๐Ÿง 

Checkpoint: Critical Analysis Vocabulary

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Built
Keywords
๋น„ํŒ์  ๋ถ„์„ ์–ดํœ˜ / ๋ณต์Šต / ์‹ฌํ™” ์ ์šฉ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ
Lesson #
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Done
Section
Advanced Vocabulary
๐Ÿง 
TL;DR ๐Ÿฆ„
  • ๐Ÿ” ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋ถ„์„ means critical analysis: not โ€œcomplaining,โ€ but checking how convincing, logical, relevant, and well-supported an idea is.
  • ๐Ÿงฑ Core checkpoint words include ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ (evidence/basis), ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ (validity), ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ (appropriateness), ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ (consistency), ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ (logicality), and ํ•œ๊ณ„ (limitation).
  • ๐Ÿงช Strong analysis pairs a claim with evidence, tests hidden assumptions, notices counterarguments, and explains limitations without sounding like a grumpy dictionary wearing glasses. ๐Ÿ‘“
๐ŸŽง
๐ŸŽง Iru Helper Note โ€” Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
to hear any sentence from this checkpoint. Advanced analysis vocabulary can look stiff on paper, but it becomes much easier when your ear recognizes phrases like ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค (the evidence is insufficient) and ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋น„์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค (there is a logical leap). ๐Ÿ”Š
ย 

๐ŸŒˆ The Big Picture

A ์ฒดํฌํฌ์ธํŠธ is a checkpoint: a place to pause, review, and prove that the vocabulary can actually move under pressure. This lesson reviews ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋ถ„์„ ์–ดํœ˜ (critical analysis vocabulary) and pushes it into ์‹ฌํ™” ์ ์šฉ (deeper application). ๐Ÿง—
In Korean, ๋น„ํŒ์  does not automatically mean rude or negative. It means evaluative, questioning, and analytical. A good ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ (critical perspective) examines ์ฃผ์žฅ (claim), ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ (evidence/basis), ์ „์ œ (premise), ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ (logic), ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ (validity), and ํ•œ๊ณ„ (limitation). ๐Ÿงฉ
This vocabulary is especially useful for advanced reading, essays, debate, media analysis, policy discussion, and any moment when someone says โ€œThis is obvious,โ€ and your brain politely replies, โ€œIs it, though?โ€ ๐Ÿง

๐ŸŽจ The Core Critical Analysis Family

  • ์ฃผ์žฅ = claim / argument. Usually evaluated by asking whether it is clear, relevant, and supported.
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ = evidence / basis / grounds. Natural phrases: ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค (to present evidence), ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค (evidence is insufficient).
  • ์ „์ œ = premise / assumption. A hidden assumption can weaken an argument even when the sentence sounds fancy. ๐ŸŽฉ
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ = validity / reasonableness. Use it for whether a claim, conclusion, or interpretation makes sense based on evidence.
  • ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ = appropriateness / suitability. Use it for whether a method, example, tone, or response fits the situation.
  • ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ = consistency. Use it when checking whether claims, standards, or explanations stay aligned.
  • ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ = logicality. Natural phrase: ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋‹ค (to lack logicality).
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ = objectivity. Opposite danger: ํŽธํ–ฅ์„ฑ (bias).
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ = limitation. A strong analysis names what the claim explains well and what it cannot fully explain.
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ก  = counterargument. Use it to test whether the main claim survives pressure.

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ How They Work in a Sentence

  • ๐Ÿ” ์ด ๊ธ€์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. (The claim of this text is interesting, but the evidence supporting it is not sufficient.)
    Note: ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋‹ค means to support, often used with evidence and claims.
  • โš–๏ธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•ด์„์ด ํ•œ์ชฝ ๊ด€์ ์— ์น˜์šฐ์ณ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. (The interpretation of the data leans toward one perspective, so its objectivity is weak.)
    Note: ์น˜์šฐ์น˜๋‹ค means to lean / be biased toward, and ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋‹ค means to lack objectivity.
  • ๐Ÿงฑ ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. (If counterarguments are not considered, it is difficult to persuasively prove the validity of the conclusion.)
    Note: ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค means to prove / demonstrate, and ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ means persuasively.

๐Ÿงฉ General Formation Rule

Most critical-analysis Korean is built with evaluation noun + support verb/adjective:
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค = to present evidence
  • ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋‹ค = to support a claim
  • ์ „์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค = to examine a premise
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋‹ค = to prove validity
  • ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค = to evaluate appropriateness
  • ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค = to maintain consistency
  • ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋น„์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค = there is a logical leap
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋‹ค = objectivity is weak
  • ํŽธํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋‹ค = to reveal bias
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋‹ค = to point out limitations
A strong analysis sentence often follows this pattern: A๋Š” B๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, C๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (A is persuasive in that B, but has the limitation that C.) ๐Ÿง 

๐Ÿ“š Cross-check note

The core vocabulary and usage patterns were checked against ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์–ด์› / Korean.go.kr resources. Korean.go.kr materials on language assessment also group critical reading skills around ์ดํ•ด (understanding), ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ (logic), ์ถ”๋ก  (inference), and ๋น„ํŒ (critique), with evaluation points such as ํ†ต์ผ์„ฑ (unity), ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ (appropriateness), and ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ (validity). โœ…

๐Ÿชž Synonym Alert

  • ๋น„ํŒ (critique/criticism) vs. ๋น„๋‚œ (blame/condemnation): ๋น„ํŒ can be analytical and constructive; ๋น„๋‚œ is more accusatory.
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ (basis/evidence) vs. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ (evidence/proof): ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ is broad and argumentative; ์ฆ๊ฑฐ often feels more concrete or legal.
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ (validity) vs. ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ (persuasiveness): a claim may sound persuasive but still lack validity if the reasoning is weak.
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ (limitation) vs. ๋ฌธ์ œ์  (problem): ํ•œ๊ณ„ is often more balanced and academic; ๋ฌธ์ œ์  is more directly negative.

โš ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge

  • โŒ ๋น„ํŒ์  = rude or hostile โ†’ โœ… ๋น„ํŒ์  can mean analytical, evaluative, and evidence-focused.
  • โŒ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ and ์˜๊ฒฌ are the same โ†’ โœ… ์˜๊ฒฌ is an opinion; ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ supports the opinion.
  • โŒ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ = popularity โ†’ โœ… ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ concerns reasonableness based on logic and evidence.
  • โŒ ํ•œ๊ณ„ means the whole argument is worthless โ†’ โœ… Naming a limitation often makes analysis more balanced and credible.
  • โŒ Any complex phrase is โ€œdeep analysisโ€ โ†’ โœ… ์‹ฌํ™” ๋ถ„์„ requires clear criteria, relevant evidence, and careful explanation.

๐ŸŽ‰ You now have the checkpoint toolkit: identify the ์ฃผ์žฅ, inspect the ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ, test the ์ „์ œ, weigh the ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ, and point out the ํ•œ๊ณ„ with elegance. Tiny academic gavel: activated. โš–๏ธ
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Try this exercise

Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best critical-analysis word. Read the Korean sentence, decide which concept is being tested, then open the Answer toggle to check the nuance.
1. ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
(To make a claim persuasive, sufficient evidence is necessary.) ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” Evidence or grounds support a claim.
2. ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„์ด ์–•์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(If hidden assumptions are not examined, the analysis may become shallow.) ๐Ÿ•ต๏ธ
Answer
์ „์ œ โ€” A premise or assumption often sits underneath the main argument.
3. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
(If the conclusion does not match the data, its validity weakens.) ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ€” Validity depends on logic and evidence.
4. ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ธ์ง€ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์‹œ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋”ฐ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(To see whether an example fits the situation, its appropriateness must be examined.) ๐ŸŽฏ
Answer
์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ โ€” Appropriateness asks whether something fits the context.
5. ์•ž๋’ค ์„ค๋ช…์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ธ€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
(If the earlier and later explanations do not match, the textโ€™s consistency weakens.) ๐Ÿงต
Answer
์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” Consistency means the parts stay aligned.
6. ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ•ด์„์ด ํ•œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜์šฐ์น˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค.
(If data interpretation leans to one side, a bias problem arises.) โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํŽธํ–ฅ์„ฑ โ€” Bias appears when analysis unfairly leans toward one side.
7. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค.
(Considering opposing opinions is a good way to address counterarguments.) ๐ŸฅŠ
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ก  โ€” A counterargument tests whether the claim can survive pressure.
8. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(What a study cannot explain can be seen as a limitation of the analysis.) ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ€” A limitation is not always a fatal flaw; it defines scope.
9. ์›์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์  ๋น„์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(If the link between cause and result is weak, it may be criticized as a logical leap.) ๐ŸŒ‰
Answer
๋…ผ๋ฆฌ โ€” The phrase is ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋น„์•ฝ, meaning a logical leap.
10. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๋ณด๋‹ค ํ™•์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(If verifiable data is valued over personal emotion, objectivity can be raised.) ๐Ÿ”ฌ
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ€” Objectivity improves when analysis relies on verifiable information.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ฃผ์žฅ โ†’ claim / argument
  • ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ โ†’ persuasively
  • ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ โ†’ sufficient
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence / grounds
  • ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ โ†’ hidden
  • ์ „์ œ โ†’ premise / assumption
  • ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to examine
  • ๋ถ„์„ โ†’ analysis
  • ์–•์•„์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to become shallow
  • ๊ฒฐ๋ก  โ†’ conclusion
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ data / material
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ validity
  • ์ƒํ™ฉ โ†’ situation
  • ์˜ˆ์‹œ โ†’ example
  • ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ โ†’ appropriateness
  • ์•ž๋’ค ์„ค๋ช… โ†’ earlier/later explanation
  • ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ โ†’ consistency
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ•ด์„ โ†’ data interpretation
  • ์น˜์šฐ์น˜๋‹ค โ†’ to lean / be biased
  • ํŽธํ–ฅ์„ฑ โ†’ bias
  • ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ โ†’ opposing opinion
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ก  โ†’ counterargument
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ โ†’ study / research
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limitation
  • ์›์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ cause and result
  • ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋น„์•ฝ โ†’ logical leap
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ†’ objectivity
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Ask what the sentence is evaluating: support, fit, logic, bias, or scope.

๐Ÿš€
Want more reps? Continue into the Practice Hub and let your analysis vocabulary do a victory lap with a clipboard. ๐Ÿ“‹
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๐Ÿ“ฆ
๐ŸŽฏ Practice Hub โ€” Checkpoint: Critical Analysis Vocabulary
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Welcome to the checkpoint for ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋ถ„์„ ์–ดํœ˜ (critical analysis vocabulary). This is where claims meet evidence, assumptions get politely interrogated, and weak logic tries to sneak out the back door wearing sunglasses. ๐Ÿ•ถ๏ธ
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๐Ÿ”Š Audio reminder: Use
Korean Helper Widgets
Korean Helper Widgets
whenever you want to hear a sentence.
ย 
๐Ÿ“ Instructions: Complete each sentence with the best word or phrase. After choosing, read the full sentence aloud and open the Answer toggle to check the analytical nuance.
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๐Ÿ“š Quick Reference Hub
  • ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to support a claim
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to present evidence
  • ์ „์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to examine a premise
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to evaluate validity
  • ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์„ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to examine appropriateness
  • ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to maintain consistency
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to point out limitations
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to consider counterarguments
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Exercise 1 โ€” Claims and Evidence ๐Ÿงฑ

A. ํ•„์ž์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค.
The writerโ€™s claim is clear, but concrete examples are lacking. โœ๏ธ
Answer
์ฃผ์žฅ โ€” A claim can be clear yet still weak if evidence is missing.
B. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The statistical data was presented as key evidence supporting that claim. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ โ€” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋‹ค means to support a claim.
C. ๋…ผ์„ค๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ๋งŒ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
In an argumentative essay, one should not only list opinions but also present evidence. ๐Ÿ“
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” Evidence separates analysis from unsupported opinion.
D. ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
If the examples are too limited, it is difficult to generalize the conclusion. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
์–ด๋ ต โ€” The dictionary form is ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค; the sentence uses ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค after -๊ธฐ.
E. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค.
The researcher carefully drew a conclusion based on the survey results. ๐Ÿ”
Answer
๊ฒฐ๋ก  โ€” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค means to draw a conclusion.
F. ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ๋งŽ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค.
There are many emotional expressions, but factual evidence is lacking, so persuasiveness is weak. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ means factual grounds or evidence.
G. ๊ธ€์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ๋’ค ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
After identifying the textโ€™s main claim, one should analyze the details. ๐ŸŽฏ
Answer
์ฃผ์žฅ โ€” Identify the main claim before evaluating support.
H. ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
If the data is not directly related to the conclusion, relevance weakens. ๐Ÿ”—
Answer
๊ด€๋ จ โ€” ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ means relevance.
I. ๊ทธ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
That explanation is interesting, but there is almost no verifiable evidence. ๐Ÿ”ฌ
Answer
์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ€” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ often feels more concrete than ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ.
J. ์ฃผ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
The process of examining the link between claim and evidence is the starting point of analysis. ๐Ÿงญ
Answer
๋ถ„์„ โ€” Analysis begins by checking how parts connect.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํ•„์ž โ†’ writer
  • ์ฃผ์žฅ โ†’ claim
  • ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be clear
  • ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ โ†’ concrete example
  • ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ statistical data
  • ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to support
  • ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ key evidence
  • ๋…ผ์„ค๋ฌธ โ†’ argumentative essay
  • ์˜๊ฒฌ โ†’ opinion
  • ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to list
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to present evidence
  • ์ œํ•œ์  โ†’ limited
  • ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to generalize
  • ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค โ†’ to be difficult
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž โ†’ researcher
  • ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ survey result
  • ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค โ†’ to draw a conclusion
  • ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„ โ†’ emotional expression
  • ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ factual evidence
  • ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ โ†’ persuasiveness
  • ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ฃผ์žฅ โ†’ main claim
  • ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋‚ด์šฉ โ†’ details
  • ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ โ†’ relevance
  • ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ โ†’ verifiable evidence
  • ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„ โ†’ connection
  • ๋ถ„์„ โ†’ analysis
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก A claim without evidence is just a sentence wearing a confident hat. ๐ŸŽฉ
ย 

Exercise 2 โ€” Validity, Logic, and Structure โš–๏ธ

A. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋„์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค.
When a conclusion naturally follows from the evidence, validity is high. ๐ŸŒฑ
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น โ€” ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ means validity or reasonableness.
B. ์›์ธ ์„ค๋ช… ์—†์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋งŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
If only the result is emphasized without explaining the cause, logicality weakens. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
๋…ผ๋ฆฌ โ€” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ means logicality.
C. ๋ฌธ๋‹จ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธ€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„์ง„๋‹ค.
When relationships between paragraphs are clear, the structure of the text improves. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๊ตฌ์กฐ โ€” ๊ธ€์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ means the structure of a text.
D. ์•ž ๋ฌธ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋’ค ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.
If the earlier and later sentences conflict, consistency appears insufficient. ๐Ÿงต
Answer
์ผ๊ด€ โ€” ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ means consistency.
E. ์ž‘์€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If one small example is used to explain all of society, a logical leap may occur. ๐ŸŒ‰
Answer
๋น„์•ฝ โ€” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋น„์•ฝ means a logical leap.
F. ํ•ต์‹ฌ์–ด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉด ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
If the meaning of a keyword keeps changing, the coherence of the discussion is shaken. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
ํ†ต์ผ โ€” ํ†ต์ผ์„ฑ means unity or coherence.
G. ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จผ์ € ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When evaluating a claim, one should check the premise before the conclusion. ๐Ÿ•ต๏ธ
Answer
์ „์ œ โ€” A premise shapes whether the conclusion can stand.
H. ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ง„๋‹ค.
If the relationship between evidence and conclusion is weak, persuasiveness becomes weaker. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
์•ฝํ•ด โ€” The dictionary form is ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๋‹ค, meaning to become weak.
I. ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ธ€์€ ๋…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋‹ค.
A text with a clear logical flow is easy for the reader to follow. ๐Ÿ›ค๏ธ
Answer
์‰ฝ โ€” The dictionary form is ์‰ฝ๋‹ค; the sentence uses ์‰ฝ๋‹ค after -๊ธฐ.
J. ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์ฒด ๋…ผ์ฆ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„๋‹ค.
If the definition is vague, the validity of the whole argument decreases. ๐ŸŒซ๏ธ
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น โ€” Vague definitions weaken validity.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๊ฒฐ๋ก  โ†’ conclusion
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence / grounds
  • ๋„์ถœ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be derived
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ validity
  • ์›์ธ โ†’ cause
  • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ†’ result
  • ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to emphasize
  • ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ โ†’ logicality
  • ๋ฌธ๋‹จ โ†’ paragraph
  • ๊ด€๊ณ„ โ†’ relationship
  • ๊ธ€์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ โ†’ text structure
  • ์•ž ๋ฌธ์žฅ โ†’ previous sentence
  • ๋’ค ๋ฌธ์žฅ โ†’ following sentence
  • ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to conflict
  • ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ โ†’ consistency
  • ์ž‘์€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ โ†’ small example
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „์ฒด โ†’ society as a whole
  • ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋น„์•ฝ โ†’ logical leap
  • ํ•ต์‹ฌ์–ด โ†’ keyword
  • ์˜๋ฏธ โ†’ meaning
  • ๋…ผ์˜ โ†’ discussion
  • ํ†ต์ผ์„ฑ โ†’ unity / coherence
  • ์ „์ œ โ†’ premise
  • ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ โ†’ persuasiveness
  • ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to become weak
  • ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ๋ฆ„ โ†’ logical flow
  • ๋…์ž โ†’ reader
  • ์‰ฝ๋‹ค โ†’ to be easy
  • ์ •์˜ โ†’ definition
  • ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be vague
  • ๋…ผ์ฆ โ†’ argumentation
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Logic words help you diagnose whether an argumentโ€™s skeleton is sturdy or made of wet noodles. ๐Ÿœ
ย 

Exercise 3 โ€” Bias, Objectivity, and Perspective ๐Ÿ”ฌ

A. ํ•œ์ชฝ ์ž…์žฅ๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค.
If only one position is repeated, the bias of the analysis is revealed. โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํŽธํ–ฅ โ€” ํŽธํ–ฅ์„ฑ means bias.
B. ํ™•์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธ€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค.
Using verifiable data raises the objectivity of the text. ๐Ÿ”ฌ
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด€ โ€” ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ means objectivity.
C. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„์ด ๋” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์žกํžŒ๋‹ค.
When other perspectives are considered, the analysis becomes more balanced. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ท ํ˜• โ€” ๊ท ํ˜• ์žกํžˆ๋‹ค means to be balanced.
D. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๋•Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ๊ฐœ์ž…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
When selecting data, the researcherโ€™s subjective judgment may intervene. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
์ฃผ๊ด€ โ€” ์ฃผ๊ด€ means subjectivity or personal judgment.
E. ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค.
When analyzing social phenomena, a single perspective is insufficient. ๐Ÿ‘๏ธ
Answer
๊ด€์  โ€” ๊ด€์  means perspective.
F. ๊ฐ์ •์  ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If emotional judgment is reduced and the approach centers on data, objectivity can be secured. ๐Ÿ“Š
Answer
๊ฐ๊ด€ โ€” ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค means to secure objectivity.
G. ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค.
If a specific group is described only negatively, a biased view emerges. ๐Ÿšฆ
Answer
ํŽธํ–ฅ โ€” The dictionary form is ํŽธํ–ฅ๋˜๋‹ค, to be biased.
H. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ง„๋‹ค.
If opposing data is deliberately excluded, the reliability of the analysis decreases. ๐Ÿ“‰
Answer
๋‚ฎ์•„ โ€” The dictionary form is ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋‹ค, meaning to become lower.
I. ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A complex problem should be examined from multiple perspectives. ๐Ÿ”ญ
Answer
๊ด€์  โ€” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ means from multiple perspectives.
J. ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ฐฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•œ๋‹ค.
A fair analysis considers both supporting and opposing evidence. โš–๏ธ
Answer
๊ณ ๋ ค โ€” ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค means to consider.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ํ•œ์ชฝ ์ž…์žฅ โ†’ one side / one position
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to repeat
  • ํŽธํ–ฅ์„ฑ โ†’ bias
  • ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be revealed
  • ํ™•์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ verifiable data
  • ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ โ†’ objectivity
  • ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์  โ†’ another perspective
  • ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to consider
  • ๊ท ํ˜• ์žกํžˆ๋‹ค โ†’ to be balanced
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to select data
  • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž โ†’ researcher
  • ์ฃผ๊ด€ โ†’ subjectivity
  • ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to intervene / be involved
  • ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜„์ƒ โ†’ social phenomenon
  • ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ๊ด€์  โ†’ single perspective
  • ๊ฐ์ •์  ํŒ๋‹จ โ†’ emotional judgment
  • ์ค„์ด๋‹ค โ†’ to reduce
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ โ†’ data-centered
  • ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to secure
  • ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ โ†’ specific group
  • ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ โ†’ negatively
  • ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to describe
  • ํŽธํ–ฅ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be biased
  • ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ opposing data
  • ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to exclude
  • ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ โ†’ reliability
  • ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to decrease
  • ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ โ†’ complex problem
  • ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ โ†’ fair analysis
  • ์ฐฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ โ†’ support and opposition
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Objectivity does not mean having no perspective; it means checking whether your perspective is unfairly controlling the evidence.
ย 

Exercise 4 โ€” Limits, Counterarguments, and Deeper Application ๐Ÿง—

A. ์ข‹์€ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค.
A good analysis also reveals the limitations of its own explanation. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ€” Naming limitations makes analysis more credible.
B. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ž…์žฅ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋ฉด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์— ๋” ์ž˜ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If one examines the logic of the opposing position, one can respond better to counterarguments. ๐ŸฅŠ
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ก  โ€” ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋‹ค means to respond to a counterargument.
C. ํ‘œ๋ฉด์  ์›์ธ๋งŒ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
One should look not only at surface causes but also at structural causes. ๐Ÿ—๏ธ
Answer
์›์ธ โ€” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์›์ธ means structural cause.
D. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ์šฉ์ด๋‹ค.
The process of applying a concept to a new case is deeper application. ๐Ÿง—
Answer
์‹ฌํ™” โ€” ์‹ฌํ™” ์ ์šฉ means deeper application.
E. ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธต์œ„์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์ธต์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Viewing the causes of a problem on multiple levels can be called multilayered analysis. ๐Ÿง…
Answer
๋ถ„์„ โ€” ๋‹ค์ธต์  ๋ถ„์„ means multilayered analysis.
F. ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If counterarguments are ignored, the persuasiveness of the claim may actually be weakened. ๐Ÿƒ
Answer
์•ฝํ™” โ€” ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means to be weakened.
G. ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋œ๋‹ค.
When a concept is connected to an actual case, understanding becomes deeper. ๐ŸŒŠ
Answer
์‹ฌํ™” โ€” ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค means to deepen.
H. ์ •์ฑ… ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
In policy analysis, not only effects but also side effects must be examined. ๐Ÿงช
Answer
๊ฒ€ํ†  โ€” ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค means to examine or review.
I. ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค.
The process of examining whether an alternative is realistically possible falls under feasibility evaluation. ๐Ÿ› ๏ธ
Answer
์‹คํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ โ€” ์‹คํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ means feasibility.
J. ์Ÿ์ ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๋†“์น˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค.
If an issue is oversimplified, the limitation of missing complex context appears. ๐Ÿงฉ
Answer
ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ€” Oversimplification often creates analytical limitations.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ์ข‹์€ ๋ถ„์„ โ†’ good analysis
  • ์„ค๋ช… โ†’ explanation
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limitation
  • ๋ฐํžˆ๋‹ค โ†’ to reveal / state
  • ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ž…์žฅ โ†’ opposing position
  • ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ โ†’ logic
  • ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to examine
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ก  โ†’ counterargument
  • ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to respond
  • ํ‘œ๋ฉด์  ์›์ธ โ†’ surface cause
  • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์›์ธ โ†’ structural cause
  • ์‚ดํ”ผ๋‹ค โ†’ to examine / look at
  • ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋ก€ โ†’ new case
  • ๊ฐœ๋… โ†’ concept
  • ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to apply
  • ์‹ฌํ™” ์ ์šฉ โ†’ deeper application
  • ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธต์œ„ โ†’ multiple levels
  • ๋‹ค์ธต์  ๋ถ„์„ โ†’ multilayered analysis
  • ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to ignore
  • ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be weakened
  • ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ โ†’ actual case
  • ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to deepen
  • ์ •์ฑ… ๋ถ„์„ โ†’ policy analysis
  • ํšจ๊ณผ โ†’ effect
  • ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ โ†’ side effect
  • ๋Œ€์•ˆ โ†’ alternative
  • ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be realistically possible
  • ์‹คํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ†’ feasibility
  • ์Ÿ์  โ†’ issue
  • ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to simplify
  • ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ โ†’ complex context
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Advanced analysis is not just โ€œmore wordsโ€; it is better pressure-testing.
ย 

Exercise 5 โ€” Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐Ÿ›ก๏ธ

A. ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค.
Critical analysis is not blame that attacks the other person; it is a process of examining evidence. ๐Ÿงน
Answer
๋น„๋‚œ โ€” โŒ ๋น„ํŒ = ๋น„๋‚œ โ†’ โœ… ๋น„ํŒ can be analytical; ๋น„๋‚œ is blame.
B. ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด๋„ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค.
Even if an opinion is stated strongly, persuasiveness is weak without evidence. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ€” โŒ Opinion = evidence โ†’ โœ… evidence supports an opinion.
C. ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋™์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
Even if many people agree, a claimโ€™s validity is not automatically proven. ๐Ÿ‘ฅ
Answer
ํƒ€๋‹น โ€” โŒ Popularity = validity โ†’ โœ… validity depends on logic and evidence.
D. ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „์ฒด ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ž๋Š” ๋œป์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Pointing out a limitation of analysis does not mean abandoning the whole claim. ๐Ÿงฑ
Answer
ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ€” โŒ Limitation = total failure โ†’ โœ… it often defines scope.
E. ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ถ„์„์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Using many complex expressions does not automatically make it deep analysis. ๐Ÿง 
Answer
์‹ฌํ™” โ€” โŒ Fancy wording = deep analysis โ†’ โœ… deeper analysis needs criteria and evidence.
F. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•œ์ชฝ๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If only one side of the data is selected, bias in the analysis may grow. โš–๏ธ
Answer
ํŽธํ–ฅ โ€” Selecting only convenient data creates bias.
G. ์˜ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Asking whether an example fits the situation is evaluating appropriateness. ๐ŸŽฏ
Answer
์ ์ ˆ โ€” ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ asks whether something fits the situation.
H. ์•ž๋’ค ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉด ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ฑ์ด ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
If the earlier and later standards change, consistency of evaluation is shaken. ๐Ÿงต
Answer
์ผ๊ด€ โ€” ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ checks whether standards stay aligned.
I. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ์•ฝ์ ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
Examining opposing opinions helps find weaknesses in a claim and prepare counterarguments. ๐ŸฅŠ
Answer
๋ฐ˜๋ก  โ€” Counterarguments strengthen analysis when handled fairly.
J. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ์ „์ œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If the conclusion suddenly moves far from the premise, it may be criticized as a logical leap. ๐ŸŒ‰
Answer
๋น„์•ฝ โ€” A logical leap appears when reasoning skips necessary steps.
๐Ÿ“š
Vocabulary Box
  • ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋ถ„์„ โ†’ critical analysis
  • ์ƒ๋Œ€ โ†’ the other person / opponent
  • ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to attack
  • ๋น„๋‚œ โ†’ blame / condemnation
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋‹ค โ†’ to examine evidence
  • ์˜๊ฒฌ โ†’ opinion
  • ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to state strongly
  • ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ†’ evidence
  • ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to agree
  • ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ โ†’ validity
  • ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ โ†’ automatically
  • ์ž…์ฆ๋˜๋‹ค โ†’ to be proven
  • ํ•œ๊ณ„ โ†’ limitation
  • ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋‹ค โ†’ to point out
  • ์ „์ฒด ์ฃผ์žฅ โ†’ whole claim
  • ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค โ†’ to throw away / abandon
  • ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„ โ†’ complex expression
  • ์‹ฌํ™” ๋ถ„์„ โ†’ deepened analysis
  • ์ž๋ฃŒ โ†’ data / material
  • ํ•œ์ชฝ๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋‹ค โ†’ to choose only one side
  • ํŽธํ–ฅ์„ฑ โ†’ bias
  • ์˜ˆ์‹œ โ†’ example
  • ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๋‹ค โ†’ to fit the situation
  • ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ โ†’ appropriateness
  • ์•ž๋’ค ๊ธฐ์ค€ โ†’ earlier/later standards
  • ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ โ†’ consistency
  • ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ โ†’ opposing opinion
  • ์•ฝ์  โ†’ weakness
  • ๋ฐ˜๋ก  โ†’ counterargument
  • ์ „์ œ โ†’ premise
  • ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋น„์•ฝ โ†’ logical leap
Tip ๐Ÿ’ก Pitfall patrol question: Are you evaluating with evidence, or just reacting loudly?
ย 
๐ŸŽ‰ Checkpoint cleared. You can now distinguish ๋น„ํŒ from ๋น„๋‚œ, separate ์˜๊ฒฌ from ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ, test ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ, identify ํŽธํ–ฅ์„ฑ, and name ํ•œ๊ณ„ without sinking the whole argument. Your analytical toolbox is officially sharper. ๐Ÿงฐโœจ