TL;DR ๐ฆ
- ๐ญ -๋ค์ํผ [-da-si-pi] means as you know / as you can see / as I said when it follows verbs like ์๋ค (to know), ๋ณด๋ค (to see), ๋งํ๋ค (to say), and ๋ฃ๋ค (to hear).
- ๐ -๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค can mean almost / practically / virtually, as if something were nearly true.
- ๐งฉ It attaches directly to the plain-style verb form: ์๋ค์ํผ, ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ, ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ, ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค.
๐ง Iru Helper Note โ Use Korean Helper Widgets to hear any Korean word or sentence aloud. Try typing ์์๋ค์ํผ, ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ, and ๊ฑฐ์ ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์ so your ears catch the smooth ๋ค์ํผ rhythm. ๐ง
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๐ The Big Picture
-๋ค์ํผ is a โshared evidenceโ grammar. It points to something the listener already knows, sees, heard, or was told, then builds the next sentence from that shared ground. Think: โas you know,โ โas you see,โ โas I mentioned,โ or โas you heard.โ ๐
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It also has a vivid โpractically / almost as ifโ use, usually with ํ๋ค. In that version, the first part describes something so intense or frequent that it feels nearly true: โI practically lived at the library,โ โThey worked almost nonstop,โ โI was almost crying.โ ๐ญ
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The emotional flavor depends on the sentence. ์์๋ค์ํผ can sound polished and presentation-like. ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ feels direct and visual. ๊ฑฐ์ ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์ sounds colorful and conversational.
๐จ The Core ๋ค์ํผ Family
1. Shared knowledge: ์๋ค์ํผ / ์์๋ค์ํผ
Use this when the listener already knows the information.
- ์๋ค์ํผ [al-da-si-pi] โ as you know
- ์์๋ค์ํผ [a-si-da-si-pi] โ as you know, honorific/polite
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2. Shared visual evidence: ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ
Use this when the listener can see the situation.
- ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ [bo-da-si-pi] โ as you can see
- ๋ณด์๋ค์ํผ [bo-si-da-si-pi] โ as you can see, honorific/polite
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3. Shared speech or report: ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ / ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ / ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ
Use this when the information was already said or heard.
- ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ [ma-ra-da-si-pi] โ as I say / as one says
- ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ [ma-raet-da-si-pi] โ as I said
- ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ [deut-da-si-pi] โ as you hear / as heard
- ๋ค์๋ค์ํผ [deu-reot-da-si-pi] โ as you heard
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4. โPractically / almostโ: -๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค
Use this when something is nearly true because the action or state is so intense.
- ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค [sal-da-si-pi ha-da] โ to practically live somewhere
- ์ผํ๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค [il-ha-da-si-pi ha-da] โ to practically work nonstop
- ์ธ๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค [ul-da-si-pi ha-da] โ to almost cry / practically cry
๐ ๏ธ How It Works in a Sentence
1. Shared knowledge
- ์์๋ค์ํผ ์ค๋ ํ์๊ฐ ์ค์ํด์.
[a-si-da-si-pi o-neul hoe-ui-ga jung-yo-hae-yo]
As you know, todayโs meeting is important. ๐๏ธ
ํ์ = meeting; ์ค์ํ๋ค = to be important.
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2. Shared visual evidence
- ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ ๋ฐฉ์ด ์์ฃผ ์กฐ์ฉํด์.
[bo-da-si-pi ba-ngi a-ju jo-yong-hae-yo]
As you can see, the room is very quiet. ๐คซ
๋ฐฉ = room; ์กฐ์ฉํ๋ค = to be quiet.
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3. Practically true
- ์ํ ์ ์ ๋์๊ด์์ ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์.
[si-heom jeo-ne do-seo-gwa-ne-seo sal-da-si-pi hae-sseo-yo]
Before the exam, I practically lived at the library. ๐
์ํ = exam; ๋์๊ด = library; ์ด๋ค = to live.
๐งฉ General Formation Rule
1. Verb plain form + ๋ค์ํผ
Attach ๋ค์ํผ to the plain-style verb form.
- ์๋ค โ ์๋ค์ํผ โ as you know
- ๋ณด๋ค โ ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ โ as you see
- ๋ฃ๋ค โ ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ โ as you hear
- ๋งํ๋ค โ ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ โ as one says / as I say
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2. Past plain form + ๋ค์ํผ
For โas I said / as you heard,โ use the past plain form before ๋ค์ํผ.
- ๋งํ๋ค โ ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ โ as I said
- ๋ค์๋ค โ ๋ค์๋ค์ํผ โ as you heard
- ๋ดค๋ค โ ๋ดค๋ค์ํผ โ as you saw
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3. Verb plain form + ๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค
For โpractically / almost,โ add ํ๋ค after ๋ค์ํผ.
- ์ด๋ค โ ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค โ to practically live
- ์ผํ๋ค โ ์ผํ๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค โ to practically work nonstop
- ์ธ๋ค โ ์ธ๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค โ to almost cry
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4. Natural companions
๊ฑฐ์ (almost / nearly) often appears with the โpracticallyโ meaning:
- ๊ฑฐ์ ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์.
[geo-ui sal-da-si-pi hae-sseo-yo]
I practically lived there. ๐
๐ Cross-check note
The forms and usage were cross-checked against korean.go.kr and National Institute of Korean Language guidance on -๋ค์ํผ as a connective expression used with meanings like โas one knows/seesโ and โalmost as if.โ โ
๐ช Synonym Alert
These overlap in English, but they do different jobs:
- -๋ค์ํผ โ as you know / see / heard; shared evidence ๐
- -๋ฏ์ด โ as / like; broader comparison ๐จ
- ๊ฑฐ์ โ almost / nearly; an adverb, not a connector ๐งญ
- ๋ง์น ...์ฒ๋ผ โ just like / as if; comparison with a stronger โlikeโ feeling ๐ญ
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Quick contrast:
- ์์๋ค์ํผ ํ์๊ฐ ์ค์ํด์. โ As you know, the meeting is important. Shared knowledge.
- ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์๋์ฒ๋ผ ์ค๋ช ํด์. โ That person explains like a teacher. Comparison.
- ๊ฑฐ์ ์ธ์์ด์. โ I almost cried. Simple near-event.
- ์ธ๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์. โ I was practically crying. Vivid near-state.
โ ๏ธ Pitfalls to Dodge
- โ ์ ๋ค์ํผ โ โ ์๋ค์ํผ (Attach ๋ค์ํผ directly.)
- โ ์๋ ๋ค์ํผ โ โ ์์๋ค์ํผ or ์๋ค์ํผ (Use the plain-form base.)
- โ ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์ for โI almost saw itโ โ โ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ดค์ด์ (The โpracticallyโ meaning usually describes a repeated/intense state, not a simple near-success.)
- โ ๋์๊ด์์ ์ด์์ด์ when you mean โpractically lived thereโ โ โ ๋์๊ด์์ ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์ (This is exaggeration, not literal residence.)
- โ Using ๋ค์ํผ for every โas ifโ โ โ Use ์ฒ๋ผ or ๋ฏ์ด for ordinary comparison.
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๐ญ Bottom line: -๋ค์ํผ lets you point to shared evidence or paint a vivid โpractically trueโ picture. Tiny ending, big dramatic camera zoom. ๐โจ
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Try this exercise
Instructions: Complete each blank with the best ๋ค์ํผ expression. Practice deciding whether the sentence means โas you know/see/heardโ or โpractically/almost.โ
1. ์๋ค โ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ค๋ ํ์๊ฐ ์ค์ํด์.
[al-da โ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ o-neul hoe-ui-ga jung-yo-hae-yo]
As you know, todayโs meeting is important. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์๋ค์ํผ โ ์๋ค + ๋ค์ํผ.
2. ๋ณด๋ค โ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐฉ์ด ์กฐ์ฉํด์.
[bo-da โ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ba-ngi jo-yong-hae-yo]
As you can see, the room is quiet. ๐คซ
Answer
๋ณด๋ค์ํผ โ visual evidence.
3. ๋งํ๋ค โ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ๋ ๋ด์ผ ๋ ๋์.
[ma-raet-da โ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ jeo-neun nae-il tteo-na-yo]
As I said, I leave tomorrow. ๐งณ
Answer
๋งํ๋ค์ํผ โ past plain form + ๋ค์ํผ.
4. ๋ฃ๋ค โ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ปค์.
[deut-da โ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ so-ri-ga keo-yo]
As you hear, the sound is loud. ๐
Answer
๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ โ shared sound evidence.
5. ์ด๋ค โ ๋์๊ด์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[sal-da โ do-seo-gwa-ne-seo ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
I practically lived at the library. ๐
Answer
์ด๋ค์ํผ โ vivid โpracticallyโ meaning.
6. ์ผํ๋ค โ ์ด์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[il-ha-da โ eo-je geo-ui ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
Yesterday I practically worked nonstop. ๐ป
Answer
์ผํ๋ค์ํผ.
7. ์ธ๋ค โ ๋๋ฌด ์ฌํผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[ul-da โ neo-mu seul-peo-seo ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
I was so sad that I was practically crying. ๐ข
Answer
์ธ๋ค์ํผ.
8. Fix: โ ์ ๋ค์ํผ
Answer
์๋ค์ํผ โ no space inside the expression.
9. Choose: โas you can seeโ
โ ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ / โก ๊ฑฐ์
Answer
โ ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ.
10. Choose: โpractically livedโ
โ ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค / โก ์ด์๋ค์ํผ
Answer
โ ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค.
Vocabulary Box
- ์๋ค โ to know
- ๋ณด๋ค โ to see
- ๋ฃ๋ค โ to hear
- ๋งํ๋ค โ to say
- ์ด๋ค โ to live
- ์ผํ๋ค โ to work
- ์ธ๋ค โ to cry
- ํ์ โ meeting
- ๋์๊ด โ library
Tip ๐ก If the sentence points to shared knowledge, sight, sound, or speech, use plain form + ๋ค์ํผ. If it means โpractically,โ use ๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค.
Want more reps? Keep going into the Practice Hub below for shared-evidence phrases, โpracticallyโ sentences, and pitfall patrol. ๐ญ
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๐ฏ Practice Hub โ As if it were: -๋ค์ํผ
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Welcome to the ๋ค์ํผ training room. ๐ญ Youโll practice polished โas you know/see/heardโ openings and vivid โpracticallyโ sentences, so your Korean can point at evidence like a tiny courtroom laser pointer. ๐
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๐ Audio reminder: Use Korean Helper Widgets to hear each completed Korean sentence aloud.
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๐ Instructions: Fill each blank, read the full Korean sentence aloud, then open the Answer toggle. Keep asking: โIs this shared evidence, or is this practically true?โ
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Exercise 1 โ Shared Knowledge + Evidence ๐
A. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ค๋ ์์
์ด ์งง์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ o-neul su-eo-bi jjal-ba-yo]
As you know, todayโs class is short. ๐ซ
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ โ polite โas you know.โ
B. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์ด ์ด๋ ค ์์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ chang-mu-ni yeol-lyeo i-sseo-yo]
As you can see, the window is open. ๐ช
Answer
๋ณด๋ค์ํผ โ visual evidence.
C. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์์
์ด ์์ฃผ ์กฐ์ฉํด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ eu-ma-gi a-ju jo-yong-hae-yo]
As you hear, the music is very quiet. ๐ง
Answer
๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ โ sound evidence.
D. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ๋ ์ง๊ธ ๋ฐ๋น ์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ jeo-neun ji-geum ba-ppa-yo]
As I said, I am busy now. ๐ผ
Answer
๋งํ๋ค์ํผ โ as I said.
E. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ด ๊ธธ์ ๋ณต์กํด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ i gi-reun bok-jja-kae-yo]
As you can see, this road is crowded. ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด๋ค์ํผ.
F. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ํ์ด ๋ด์ผ์ด์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ si-heo-mi nae-i-ri-e-yo]
As you know, the exam is tomorrow. ๐
Answer
์๋ค์ํผ or ์์๋ค์ํผ.
G. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋๋ฌด ์ปค์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ so-ri-ga neo-mu keo-yo]
As you hear, the sound is too loud. ๐
Answer
๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ.
H. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ๋ ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ตํด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ jeo-neun han-gu-geo-reul yeon-seu-pae-yo]
As I mentioned, I practice Korean. ๐ฐ๐ท
Answer
๋งํ๋ค์ํผ.
I. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐฉ์ด ๊นจ๋ํด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ba-ngi kkae-kkeu-tae-yo]
As you can see, the room is clean. ๐งน
Answer
๋ณด๋ค์ํผ.
J. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ค๋์ ์๊ฐ์ด ์์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ o-neu-reun si-ga-ni eop-seo-yo]
As you know, there is no time today. โฐ
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ.
Evidence Words
- ์์๋ค์ํผ โ as you know, polite
- ์๋ค์ํผ โ as you know
- ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ โ as you see
- ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ โ as you hear
- ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ โ as I said
- ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ โ window
- ์๋ฆฌ โ sound
- ์ํ โ exam
Tip ๐ก These expressions often come at the beginning of the sentence, then a comma-like pause follows naturally.
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Exercise 2 โ Practically True ๐ญ
A. ์ํ ์ ์ ๋์๊ด์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[si-heom jeo-ne do-seo-gwa-ne-seo ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
Before the exam, I practically lived at the library. ๐
Answer
์ด๋ค์ํผ โ ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค.
B. ์ด์ ํ๋ฃจ ์ข
์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[eo-je ha-ru jong-il ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
Yesterday I practically worked all day. ๐ป
Answer
์ผํ๋ค์ํผ.
C. ๋๋ฌด ์ฌํผ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[neo-mu seul-peo-seo ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
I was so sad that I was practically crying. ๐ข
Answer
์ธ๋ค์ํผ.
D. ์น๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐค์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[chin-gu-wa bam-sae ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
I practically talked with my friend all night. ๐ฌ
Answer
๋งํ๋ค์ํผ.
E. ์นดํ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[ka-pe-e-seo geo-ui ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
I practically lived at the cafe. โ
Answer
์ด๋ค์ํผ.
F. ์ด๋ฒ ์ฃผ์๋ ๋งค์ผ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[i-beon ju-e-neun mae-il ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
This week, I practically worked every day. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์ผํ๋ค์ํผ.
G. ๊ทธ ์์์ ๋ฃ๊ณ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[geu so-si-geul deut-go ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
After hearing that news, I almost cried. ๐ฐ
Answer
์ธ๋ค์ํผ.
H. ํ์์์ ๊ณ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[hoe-ui-e-seo gye-sok ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
At the meeting, I practically kept talking. ๐ฃ๏ธ
Answer
๋งํ๋ค์ํผ.
I. ์ฐ์ต์ค์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[yeon-seup-si-re-seo geo-ui ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
I practically lived in the practice room. ๐น
Answer
์ด๋ค์ํผ.
J. ๋ง๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋ฐค๋ฎ์ผ๋ก ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[ma-gam jeo-ne bam-na-jeu-ro ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
Before the deadline, I practically worked day and night. ๐
Answer
์ผํ๋ค์ํผ.
Practically Words
- ์ด๋ค โ to live
- ์ผํ๋ค โ to work
- ์ธ๋ค โ to cry
- ๋งํ๋ค โ to speak/say
- ๊ฑฐ์ โ almost / nearly
- ํ๋ฃจ ์ข ์ผ โ all day
- ๋ฐค์ โ all night
- ๋ฐค๋ฎ์ผ๋ก โ day and night
Tip ๐ก For โpractically,โ the full pattern is usually Verb + ๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค.
ย
Exercise 3 โ Pick the Right Meaning ๐งญ
A. ์์๋ค์ํผ ๊ทธ๋ถ์ ์ ์๋์ด์์.
[a-si-da-si-pi geu-bu-neun seon-saeng-ni-mi-e-yo]
As you know, that person is a teacher. ๐ฉโ๐ซ
Answer
Shared knowledge โ ์์๋ค์ํผ.
B. ๊ทธ๋ ํ์ฌ์์ ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํด์.
[geu-neun hoe-sa-e-seo sal-da-si-pi hae-yo]
They practically live at the company. ๐ข
Answer
Practically true โ ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค.
C. ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ ์ฑ
์์ด ์์์.
[bo-da-si-pi chaek-sa-ngi ja-ga-yo]
As you can see, the desk is small. ๐ช
Answer
Shared visual evidence โ ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ.
D. ์ ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ธ๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์.
[jeo-neun geo-ui ul-da-si-pi hae-sseo-yo]
I was practically crying. ๐ญ
Answer
Practically true โ ์ธ๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค.
E. ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ ์ ๋ ๋ด์ผ ๋ ๋์.
[ma-raet-da-si-pi jeo-neun nae-il tteo-na-yo]
As I said, I leave tomorrow. ๐งณ
Answer
Shared previous speech โ ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ.
F. ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ ๋ฐ๋์ด ์ธ์.
[deut-da-si-pi ba-ra-mi se-yo]
As you hear, the wind is strong. ๐ฌ๏ธ
Answer
Shared sound evidence โ ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ.
G. ํ์๋ค์ด ์ฐ์ต์ค์์ ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์.
[hak-saeng-deu-ri yeon-seup-si-re-seo sal-da-si-pi hae-sseo-yo]
The students practically lived in the practice room. ๐ผ
Answer
Practically true.
H. ์๋ค์ํผ ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋ฏธ์์ด์.
[al-da-si-pi han-gu-geo-neun jae-mi-i-sseo-yo]
As you know, Korean is fun. ๐ฐ๐ท
Answer
Shared knowledge.
I. ์ด์ ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ผํ๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์.
[eo-je-neun geo-ui il-ha-da-si-pi hae-sseo-yo]
Yesterday I practically worked nonstop. ๐ป
Answer
Practically true.
J. ๋ค์๋ค์ํผ ํ์๊ฐ ์ทจ์๋์ด์.
[deu-reot-da-si-pi hoe-ui-ga chwi-so-dwae-sseo-yo]
As you heard, the meeting was canceled. ๐ข
Answer
Shared previous hearing/report.
Meaning Map
- know โ shared knowledge
- see โ shared visual evidence
- hear โ shared sound/report
- said โ previous speech
- ๊ฑฐ์ + ๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค โ practically
- ์ด๋ค์ํผ often means someone spent an extreme amount of time somewhere
Tip ๐ก If ํ๋ค follows ๋ค์ํผ, check for the โpracticallyโ meaning first.
ย
Exercise 4 โ Fix the Sentence ๐ ๏ธ
A. ์ ๋ค์ํผ ์ค๋์ ์ฌ์ด์.
[al da-si-pi o-neu-reun swi-eo-yo]
As you know, today we rest. ๐
Answer
์๋ค์ํผ ์ค๋์ ์ฌ์ด์. โ write it as one attached expression.
B. ์๋ ๋ค์ํผ ํ์๊ฐ ๊ธธ์ด์.
[a-neun da-si-pi hoe-ui-ga gi-reo-yo]
As you know, the meeting is long. ๐๏ธ
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ ํ์๊ฐ ๊ธธ์ด์. โ use ์์๋ค์ํผ.
C. ๋ดค๋ ๋ค์ํผ ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ซํ ์์ด์.
[bwan-neun da-si-pi mu-ni da-chyeo i-sseo-yo]
As you saw, the door is closed. ๐ช
Answer
๋ดค๋ค์ํผ ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ซํ ์์ด์. โ past plain form + ๋ค์ํผ.
D. ๋งํ ๋ค์ํผ ์ ๋ ๋ชป ๊ฐ์.
[ma-ran da-si-pi jeo-neun mot ga-yo]
As I said, I canโt go. ๐ซ
Answer
๋งํ๋ค์ํผ ์ ๋ ๋ชป ๊ฐ์..
E. ๋์๊ด์์ ์ด์๋ค๊ณ ํ์ด์.
[do-seo-gwa-ne-seo sa-rat-da-go hae-sseo-yo]
I practically lived at the library. ๐
Answer
๋์๊ด์์ ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์. โ not literal residence.
F. ์ผํ๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์.
[il-haet-da-si-pi hae-sseo-yo]
I practically worked nonstop. ๐ป
Answer
์ผํ๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์. โ use the plain verb form for โpractically.โ
G. ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์.
[bo-da-si-pi hae-sseo-yo]
I almost saw it. ๐
Answer
๊ฑฐ์ ๋ดค์ด์. โ use ๊ฑฐ์ for simple โalmost saw.โ
H. ๋ฃ๋ ๋ค์ํผ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ปค์.
[deun-neun da-si-pi so-ri-ga keo-yo]
As you hear, the sound is loud. ๐
Answer
๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ปค์..
I. ์ธ์๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์.
[u-reot-da-si-pi hae-sseo-yo]
I was practically crying. ๐ข
Answer
์ธ๋ค์ํผ ํ์ด์..
J. ์์๋ค ์ถ์ด ์๊ฐ์ด ์์ด์.
[a-si-da si-pi si-ga-ni eop-seo-yo]
As you know, there is no time. โฐ
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ ์๊ฐ์ด ์์ด์. โ no split into ์ถ์ด.
Repair Kit
- ์๋ค์ํผ, not ์ ๋ค์ํผ
- ์์๋ค์ํผ, not ์๋ ๋ค์ํผ
- ๋ดค๋ค์ํผ, not ๋ดค๋ ๋ค์ํผ
- ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ, not ๋งํ ๋ค์ํผ
- ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค, not literal ์ด๋ค when exaggerating
Tip ๐ก For โas I said/saw/heard,โ use past plain form + ๋ค์ํผ.
ย
Exercise 5 โ Mixed Mastery + Pitfall Patrol ๐ก๏ธ
A. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ค๋ ๋ฐํ๋ ์งง์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ o-neul bal-pyo-neun jjal-ba-yo]
As you know, todayโs presentation is short. ๐ค
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ.
B. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ๋ฉด์ด ์์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hwa-myeo-ni ja-ga-yo]
As you can see, the screen is small. ๐ฅ๏ธ
Answer
๋ณด๋ค์ํผ.
C. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ์ ๋ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ค๋ช
ํ์ด์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ jeo-neun i-mi seol-myeong-hae-sseo-yo]
As I said, I already explained it. ๐งพ
Answer
๋งํ๋ค์ํผ.
D. ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ๋ฐ์ด ์๋๋ฌ์์.
[๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ba-kki si-kkeu-reo-wo-yo]
As you hear, it is noisy outside. ๐
Answer
๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ.
E. ํ๋ก์ ํธ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ค์์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[peu-ro-jek-teu ttae-mu-ne sa-mu-si-re-seo ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
Because of the project, I practically lived at the office. ๐ข
Answer
์ด๋ค์ํผ.
F. ๋ง๊ฐ ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[ma-gam jeo-ne geo-ui ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
Before the deadline, I practically worked nonstop. โณ
Answer
์ผํ๋ค์ํผ.
G. ๊ทธ ๋ง์ ๋ฃ๊ณ ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ ํ์ด์.
[geu ma-reul deut-go ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ๏ผฟ hae-sseo-yo]
After hearing those words, I almost cried. ๐ฅฒ
Answer
์ธ๋ค์ํผ.
H. Fix: โ ์์๋ค ์ถ์ด ๋ด์ผ์ ํด์ผ์ด์์.
[a-si-da si-pi nae-i-reun hyu-i-ri-e-yo]
As you know, tomorrow is a holiday. ๐
Answer
์์๋ค์ํผ ๋ด์ผ์ ํด์ผ์ด์์..
I. Choose the shared-evidence form: ์๋ค์ํผ / ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค
[al-da-si-pi / sal-da-si-pi ha-da]
Use โas you know.โ ๐ง
Answer
์๋ค์ํผ.
J. Choose the vivid exaggeration: ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ / ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค
[bo-da-si-pi / sal-da-si-pi ha-da]
Use โto practically live.โ ๐
Answer
์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค.
Final Check
- ์์๋ค์ํผ โ as you know
- ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ โ as you can see
- ๋ฃ๋ค์ํผ โ as you hear
- ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ โ as I said
- ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค โ practically live
- ์ผํ๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค โ practically work nonstop
- ์ธ๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค โ practically cry / almost cry
Tip ๐ก Evidence ๋ค์ํผ points to what is known, seen, heard, or said. Vivid ๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค paints โalmost as ifโ energy.
ย
๐ Practice complete. You can now use ์์๋ค์ํผ, ๋ณด๋ค์ํผ, ๋งํ๋ค์ํผ, and ์ด๋ค์ํผ ํ๋ค to sound polished, visual, and just dramatic enough. Korean grammar spotlight: activated. ๐ฆโจ