysis considers both supporting and opposing evidence. โ๏ธ
A fair analysis considers both supporting and opposing evidence. โ๏ธ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค means to consider.
Vocabulary Box
- ํ์ชฝ ์ ์ฅ โ one side / one position
- ๋ฐ๋ณตํ๋ค โ to repeat
- ํธํฅ์ฑ โ bias
- ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค โ to be revealed
- ํ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์๋ฃ โ verifiable data
- ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ โ objectivity
- ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ด์ โ another perspective
- ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค โ to consider
- ๊ท ํ ์กํ๋ค โ to be balanced
- ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๋ค โ to select data
- ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ โ researcher
- ์ฃผ๊ด โ subjectivity
- ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ค โ to intervene / be involved
- ์ฌํ ํ์ โ social phenomenon
- ๋จ์ผํ ๊ด์ โ single perspective
- ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ๋จ โ emotional judgment
- ์ค์ด๋ค โ to reduce
- ์๋ฃ ์ค์ฌ โ data-centered
- ํ๋ณดํ๋ค โ to secure
- ํน์ ์ง๋จ โ specific group
- ๋ถ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก โ negatively
- ๋ฌ์ฌํ๋ค โ to describe
- ํธํฅ๋๋ค โ to be biased
- ๋ฐ๋ ์๋ฃ โ opposing data
- ์ ์ธํ๋ค โ to exclude
- ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ โ reliability
- ๋ฎ์์ง๋ค โ to decrease
- ๋ณต์กํ ๋ฌธ์ โ complex problem
- ๊ณต์ ํ ๋ถ์ โ fair analysis
- ์ฐฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋ โ support and opposition
Tip ๐ก Objectivity does not mean having no perspective; it means checking whether your perspective is unfairly controlling the evidence.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Limits, Counterarguments, and Deeper Application ๐ง
A. ์ข์ ๋ถ์์ ์์ ์ ์ค๋ช
์ด ๊ฐ์ง ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ํจ๊ป ๋ฐํ๋ค.
A good analysis also reveals the limitations of its own explanation. ๐งฑ
A good analysis also reveals the limitations of its own explanation. ๐งฑ
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ Naming limitations makes analysis more credible.
B. ๋ฐ๋ ์
์ฅ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ๋ ์ ๋์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
If one examines the logic of the opposing position, one can respond better to counterarguments. ๐ฅ
If one examines the logic of the opposing position, one can respond better to counterarguments. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ก โ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ ๋์ํ๋ค means to respond to a counterargument.
C. ํ๋ฉด์ ์์ธ๋ง ๋ณด์ง ๋ง๊ณ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊น์ง ์ดํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
One should look not only at surface causes but also at structural causes. ๐๏ธ
One should look not only at surface causes but also at structural causes. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์์ธ โ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์์ธ means structural cause.
D. ์๋ก์ด ์ฌ๋ก์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ ์ฉํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์ฉ์ด๋ค.
The process of applying a concept to a new case is deeper application. ๐ง
The process of applying a concept to a new case is deeper application. ๐ง
Answer
์ฌํ โ ์ฌํ ์ ์ฉ means deeper application.
E. ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์์ธ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ธต์์์ ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ค์ธต์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
Viewing the causes of a problem on multiple levels can be called multilayered analysis. ๐ง
Viewing the causes of a problem on multiple levels can be called multilayered analysis. ๐ง
Answer
๋ถ์ โ ๋ค์ธต์ ๋ถ์ means multilayered analysis.
F. ๋ฐ๋ก ์ ๋ฌด์ํ๋ฉด ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ค๋๋ ฅ์ด ์คํ๋ ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
If counterarguments are ignored, the persuasiveness of the claim may actually be weakened. ๐
If counterarguments are ignored, the persuasiveness of the claim may actually be weakened. ๐
Answer
์ฝํ โ ์ฝํ๋๋ค means to be weakened.
G. ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ค์ ์ฌ๋ก์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ฉด ์ดํด๊ฐ ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋๋ค.
When a concept is connected to an actual case, understanding becomes deeper. ๐
When a concept is connected to an actual case, understanding becomes deeper. ๐
Answer
์ฌํ โ ์ฌํ๋๋ค means to deepen.
H. ์ ์ฑ
๋ถ์์์๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๋ถ์์ฉ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
In policy analysis, not only effects but also side effects must be examined. ๐งช
In policy analysis, not only effects but also side effects must be examined. ๐งช
Answer
๊ฒํ โ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค means to examine or review.
I. ๋์์ด ํ์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฅํ์ง ๋ฐ์ง๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ์ ํด๋นํ๋ค.
The process of examining whether an alternative is realistically possible falls under feasibility evaluation. ๐ ๏ธ
The process of examining whether an alternative is realistically possible falls under feasibility evaluation. ๐ ๏ธ
Answer
์คํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ โ ์คํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ means feasibility.
J. ์์ ์ ๋จ์ํํ๋ฉด ๋ณต์กํ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ๋์น๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์๊ธด๋ค.
If an issue is oversimplified, the limitation of missing complex context appears. ๐งฉ
If an issue is oversimplified, the limitation of missing complex context appears. ๐งฉ
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ Oversimplification often creates analytical limitations.
Vocabulary Box
- ์ข์ ๋ถ์ โ good analysis
- ์ค๋ช โ explanation
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
- ๋ฐํ๋ค โ to reveal / state
- ๋ฐ๋ ์ ์ฅ โ opposing position
- ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ โ logic
- ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค โ to examine
- ๋ฐ๋ก โ counterargument
- ๋์ํ๋ค โ to respond
- ํ๋ฉด์ ์์ธ โ surface cause
- ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์์ธ โ structural cause
- ์ดํผ๋ค โ to examine / look at
- ์๋ก์ด ์ฌ๋ก โ new case
- ๊ฐ๋ โ concept
- ์ ์ฉํ๋ค โ to apply
- ์ฌํ ์ ์ฉ โ deeper application
- ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ธต์ โ multiple levels
- ๋ค์ธต์ ๋ถ์ โ multilayered analysis
- ๋ฌด์ํ๋ค โ to ignore
- ์ฝํ๋๋ค โ to be weakened
- ์ค์ ์ฌ๋ก โ actual case
- ์ฌํ๋๋ค โ to deepen
- ์ ์ฑ ๋ถ์ โ policy analysis
- ํจ๊ณผ โ effect
- ๋ถ์์ฉ โ side effect
- ๋์ โ alternative
- ํ์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค โ to be realistically possible
- ์คํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ โ feasibility
- ์์ โ issue
- ๋จ์ํํ๋ค โ to simplify
- ๋ณต์กํ ๋งฅ๋ฝ โ complex context
Tip ๐ก Advanced analysis is not just โmore wordsโ; it is better pressure-testing.
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ๋นํ์ ๋ถ์์ ์๋๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ง๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ค.
Critical analysis is not blame that attacks the other person; it is a process of examining evidence. ๐งน
Critical analysis is not blame that attacks the other person; it is a process of examining evidence. ๐งน
Answer
๋น๋ โ โ ๋นํ = ๋น๋ โ โ
๋นํ can be analytical; ๋น๋ is blame.
B. ์๊ฒฌ์ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋งํด๋ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ค๋๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํ๋ค.
Even if an opinion is stated strongly, persuasiveness is weak without evidence. ๐งฑ
Even if an opinion is stated strongly, persuasiveness is weak without evidence. ๐งฑ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ โ Opinion = evidence โ โ
evidence supports an opinion.
C. ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋์ํ๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ์๋์ผ๋ก ์
์ฆ๋์ง๋ ์๋๋ค.
Even if many people agree, a claimโs validity is not automatically proven. ๐ฅ
Even if many people agree, a claimโs validity is not automatically proven. ๐ฅ
Answer
ํ๋น โ โ Popularity = validity โ โ
validity depends on logic and evidence.
D. ๋ถ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ฒด ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์๋ ๋ป์ด ์๋๋ค.
Pointing out a limitation of analysis does not mean abandoning the whole claim. ๐งฑ
Pointing out a limitation of analysis does not mean abandoning the whole claim. ๐งฑ
Answer
ํ๊ณ โ โ Limitation = total failure โ โ
it often defines scope.
E. ๋ณต์กํ ํํ์ ๋ง์ด ์ด๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ์๋์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถ์์ด ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค.
Using many complex expressions does not automatically make it deep analysis. ๐ง
Using many complex expressions does not automatically make it deep analysis. ๐ง
Answer
์ฌํ โ โ Fancy wording = deep analysis โ โ
deeper analysis needs criteria and evidence.
F. ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํ์ชฝ๋ง ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ถ์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง ์ ์๋ค.
If only one side of the data is selected, bias in the analysis may grow. โ๏ธ
If only one side of the data is selected, bias in the analysis may grow. โ๏ธ
Answer
ํธํฅ โ Selecting only convenient data creates bias.
G. ์์๊ฐ ์ํฉ์ ๋ง๋์ง ๋ฌป๋ ๊ฒ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ ํ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
Asking whether an example fits the situation is evaluating appropriateness. ๐ฏ
Asking whether an example fits the situation is evaluating appropriateness. ๐ฏ
Answer
์ ์ โ ์ ์ ์ฑ asks whether something fits the situation.
H. ์๋ค ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ฉด ํ๊ฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ฑ์ด ํ๋ค๋ฆฐ๋ค.
If the earlier and later standards change, consistency of evaluation is shaken. ๐งต
If the earlier and later standards change, consistency of evaluation is shaken. ๐งต
Answer
์ผ๊ด โ ์ผ๊ด์ฑ checks whether standards stay aligned.
I. ๋ฐ๋ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ฝ์ ์ ์ฐพ๊ณ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ ์ค๋นํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค.
Examining opposing opinions helps find weaknesses in a claim and prepare counterarguments. ๐ฅ
Examining opposing opinions helps find weaknesses in a claim and prepare counterarguments. ๐ฅ
Answer
๋ฐ๋ก โ Counterarguments strengthen analysis when handled fairly.
J. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ์ ์ ์์ ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ๋ฉ์ด์ง๋ฉด ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋นํ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋ค.
If the conclusion suddenly moves far from the premise, it may be criticized as a logical leap. ๐
If the conclusion suddenly moves far from the premise, it may be criticized as a logical leap. ๐
Answer
๋น์ฝ โ A logical leap appears when reasoning skips necessary steps.
Vocabulary Box
- ๋นํ์ ๋ถ์ โ critical analysis
- ์๋ โ the other person / opponent
- ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๋ค โ to attack
- ๋น๋ โ blame / condemnation
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ง๋ค โ to examine evidence
- ์๊ฒฌ โ opinion
- ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ค โ to state strongly
- ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ evidence
- ๋์ํ๋ค โ to agree
- ํ๋น์ฑ โ validity
- ์๋์ผ๋ก โ automatically
- ์ ์ฆ๋๋ค โ to be proven
- ํ๊ณ โ limitation
- ์ง์ ํ๋ค โ to point out
- ์ ์ฒด ์ฃผ์ฅ โ whole claim
- ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ค โ to throw away / abandon
- ๋ณต์กํ ํํ โ complex expression
- ์ฌํ ๋ถ์ โ deepened analysis
- ์๋ฃ โ data / material
- ํ์ชฝ๋ง ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋ค โ to choose only one side
- ํธํฅ์ฑ โ bias
- ์์ โ example
- ์ํฉ์ ๋ง๋ค โ to fit the situation
- ์ ์ ์ฑ โ appropriateness
- ์๋ค ๊ธฐ์ค โ earlier/later standards
- ์ผ๊ด์ฑ โ consistency
- ๋ฐ๋ ์๊ฒฌ โ opposing opinion
- ์ฝ์ โ weakness
- ๋ฐ๋ก โ counterargument
- ์ ์ โ premise
- ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋น์ฝ โ logical leap
Tip ๐ก Pitfall patrol question: Are you evaluating with evidence, or just reacting loudly?
ย
๐ Checkpoint cleared. You can now distinguish ๋นํ from ๋น๋, separate ์๊ฒฌ from ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ, test ํ๋น์ฑ, identify ํธํฅ์ฑ, and name ํ๊ณ without sinking the whole argument. Your analytical toolbox is officially sharper. ๐งฐโจ